Application of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection of Flavonoids

Flavonoids have a variety of physiological activities such as anti-free radicals, regulating hormone levels, antibacterial factors, and anti-cancer factors, which are widely present in edible and medicinal plants. Real-time detection of flavonoids is a key step in the quality control of diverse matrices closely related to social, economic, and health issues. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming and require expensive equipment and complicated working conditions. Therefore, electrochemical sensors with high sensitivity and fast detection speed have aroused extensive research interest. Carbon nanomaterials are preferred material in improving the performance of electrochemical sensing. In this paper, we review the progress of electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon and graphene quantum dots, mesoporous carbon, and carbon black for detecting flavonoids in food and drug homologous substances in the last four years. In addition, we look forward to the prospects and challenges of this research field.

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Graphene Quantum Dots by Eco-Friendly Green Synthesis for Electrochemical Sensing: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11051120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1120

Author(s):

Viviana Bressi ◽

Angelo Ferlazzo ◽

Daniela Iannazzo ◽

Claudia Espro

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Graphene Quantum Dots ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Biomass Waste

The continuous decrease in the availability of fossil resources, along with an evident energy crisis, and the growing environmental impact due to their use, has pushed scientific research towards the development of innovative strategies and green routes for the use of renewable resources, not only in the field of energy production but also for the production of novel advanced materials and platform molecules for the modern chemical industry. A new class of promising carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene quantum dots (GQDs), due to their exceptional chemical-physical features, have been studied in many applications, such as biosensors, solar cells, electrochemical devices, optical sensors, and rechargeable batteries. Therefore, this review focuses on recent results in GQDs synthesis by green, easy, and low-cost synthetic processes from eco-friendly raw materials and biomass-waste. Significant advances in recent years on promising recent applications in the field of electrochemical sensors, have also been discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives with possible research directions in the topic are briefly summarized.

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Application of Carbon Nanomaterials Decorated Electrochemical Sensor for Analysis of Environmental Pollutants

10.5772/intechopen.96538 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sunil Kumar ◽

Abhay Nanda Srivastva

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ◽

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Stripping Voltammetry ◽

Metal Electrode ◽

Effective Area ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Working Electrode

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), especially carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been attracting tremendous attention in environmental analysis for rapid and cost effective detection of various analytes by electrochemical sensing. CNMs can increase the electrode effective area, enhance the electron transfer rate between the electrode and analytes, and/or act as catalysts to increase the efficiency of electrochemical reaction, detection, adsorption and removal are of great significance. Various carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, mesoporous carbon, carbon dots exhibited high adsorption and detection capacity. Carbon and its derivatives possess excellent electro catalytic properties for the modified sensors, electrochemical methods usually based on anodic stripping voltammetry at some modified carbon electrodes. Metal electrode detection sensitivity is enhanced through surface modification of working electrode (GCE). Heavy metals have the defined redox potential. A remarkable deal of efficiency with the electrochemical sensors can be succeeded by layering the surface of the working electrode with film of active electro-catalytic species. Usually, electro catalysts used for fabrication of sensors are surfactants, nano-materials, polymers, carbon-based materials, organic ligands and biomaterials.

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Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Nanocomposites Applied in Electrochemical Sensors: A Recent Survey

Electrochem ◽

10.3390/electrochem2030032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 490-519

Author(s):

Murilo H. M. Facure ◽

Rodrigo Schneider ◽

Jessica B. S. Lima ◽

Luiza A. Mercante ◽

Daniel S. Correa

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Graphene Quantum Dots ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Current Trends ◽

Sensing Platforms ◽

Metal Organic ◽

2D Nanomaterials

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been widely investigated in recent years due to their outstanding physicochemical properties. Their remarkable characteristics allied to their capability of being easily synthesized and combined with other materials have allowed their use as electrochemical sensing platforms. In this work, we survey recent applications of GQDs-based nanocomposites in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Firstly, the main characteristics and synthesis methods of GQDs are addressed. Next, the strategies generally used to obtain the GQDs nanocomposites are discussed. Emphasis is given on the applications of GQDs combined with distinct 0D, 1D, 2D nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), ionic liquids, as well as other types of materials, in varied electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detecting analytes of environmental, medical, and agricultural interest. We also discuss the current trends and challenges towards real applications of GQDs in electrochemical sensors.

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Carbon-Based Quantum Dots for Electrochemical Detection of Monoamine Neurotransmitters—Review

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios10110162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 162

Author(s):

Saheed E. Elugoke ◽

Abolanle S. Adekunle ◽

Omolola E. Fayemi ◽

Bhekie B. Mamba ◽

El-Sayed M. Sherif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Graphene Quantum Dots ◽

Good Sensitivity ◽

Health Issues ◽

Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽

Good Electrocatalytic Activity ◽

Low Cytotoxicity ◽

Made In ◽

Carbon Based

Imbalance in the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters have manifested in severe health issues. Electrochemical sensors have been designed for their determination, with good sensitivity recorded. Carbon-based quantum dots have proven to be an important component of electrochemical sensors due to their high conductivity, low cytotoxicity and opto-electronic properties. The quest for more sensitive electrodes with cheaper materials led to the development of electrochemical sensors based on carbon-based quantum dots for the detection of neurotransmitters. The importance of monoamine neurotransmitters (NTs) and the good electrocatalytic activity of carbon and graphene quantum dots (CQDs and GQDs) make the review of the efforts made in the design of such sensors for monoamine NTs of huge necessity. The differences and the similarities between these two quantum dots are highlighted prior to a discussion of their application in electrochemical sensors over the last ten years. Compared to other monoamine NTs, dopamine (DA) was the most studied with GQDs and CQD-based electrochemical sensors.

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Electrochemical Sensors Based on Architectural Diversity of the ?-Conjugated Structure: Recent Advancements from Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch06470 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 60 (7) ◽

pp. 472 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Liming Dai

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Conducting Polymers ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Functional Materials ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Environmental Stability ◽

Carbon Fibres ◽

Recent Developments

Conjugated conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes, both of which possess a conjugated structure of alternating carbon–carbon single and double bonds for the delocalization of π-electrons, are two important classes of electrochemical sensing materials. The combination of carbon nanotubes with conducting polymers or other functional materials (e.g., DNA chains, proteins, metal nanoparticles, carbon fibres) was found to create synergetic effects, that provide the basis for the development of numerous novel sensors with a high sensitivity, good selectivity, excellent environmental stability, and low power consumption. This article reviews recent developments in this exciting new area of electrochemical sensing by presenting the rational strategy of the author’s group in the design and characterization of these new electrochemical sensors based on architectural diversity of the π-conjugated structure.

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Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi10060397 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 397 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Zhenguo Zhang ◽

Yulin Cong ◽

Yichun Huang ◽

Xin Du

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Sensor Technology ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Real Time Analysis ◽

Electrochemical Immunosensors ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Metal Nanomaterials

With the development of nanomaterials and sensor technology, nanomaterials-based electrochemical immunosensors have been widely employed in various fields. Nanomaterials for electrode modification are emerging one after another in order to improve the performance of electrochemical immunosensors. When compared with traditional detection methods, electrochemical immunosensors have the advantages of simplicity, real-time analysis, high sensitivity, miniaturization, rapid detection time, and low cost. Here, we summarize recent developments in electrochemical immunosensors based on nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal nanomaterials, and quantum dots. Additionally, we discuss research challenges and future prospects for this field of study.

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Graphene Quantum Dots as Nanozymes for Electrochemical Sensing of Yersinia enterocolitica in Milk and Human Serum

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12132189 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (13) ◽

pp. 2189 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Sumeyra Savas ◽

Zeynep Altintas

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Human Serum ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Graphene Quantum Dots ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Sample Treatment ◽

Label Free ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Free System

The genus Yersinia contains three well-recognized human pathogens, including Y. enterocolitica, Y. pestis, and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Various domesticated and wild animals carry Yersinia in their intestines. Spread to individuals arises from eating food or water contaminated by infected human or animal faeces. Interaction with infected pets and domestic stock may also lead to infection. Yersinia is able to multiply at temperatures found in normal refrigerators; hence, a large number of the bacteria may be present if meat is kept without freezing. Yersinia is also rarely transmitted by blood transfusion, because it is able to multiply in stored blood products. Infection with Yersinia can cause yersiniosis, a serious bacterial infection associated with fever, abdominal pain and cramps, diarrhea, joint pain, and symptoms similar to appendicitis in older children and adults. This paper describes a novel immunosensor approach using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as enzyme mimics in an electrochemical sensor set up to provide an efficient diagnostic method for Y. enterecolitica. The optimum assay conditions were initially determined and the developed immunosensor was subsequently used for the detection of the bacterium in milk and human serum. The GQD-immunosensor enabled the quantification of Y. enterocolitica in a wide concentration range with a high sensitivity (LODmilk = 5 cfu mL−1 and LODserum = 30 cfu mL−1) and specificity. The developed method can be used for any pathogenic bacteria detection for clinical and food samples without pre-sample treatment. Offering a very rapid, specific and sensitive detection with a label-free system, the GQD-based immunosensor can be coupled with many electrochemical biosensors.

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Carbon nanomaterials and their application to electrochemical sensors: a review

Nanotechnology Reviews ◽

10.1515/ntrev-2017-0160 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 19-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Aoife C. Power ◽

Brian Gorey ◽

Shaneel Chandra ◽

James Chapman

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Properties ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Modified Electrodes ◽

Material Design ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Design And Synthesis ◽

Synthetic Diamonds ◽

Chemical Inertness ◽

Highly Sensitive

AbstractCarbon has long been applied as an electrochemical sensing interface owing to its unique electrochemical properties. Moreover, recent advances in material design and synthesis, particularly nanomaterials, has produced robust electrochemical sensing systems that display superior analytical performance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most extensively studied nanostructures because of their unique properties. In terms of electroanalysis, the ability of CNTs to augment the electrochemical reactivity of important biomolecules and promote electron transfer reactions of proteins is of particular interest. The remarkable sensitivity of CNTs to changes in surface conductivity due to the presence of adsorbates permits their application as highly sensitive nanoscale sensors. CNT-modified electrodes have also demonstrated their utility as anchors for biomolecules such as nucleic acids, and their ability to diminish surface fouling effects. Consequently, CNTs are highly attractive to researchers as a basis for many electrochemical sensors. Similarly, synthetic diamonds electrochemical properties, such as superior chemical inertness and biocompatibility, make it desirable both for (bio) chemical sensing and as the electrochemical interface for biological systems. This is highlighted by the recent development of multiple electrochemical diamond-based biosensors and bio interfaces.

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Past, present and future of electroanalytical sensor for aspirin, ibuprofen and paracetamol detection

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412917666210125115511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Xuejiao Li ◽

Jian Kang ◽

Hong Ji ◽

Ping Gong ◽

Nan Li

Keyword(s):

Materials Science ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Drug Analysis ◽

Electrochemical Analysis ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Technical Problems ◽

Sensing Technology ◽

Electrochemical Technology ◽

Pain Analgesics

Background: Pain not only affects quality of life but can also lead to people suffering from mental illness due to the lack of effective treatment for long-term pain. Analgesics refer to drugs that can partially or completely relieve pain, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and central analgesics. Methods: In recent years, the cross integration of electrochemical analysis technology with biochemistry, materials science, biomedicine and other disciplines has driven the vigorous development of electrochemical sensing technology in the field of life sciences. The electrochemical sensor has many advantages, such as simple equipment, good specificity, high sensitivity, economy and convenience. As a newly emerging technology, electrochemical sensing technology is increasingly widely used in drug analysis. Results: This review introduces the recent advances of the detection of analgesics using electrochemical technology. We deliberately selected three representative drugs for discussion: aspirin, ibuprofen and paracetamol. Conclusion: Electrochemical sensing technology has the advantages of high sensitivity, a low detection limit and simple operation. However, sensors still have some technical problems, such as the existence of many interference factors in actual samples in blood drug concentration monitoring and the need for the further optimization of the method conditions for multi-channel detection. With the continuous advancement of research, the application of new detection methods, nanomaterials, and biomolecules has enabled electrochemical technology to make certain progress in the field of drug analysis. In particular, the emergence of new nanomaterials will greatly promote the development of electrochemical sensing technology in drug analysis. As a cutting-edge technology, electrochemical sensing technology has enormous potential application value.

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Bio- and Biomimetic Receptors for Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20236800 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (23) ◽

pp. 6800

Author(s):

Angela Maria Stortini ◽

Maria Antonietta Baldo ◽

Giulia Moro ◽

Federico Polo ◽

Ligia Maria Moretto

Keyword(s):

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

High Performance ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Low Cost ◽

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Analytical Tools

Heavy metals ions (HMI), if not properly handled, used and disposed, are a hazard for the ecosystem and pose serious risks for human health. They are counted among the most common environmental pollutants, mainly originating from anthropogenic sources, such as agricultural, industrial and/or domestic effluents, atmospheric emissions, etc. To face this issue, it is necessary not only to determine the origin, distribution and the concentration of HMI but also to rapidly (possibly in real-time) monitor their concentration levels in situ. Therefore, portable, low-cost and high performing analytical tools are urgently needed. Even though in the last decades many analytical tools and methodologies have been designed to this aim, there are still several open challenges. Compared with the traditional analytical techniques, such as atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and/or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical or UV–VIS detectors, bio- and biomimetic electrochemical sensors provide high sensitivity, selectivity and rapid responses within portable and user-friendly devices. In this review, the advances in HMI sensing in the last five years (2016–2020) are addressed. Key examples of bio and biomimetic electrochemical, impedimetric and electrochemiluminescence-based sensors for Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, Zn2+ and Tl+ are described and discussed.

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