scholarly journals Development of Starch-Based Materials Using Current Modification Techniques and Their Applications: A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6880
Author(s):  
Sumedha M. Amaraweera ◽  
Chamila Gunathilake ◽  
Oneesha H. P. Gunawardene ◽  
Nimasha M. L. Fernando ◽  
Drashana B. Wanninayaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starch Modification ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Significant Attention

Starch is one of the most common biodegradable polymers found in nature, and it is widely utilized in the food and beverage, bioplastic industry, paper industry, textile, and biofuel industries. Starch has received significant attention due to its environmental benignity, easy fabrication, relative abundance, non-toxicity, and biodegradability. However, native starch cannot be directly used due to its poor thermo-mechanical properties and higher water absorptivity. Therefore, native starch needs to be modified before its use. Major starch modification techniques include genetic, enzymatic, physical, and chemical. Among those, chemical modification techniques are widely employed in industries. This review presents comprehensive coverage of chemical starch modification techniques and genetic, enzymatic, and physical methods developed over the past few years. In addition, the current applications of chemically modified starch in the fields of packaging, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, superabsorbent and wastewater treatment have also been discussed.

scholarly journals Modification of Potato Starch by Acetylmalic Acid Chloroanhydride and Physicochemical Research of the New Product

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Shulga ◽  
Natalya Simurova ◽  
Sergii Shulga ◽  
Jelyzaveta Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
New Product ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Starch Modification

The article presents the research results of the product’s properties of potato starch modification by acetylmalic acid chloroanhydride. Modification of potato starch has been carried out and has been confirmed by elemental analysis. In the infrared spectra, changes in the frequency oscillations of native starch in the noncharacteristic region have occurred: the frequency of oscillations at 981.81 cm−1 has increased and in the spectrum of modified starch has been at 1024.82 cm−1; the band with frequency of oscillations of 923.07 cm−1 has shifted to 866.66 cm−1, and the band with frequency of oscillations of 609.79 cm−1 has shifted to 672.22 cm−1, indicating the change in noncharacteristic region of the native starch sample after acylation. The properties of obtained modified product have been studied and this modification has appeared to change the shape of moisture and starch bonds, along with decreasing appearance of grains and reduced degree of crystallinity from 12 to 4%.

scholarly journals Controlling nitrogen pollution via encapsulation of urea fertilizer in cross-linked corn starch

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7775-7789
Author(s):  
Khalid A. Ibrahim ◽  
Muhammad Y. Naz ◽  
Shazia Shukrullah ◽  
Shaharin A. Sulaiman ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Weak Gel ◽  
Urea Granules

High fertilizer inputs augment the reactive nitrogen level in soil, air, and water. Unused reactive nitrogen acts as a pollutant and harms natural resources. This study focused on the thermal processing of corn starch into a coating material using disodium tetraborate and urea. The processed corn starch was coated over granular urea in a vertical bed coating reactor. The chemically modified starch, when compared with native starch, exhibited better stability and mechanical strength over time. The modified starch looked like a weak gel, and its loss modulus was dominated by the storage modulus. However, for native starch, the viscous component dominated the elastic component, especially at lower angular frequencies. The nitrogen release from the coated urea was remarkably slower than the uncoated one. A small difference in the peak and final starch viscosities in the presence of urea and borate revealed low thermal cracking of the starch molecules. The surface of the granular urea that was coated with chemically modified corn starch was uniform, dense, hard, and least porous. The uncoated urea granules became released into water in 6 min under gentle shaking, whereas the coated urea took almost 32 min to completely release.

Integrating Bioinformatics Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy: Current and Future Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houda N. Washah ◽  
Elliasu Y. Salifu ◽  
Opeyemi Soremekun ◽  
Ahmed A. Elrashedy ◽  
Geraldene Munsamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bioinformatics Tools ◽  
Treatment Paradigm ◽  
Immunotherapy Of Cancer ◽  
Significant Attention

For the past few decades, the mechanisms of immune responses to cancer have been exploited extensively and significant attention has been given into utilizing the therapeutic potential of the immune system. Cancer immunotherapy has been established as a promising innovative treatment for many forms of cancer. Immunotherapy has gained its prominence through various strategies, including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), adoptive T cell cancer therapy, and immune checkpoint therapy. However, the full potential of cancer immunotherapy is yet to be attained. Recent studies have identified the use of bioinformatics tools as a viable option to help transform the treatment paradigm of several tumors by providing a therapeutically efficient method of cataloging, predicting and selecting immunotherapeutic targets, which are known bottlenecks in the application of immunotherapy. Herein, we gave an insightful overview of the types of immunotherapy techniques used currently, their mechanisms of action, and discussed some bioinformatics tools and databases applied in the immunotherapy of cancer. This review also provides some future perspectives in the use of bioinformatics tools for immunotherapy.

More Than Cheating: Deception, IRB Shopping, and the Normative Legitimacy of IRBs

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 990-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Spellecy ◽  
Thomas May
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Emergency Research ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Attention

Deception, cheating, and loopholes within the IRB approval process have received significant attention in the past several years. Surveys of clinical researchers indicate common deception ranging from omitting information to outright lying, and controversy surrounding the FDA's decision not to ban “IRB shopping” (the practice of submitting protocols to multiple IRBs until one is found that will approve the protocol) has raised legitimate concerns about the integrity of the IRB process. One author has described a multicenter trial as being withdrawn from consideration at one institution when rejection was imminent, in order to avoid informing other IRBs reviewing the protocol of the study's rejection (a requirement under the federal regulations for emergency research with an exception from informed consent). This practice and IRB shopping seem at odds with the spirit, if not the “letter,” of the regulations. While at first blush these practices seem to cast aspersions on the integrity of clinical researchers, the moral issues raised go deeper than the ethics of cheating.

scholarly journals Biofilm Forming Bacteria during Thermal Water Reinjection

Geofluids ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Osvald ◽  
Gergely Maróti ◽  
Bernadett Pap ◽  
János Szanyi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surface System ◽  
Buffer Tank ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Phenol Index

Reinjection of heat-depleted thermal water has long been in the center of scientific interest in Hungary regarding around 1000 operating thermal wells. While the physical and chemical aspects of reinjection have partly been answered in the past years, the effects of biological processes are still less known. We carried out our investigations in the surface elements of the Hódmezővásárhely geothermal system which is one of the oldest operating geothermal systems in Hungary. About one-third of the used geothermal water has been reinjected since 1998 by two reinjection wells at the end of the thermal loops. During the operation, plugging of the surface system was experienced within a few-day-long period, due to biological processes. The goal of our research was to find the dominant species of the microbial flora and to make a proposal to avoid further bacterial problems. We found that the reinjected, therefore the produced, water’s chemical oxygen demand, phenol index, and BTEX composition basically determine the appearing flora on the surface. When the concentration of these compounds in the thermal water is significant and residence time is long enough in the buffer tank, certain bacteria can be much more dominant than others, thus able to form a biofilm which plugs the surface equipment much more than it is expected.

scholarly journals On numerical solver selection and related uncertainty terminology

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Claeys ◽  
Ann van Griensven ◽  
Lorenzo Benedetti ◽  
Bernard De Baets ◽  
Peter A. Vanrolleghem
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Environmental Modelling ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Numerical Solver ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Insight Into

Mathematical models provide insight into numerous biological, physical and chemical systems. They can be used in process design, optimisation, control and decision support, as acknowledged in many different fields of scientific research. Mathematical models do not always yield reliable results and uncertainty should be taken into account. At present, it is possible to identify some factors contributing to uncertainty, and the awareness of the necessity of uncertainty assessment is rising. In the fields of Environmental Modelling and Computational Fluid Dynamics, for instance, terminology related to uncertainty exists and is generally accepted. However, the uncertainty due to the choice of the numerical solver and its settings used to compute the solution of the models did not receive much attention in the past. A motivating example on the existence and effect of numerical uncertainty is provided and clearly shows that we can no longer ignore it. This paper introduces a new terminology to support communication about uncertainty caused by numerical solvers, so that scientists become perceptive to it.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE POTENTIALITY OF ASSAM BORA RICE STARCH

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Baquee Ahmed ◽  
Iman Bhaduri
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Sustained Release ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Ft Ir

Objective: The objective of the present study was to chemical modification, characterization and evaluation of mucoadhesive potentiality of Assam bora rice starch as potential excipients in the sustained release drug delivery system. Methods: The starch was isolated from Assam bora rice and esterified using thioglycolic acid and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The 10% w/v gel formulation based on modified bora rice starch loaded with irinotecan (0.6%) was prepared and evaluated for various rheological properties, ex-vivo mucoadhesion using goat intestine and in vitro drug release study in phosphate buffer pH 6.8.Results: The chemical modification was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR studies with the presence of the peak at 2626.74 cm-1 and a singlet at 2.51 respectively due to–SH group. Ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies showed 6.6 fold increases in mucoadhesion of the modified starch with compared to native starch (46.3±6.79g for native starch; 308.7±95.31g for modified starch). In vitro study showed 89.12±0.84 % of drug release after 6 h in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and the release kinetics followed Non-Fickian diffusion.Conclusion: The modified Assam bora rice starch enhanced a mucoadhesive property of the native starch and thus, can be explored in future as a potential excipient for the sustained release mucoadhesive drug delivery system.

scholarly journals Effect of Taro Starch, Beet Juice, Probiotic, and/or Psicose on Gut Microbiota in a Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ingrid S. Surono ◽  
Ata Aditya Wardana ◽  
Priyo Waspodo ◽  
Budi Saksono ◽  
Koen Venema
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Native Starch

Background and Objectives. The gut microbiota has been shown to be involved in the development and severity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to test the effect of potential functional food ingredients, alone or in combination, on the gut microbiota composition in diabetic rats in a pilot study of 1 week of feeding. Methods. In a pilot study to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, (i) native taro starch, (ii) modified taro starch, (iii) beet juice, (iv) psicose, (v) the probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506, (vi) native starch combined with beet juice, (vii) native starch to which beet juice was adsorbed, (viii) modified starch combined with beet juice, and (ix) modified starch to which beet juice was adsorbed were fed to rats in which T2D was induced with streptozotocin (STZ). After one week, the composition of the gut microbiota was evaluated by sequencing the PCR-amplified V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results and Conclusions. The next-generation sequencing showed that 13 microbial taxa of the gut microbiota were significantly different between groups, depending on the treatment. The results of this pilot study will be used to design a 4-week intervention study in STZ-induced T2D rats to determine the best functional food for counteracting T2D, including their effects on satiety hormones. This should ultimately lead to the development of functional foods for prediabetic and diabetic individuals.

Evaluation of the Potential of Waste from Pulp Production (Grits) in its Use in Mortar: Physical and Chemical Characterization

2015 ◽  
Vol 820 ◽  
pp. 583-587
Author(s):  
Leonardo Carvalho Mesquita ◽  
Rita de Cássia S. Sant’ana Alvarenga ◽  
Carol Ferreira Rezende Santos ◽  
Adonys Natan Oliveira Alvares ◽  
Ana Augusta Passos Rezende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Kraft Process ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characterization ◽  
Absorption Determination ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chemical Testing

The grits is an inorganic solid residue generated during the Kraft process by the pulp and paper industry, which presents in its composition the main ingredients of Portland cement. According to some authors, the grits can be classified as a non inert, non hazardous, granular solid industrial waste. With this in mind, a study was proposed with the objective of evaluating, initially, the applicability of grits in mortar, by means of physical and chemical testing. The physical evaluations were realized through the following tests: determination of bulk gravity saturated - surface - dry (SSD) and water absorption; determination of the pulverulent material content; and the determination of particle size distribution. To chemically test the grits, a reading of the metal concentrations present in the grits was realized as well as an analysis of the leaching and solubilization extracts. It was concluded that the addition of grits to mortar is a potential alternative.

Evaluating the Landscape of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Mitigation Goals of the Global Food and Beverage Sector

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Reavis ◽  
Jenny Ahlen ◽  
Joe Rudek ◽  
Kusum Naithani
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
Food Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Beverage Industry ◽  
Food And Beverage Industry ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Global Food

Abstract The dramatic increase of emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) by humans over the past century and a half has created an urgency for monitoring, reporting, and verifying GHG emissions as a first step towards mitigating the effects of climate change. Fifteen percent of global GHG emissions come from agriculture, and companies in the food and beverage industry are starting to set climate goals. We evaluated the GHG emissions reporting practices and climate goals of the top 100 global food and beverage companies and determined whether or not their goals are aligned with the science of reducing climate warming to less than 2 °C. We found that two thirds of the top 100 (as ranked by Food Engineering) global food and beverage companies are setting some sort of climate goals, but fewer than half included scope 3 emissions in their goals. Only four companies have goals that are aligned with the goal of the 3% Solution: a 4.3% annual emission reduction until 2050. While an increasing number of companies are disclosing and setting targets that include scope 3 emissions, many still do not disclose or report any of their emissions. Our results highlight an urgent need to develop protocols for monitoring, reporting, and verifying GHG emissions and to provide transparent information on climate goals and targets.

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