scholarly journals Toxicity of Bioactive Molecule Andrographolide against Spodoptera litura Fab and Its Binding Potential with Detoxifying Enzyme Cytochrome P450

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 5982
Author(s):  
Edward-Sam Edwin ◽  
Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan ◽  
Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan ◽  
Muthiah Chellappandian ◽  
Sengodan Karthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Nutritional Indices ◽  
Binding Ability ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Detoxifying Enzyme ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Spodoptera litura Fab. is a polyphagous pest causing damage to many agriculture crops leading to yield loss. Recurrent usage of synthetic pesticides to control this pest has resulted in resistance development. Plant-derived diterpenoid compound andrographolide was isolated from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. It was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and quantified by HPLC. Nutritional indices and digestive enzymatic profile were evaluated. Third, fourth and fifth instar larvae were treated with different concentrations of andrographolide. At 3, 6 and 9 ppm-treated concentrations the larvae showed decreased RGR, RCR, ECI, ECD values with adverse increase in AD. The digestive enzymes were significantly inhibited when compared with control. Conspicuously, andrographolide showed pronounced mortality of S. litura by inhibition of enzyme secretion and intake of food. The binding ability of andrographolide with CYTP450 showed high affinity with low binding energy. Andrographolide has the potential to be exploited as a biocontrol agent against S. litura as an eco-friendly pesticide.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Induksi Resistensi oleh Khamir Candida tropicalis terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cabai Terinfeksi Colletotrichum acutatum

Agrikultura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Linda Tarina ◽  
Endah Yulia ◽  
Luciana Djaya
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Candida Tropicalis ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum

ABSTRACTEffect of induced resistance by Candida tropicalis on the growth of chili plants infected by Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatum is a major pathogen of chili that causes a big yield loss. Candida tropicalis has been reported as a biocontrol agent antagonistic to C. acutatum. The research was objected tofind out the effect of induced resistance by C. tropicalis on the growth of chili plants infected by C. acutatum. The application of the yeast was carried out by seed dipping and seedling spraying methods. As treatments, C. acutatum, the pathogen was inoculated at different time, i.e. A = inoculation at 3 days after the induction (dai) by C. tropicalis, B = inoculation at 7 dai, C = inoculation at 10 dai, D = positive control on inoculation at 3 dai, E = positive control on inoculation at 7 dai, F = positive control on inoculation at 10 dai, G = negative control with no induction nor inoculation. The results showed that the induction by C. tropicalis was able to increase the plant height, leaf number, and dry weight. The highest increase of plant height of 30.72% was caused by induction of C. tropicalis inoculated at 7 dai. Induction of C. tropicalis inoculated at 3 dai increased the leaf number by 49.47%, and the plant dry weight by 50%. C. tropicalis has a potency to be developed as plant growth inducer.Keywords: Antagonist, Inoculation, Fungi, YeastABSTRAKJamur Colletotrichum acutatum merupakan patogen penyebab kehilangan hasil panen yang cukup besar pada tanaman cabai. Salah satu mikrob antagonis jamur ini yang telah dilaporkan adalah khamir Candida tropicalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh induksi resistensioleh C. tropicalis terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman cabai terinfeksi C. acutatum. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan teknik perendaman benih dan penyiraman bibit tanaman cabaimenggunakan suspensi C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi patogen C. acutatum yang berbeda. Perlakuan tersebut adalah A = Inokulasi C. acutatum 3 hari setelah perlakuan induksi C. tropicalis (hsp), B = Inokulasi C. acutatum 7 hsp, C = Inokulasi C. acutatum 10 hsp, D = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 3 hsp, E = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 7 hsp, F = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 10 hsp, G = Kontrol (-) tanpa induksi dan inokulasi. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa perlakuan induksi resistensi oleh khamir C. tropicalis mampu meningkatkan tinggi, jumlah daun, dan bobot kering tanaman cabai. Kemampuan meningkatkan tinggi tanamancabai tertinggi terjadi pada perlakuan C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi 7 hsp yaitu sebesar 30,72%. Perlakuan khamir C. tropicalis dengan inokulasi patogen 3 hsp mampu meningkatkan jumlah daun tanaman cabai sebesar 49,47%. Perlakuan C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi 3 hsp mampu meningkatkan bobot kering tanaman sebesar 50%. Khamir C. tropicalis berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai agens pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman.Kata Kunci: Antagonis, Inokulasi, Jamur, Patogen

scholarly journals Mulberry Protection through Flowering-Stage Essential Oil of Artemisia annua against the Lesser Mulberry Pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Marziyeh Oftadeh ◽  
Jalal Jalali Sendi ◽  
Asgar Ebadollahi ◽  
William N. Setzer ◽  
Patcharin Krutmuang
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glyphodes Pyloalis ◽  
Detoxifying Enzyme ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides

In the present study, the toxicity and physiological disorders of the essential oil isolated from Artemisia annua flowers were assessed against one of the main insect pests of mulberry, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker, announcing one of the safe and effective alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of tested insects) values of the oral and fumigant bioassays of A. annua essential oil were 1.204 % W/V and 3.343 μL/L air, respectively. The A. annua essential oil, rich in camphor, artemisia ketone, β-selinene, pinocarvone, 1,8-cineole, and α-pinene, caused a significant reduction in digestive and detoxifying enzyme activity of G. pyloalis larvae. The contents of protein, glucose, and triglyceride were also reduced in the treated larvae by oral and fumigant treatments. The immune system in treated larvae was weakened after both oral and fumigation applications compared to the control groups. Histological studies on the midgut and ovaries showed that A. annua essential oil caused an obvious change in the distribution of the principal cells of tissues and reduction in yolk spheres in oocytes. Therefore, it is suggested that the essential oil from A. annua flowers, with wide-range bio-effects on G. pyloalis, be used as an available, safe, effective insecticide in the protection of mulberry.

scholarly journals INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL MUNGBEAN PESTS AND DISEASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Marida Santi Yudha Ika Bayu ◽  
Yusmani Prayogo ◽  
Gatut Wahyu Anggoro Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Biological Technology ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

The main constraints to increase mungbean production in Indonesia are pests and diseases. The application of integrated biological agents can improve the efficacy of controlling the mungbean pests and diseases. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of integrated biological agents to suppress mungbean pests and diseases. This field research was conducted from May to July 2018 using a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: T1 = Trichol + NSP, T2 = Trichol + SlNPV, T3 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV, T4 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas, T5 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas + GE, T6 = chemical pesticides, and T7 = control. The results showed that the highest efficacy occurred in T4 and T5 treatments which saved the yield loss from major pests and diseases attack, and did not differ significantly with chemical pesticides (T6). Treatments T4 was able to reduce the development of soil borne diseases by 3% and suppress Spodoptera litura attack by 9.8% as compared to chemical treatment. T4 was also more efficient than T5 because it uses less biological agents. The advantage of biological agents is compatible if they were used together with predators such as Oxyopes sp., Paederus sp. and Coccinella sp; and also Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. parasitoids. On the other hand, the chemical pesticides (T6) killed all existing natural enemies. Therefore, T4 could be recommended for controlling mungbean pests and diseases.

scholarly journals Influence of some insecticide sequences on the injurious insect- pests of cotton plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seham M. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loss Reduction ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Earias Insulana ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Spiny Bollworm ◽  
Cotton Plants

Abstract Background Cotton growers in Egypt have experienced severe economic loss from cotton bollworms, especially the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), and spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.), so a field experiment was carried out to determine efficiency of eight insecticides in their seven sequence programs to evaluate the best solution for cotton bollworms problems, during two successive seasons. Results The highest reduction percentages are effective sequences 7 and 5 (gave about 90% infestation reduction) were started and mediated with new insecticides, and when started and mediated with spinosad, or with cypermethrin, sequences 2 and 3 (gave about 86%) respectively, also, the repetition of the same insecticide twice in a regimen might increase, might decrease, or has no effect on the insecticide efficiency against cotton bollworms. The tested sequence programs showed high protection for green bolls with protection percentages ranged from 66.1 and 67.2% (sequence 1) to 92.6 and 94.1% (sequence 7) during two seasons respectively. On the other hand, the superiority in yield loss reduction can arrange in the following descending order: sequences 7, 5, 2, 3, 6, 4, and 1 respectively. Conclusions From this study, it can be concluded that the importance of sequence insecticide programs included new groups of insecticides to directing tactics to fight against resistance development and used this sequence programs to restore susceptibility for conventional insecticides. This study devoted to obtaining the optimum regimen of insecticides that give low reduction of cotton bollworms’ infestation and high cotton yield.

scholarly journals BAKTERI ENTOMOPATOGEN SEBAGAI AGEN BIOKONTROL TERHADAP LARVA Spodoptera litura (F.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Deni Zulfiana ◽  
Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti ◽  
Bramantyo Wikantyoso ◽  
Apriwi Zulfitri
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
The Third ◽  
Entomopathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the agricultural pests that attacking almost all kinds of herbaceous plants, especiallyvegetables. Insect control using entomopathogenic bacteria is an alternative strategy that is effective and has a lower environmental impact than the use of synthetic insecticides. The purpose of this research was to explore entomopathogenic bacteria that have insecticidal activity against S. litura larvae at various stages of instars. The result showed that 25% of total number of isolated bacteria have potency as entomopathogenic bacteria. Isolate Staphylococcus sciuri strain BLSP-3 and isolate Serratia sp. strain BLSP-4 showed the highest larvicidal activity against the first and second instar larvae of S. litura 83% and 86%, respectively. The activity against on the third instar larvae however was only by 40%. However, the mortality caused by both isolates was lower than that of Bacillus thuringiensis (more than 90% mortality to the first and second instars and 80 % of the third instar larvae). It is suggested that both of isolates are potential to be developed further as a biocontrol agent to control S. litura population.

scholarly journals The Effect of Extract of Getih-Getihan (Rivina humilis L.) on Armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) Mortality

BIOEDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Dewi Nurhayati ◽  
Wachju Subchan ◽  
Jekti Prihatin
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Anova Test ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Botanical Pesticide ◽  
Active Chemical ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) is a leaf-eating pest causes the loss of crops from 85% until causing crop failure. Alternative pest control and to reduce the negative impact of synthetic pesticides include using botanical pesticide. Getih-getihan plant (Rivina humilis L.) is one of the plants having potency as a botanical pesticide. Based on the description, this study was conducted to determine LC50 value by using probit analysis and analysis of an extract of Rivina humilis L. leaves on the mortality of Spodoptera litura F. using ANOVA test. Rivina humilis L. leaves are extracted by using ethanol solvent to get active chemical to kill Spodoptera litura F.. TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) result test of an extract of Rivina humilis L. are positively contain an alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, and terpenoid. The method of the research uses CRD (Complete Random Design) with five times repetition. Concentration serial being tested are 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. The result of probit analysis is 1.42% of LC50 value and ANOVA test shows that extract of Rivina humilis L. leaves affects very significantly on the Spodoptera litura F. mortality (p=0.000). Keywords: Spodoptera litura F., Rivina humilis L., leaves extract.

scholarly journals Novel Biomimetic Human TLR2-Derived Peptides for Potential Targeting of Lipoteichoic Acid: An in Silico Assessment

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1063
Author(s):  
Nikita Devnarain ◽  
Ayman Y. Waddad ◽  
Beatriz G. de la Torre ◽  
Fernando Albericio ◽  
Thirumala Govender
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Cell Penetration ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽  
Superior Approach ◽  
Antibiotic Delivery

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most significant threats to health and economy around the globe and has been compounded by the emergence of COVID-19, raising important consequences for antimicrobial resistance development. Contrary to conventional targeting approaches, the use of biomimetic application via nanoparticles for enhanced cellular targeting, cell penetration and localized antibiotic delivery has been highlighted as a superior approach to identify novel targeting ligands for combatting antimicrobial resistance. Gram-positive bacterial cell walls contain lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which binds specifically to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on human macrophages. This phenomenon has the potential to be exploited for the design of biomimetic peptides for antibacterial application. In this study, we have derived peptides from sequences present in human TLR2 that bind to LTA with high affinity. In silico approaches including molecular modelling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and thermodynamics have enabled the identification of these crucial binding amino acids, the design of four novel biomimetic TLR2-derived peptides and their LTA binding potential. The outcomes of this study have revealed that one of these novel peptides binds to LTA more strongly and stably than the other three peptides and has the potential to enhance LTA targeting and bacterial cell penetration.

scholarly journals Modulation of Toll-like receptor 1 intracellular domain structure and activity by Zn2+ ions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav A. Lushpa ◽  
Marina V. Goncharuk ◽  
Cong Lin ◽  
Arthur O. Zalevsky ◽  
Irina A. Talyzina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Binding ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Binding Ability ◽  
Tir Domain ◽  
Zn Addition ◽  
Intracellular Domains ◽  
Structure And Activity

AbstractToll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune response. While a lot is known about the structures of their extracellular parts, many questions are still left unanswered, when the structural basis of TLR activation is analyzed for the TLR intracellular domains. Here we report the structure and dynamics of TLR1 toll-interleukin like (TIR) cytoplasmic domain in crystal and in solution. We found that the TLR1-TIR domain is capable of specific binding of Zn with nanomolar affinity. Interactions with Zn are mediated by cysteine residues 667 and 686 and C667 is essential for the Zn binding. Potential structures of the TLR1-TIR/Zn complex were predicted in silico. Using the functional assays for the heterodimeric TLR1/2 receptor, we found that both Zn addition and Zn depletion affect the activity of TLR1, and C667A mutation disrupts the receptor activity. Analysis of C667 position in the TLR1 structure and possible effects of C667A mutation, suggests that zinc-binding ability of TLR1-TIR domain is critical for the receptor activation.

scholarly journals Performance of Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) on two Spodoptera species and application as potential biocontrol agent against fall armyworm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enakshi Ghosh ◽  
Richa Varshney ◽  
Radhika Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
List Type ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Choice Assay

AbstractSuccessful pest management using parasitoids requires careful evaluation of host-parasitoid interactions. Here, we report the performance of larval ecto-parasitoid wasp, Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) on important agricultural pests, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Biology of B. brevicornis was studied on different host instars under laboratory and cage setup. In no-choice assay, the parasitoid development was highest on fifth instar S. litura larvae as the wasp laid ∼253 eggs with 62% hatching, 76% pupae formation and 78% adult emergence. Similarly, these parameters were highest on fifth instar S. frugiperda larvae (293 eggs, 57% hatching, 80% pupae formation, 70% adult emergence). In two-choice assay, B. brevicornis preferred fourth or fifth over third instar larvae of both hosts. Successful parasitism depends on host paralysis and suppression of host immunity. B. brevicornis interaction downregulated cellular immunity of both hosts as shown by reduced hemocyte viability and spreading. The percent parasitism rate of B. brevicornis was unaltered in the presence of host plant, Zea mays in cage study. 76 and 84% parasitism was observed on fifth instar larvae of S. litura and S. frugiperda, respectively. We evaluated the performance of B. brevicornis as a biocontrol agent on S. frugiperda in maize field. Our results show 54% average reduction in infestation after release of B. brevicornis. Taken together, we report the performance of B. brevicornis on important insect pests for the first time in laboratory and field conditions. Our findings indicate that B. brevicornis is a promising candidate for integrated pest management.Key messagesWe have evaluated the instar preference and performance of B. brevicornis as a potential biocontrol agent for two serious pests, Spodoptera litura and S. frugiperda.Fifth instar larva was most suitable for B. brevicornis development irrespective of the host species. B. brevicornis attack induced permanent paralysis and down-regulated cellular immunity of both hosts.Our field experiment confirmed B. brevicornis as a promising parasitoid for controlling S. frugiperda, a highly invasive pest of growing concern.

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