Tart Cherry Concentrate Does Not Alter the Gut Microbiome, Glycaemic Control or Systemic Inflammation in a Middle-Aged Population

Limited evidence suggests that the consumption of polyphenols may improve glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity. The gut microbiome produces phenolic metabolites and increases their bioavailability. A handful of studies have suggested that polyphenol consumption alters gut microbiome composition. There are no data available investigating such effects in polyphenol-rich Montmorency cherry (MC) supplementation. A total of 28 participants (aged 40–60 years) were randomized to receive daily MC or glucose and energy-matched placebo supplementation for 4 wk. Faecal and blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 4 wk. There was no clear effect of supplementation on glucose handling (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Gutt indices), although the Matsuda index decreased significantly in the MC group post-supplementation, reflecting an increase in serum insulin concentration. Contrastingly, placebo, but not MC supplementation induced a 6% increase in the Oral Glucose Insulin Sensitivity (OGIS) estimate of glucose clearance. Serum IL-6 and C reactive protein were unaltered by either supplement. The faecal bacterial microbiome was sequenced; species richness and diversity were unchanged by MC or placebo and no significant correlation existed between changes in Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium abundance and any index of insulin sensitivity. Therefore, 4 weeks of MC supplementation did not alter the gut microbiome, glycaemic control or systemic concentrations of IL-6 and CRP in a middle-aged population.

Download Full-text

24-h severe energy restriction impairs postprandial glycaemic control in young, lean males

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518002568 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (10) ◽

pp. 1107-1116 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David J. Clayton ◽

Jack Biddle ◽

Tyler Maher ◽

Mark P. Funnell ◽

Jack A. Sargeant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Glycaemic Control ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

Energy Restriction ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Model Assessment

AbstractIntermittent energy restriction (IER) involves short periods of severe energy restriction interspersed with periods of adequate energy intake, and can induce weight loss. Insulin sensitivity is impaired by short-term, complete energy restriction, but the effects of IER are not well known. In randomised order, fourteen lean men (age: 25 (sd 4) years; BMI: 24 (sd 2) kg/m2; body fat: 17 (4) %) consumed 24-h diets providing 100 % (10 441 (sd 812) kJ; energy balance (EB)) or 25 % (2622 (sd 204) kJ; energy restriction (ER)) of estimated energy requirements, followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g of glucose drink) after fasting overnight. Plasma/serum glucose, insulin, NEFA, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were assessed before and after (0 h) each 24-h dietary intervention, and throughout the 2-h OGTT. Homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) assessed the fasted response and incremental AUC (iAUC) or total AUC (tAUC) were calculated during the OGTT. At 0 h, HOMA2-IR was 23 % lower after ER compared with EB (P<0·05). During the OGTT, serum glucose iAUC (P<0·001), serum insulin iAUC (P<0·05) and plasma NEFA tAUC (P<0·01) were greater during ER, but GLP-1 (P=0·161), GIP (P=0·473) and FGF21 (P=0·497) tAUC were similar between trials. These results demonstrate that severe energy restriction acutely impairs postprandial glycaemic control in lean men, despite reducing HOMA2-IR. Chronic intervention studies are required to elucidate the long-term effects of IER on indices of insulin sensitivity, particularly in the absence of weight loss.

Download Full-text

Short-term impact of sucralose consumption on the metabolic response and gut microbiome of healthy adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519001570 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 (8) ◽

pp. 856-862 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Pamela Thomson ◽

Rodrigo Santibañez ◽

Carolina Aguirre ◽

Jose E. Galgani ◽

Daniel Garrido

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Glycaemic Control ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact

AbstractSucralose is an artificial non-nutritive sweetener used in foods aimed to reduce sugar and energy intake. While thought to be inert, the impact of sucralose on metabolic control has shown to be the opposite. The gut microbiome has emerged as a factor shaping metabolic responses after sweetener consumption. We examined the short-term effect of sucralose consumption on glucose homeostasis and gut microbiome of healthy male volunteers. We performed a randomised, double-blind study in thirty-four subjects divided into two groups, one that was administered sucralose capsules (780 mg/d for 7 d; n 17) and a control group receiving placebo (n 17). Before and after the intervention, glycaemic and insulinaemic responses were assessed with a standard oral glucose load (75 g). Insulin resistance was determined using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and Matsuda indexes. The gut microbiome was evaluated before and after the intervention by 16S rRNA sequencing. During the study, body weight remained constant in both groups. Glycaemic control and insulin resistance were not affected during the 7-d period. At the phylum level, gut microbiome was not modified in any group. We classified subjects according to their change in insulinaemia after the intervention, to compare the microbiome of responders and non-responders. Independent of consuming sucralose or placebo, individuals with a higher insulinaemic response after the intervention had lower Bacteroidetes and higher Firmicutes abundances. In conclusion, consumption of high doses of sucralose for 7 d does not alter glycaemic control, insulin resistance, or gut microbiome in healthy individuals. However, it highlights the need to address individual responses to sucralose.

Download Full-text

Urinary C-Peptide Secretion(UCPS): Can It be A New Index to Reflect Insulin Sensitivity and A Predictor in Pregnant Women?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-38670/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zhang Wei ◽

Minmin An ◽

Qi Fu ◽

Xiaohua Men ◽

Yinhui He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽

Fasting Serum ◽

C Peptide ◽

Matsuda Index ◽

Peptide Secretion ◽

Better Than

Abstract Background: In order to assess the correlation between pregnant women's urinary C-peptide secretion(UCPS) and insulin sensitivity, and to examine the predictors of gestational diabetes. Methods: we recruited 166 women between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation. Their height and weight were measured to calculate the body mass index (BMI). 75g OGTT was carried out, so as to detect the serum glucose, serum insulin and C-peptide levels. Besides, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β), Matsuda index, and area under the serum C-peptide curve (CPauc) were calculated. Additionally, the fasting urine specimen and all urine samples within 2 hours after OGTT were collected to determine the urinary C-peptide and urine volume to calculate UCPS. Results: We found that Fasting serum insulin (Fins), Fasting serum C-peptide (FCP), BMI, OGTT 2h UCPS(UCPS120), CPauc, Matsuda index and HOMA-IR of GDM group were higher than NGT group. FCP was correlated with UCPS0 (r=0.234, p=0.002) and HOMA-β(r=0.251, p=0.001). UCPS120 was correlated with CPauc(r=0.176 p<0.001), Matsuda index(r=-0.362, p<0.001) and HOMA-IR(r=0.336, p<0.001). The combination of BMI and UCPS120 was better than other index in predicting GDM, with a sensitivity of 72.0% and specificity of 70.7%. Conclusion: UCPS120 had the potential to be a new index to reflect insulin sensitivity in pregnant women. To screening the GDM, the combination of BMI and UCPS120 was better than other index.

Download Full-text

The Relationship between Insulin Resistance and the Cardiovascular Biomarker Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Obese Patients

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2010.153726 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 309-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Greisa Vila ◽

Michaela Riedl ◽

Christian Anderwald ◽

Michael Resl ◽

Ammon Handisurya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 ◽

Homeostatic Model Assessment ◽

Homeostatic Model ◽

The Relationship

BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive cytokine linked to obesity comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer. GDF-15 also has adipokine properties and recently emerged as a prognostic biomarker for cardiovascular events. METHODS We evaluated the relationship of plasma GDF-15 concentrations with parameters of obesity, inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolism in a cohort of 118 morbidly obese patients [mean (SD) age 37.2 (12) years, 89 females, 29 males] and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy lean individuals. All study participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test; 28 patients were studied before and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. RESULTS Obese individuals displayed increased plasma GDF-15 concentrations (P < 0.001), with highest concentrations observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. GDF-15 was positively correlated with age, waist-to-height ratio, mean arterial blood pressure, triglycerides, creatinine, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c, and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index and negatively correlated with oral glucose insulin sensitivity. Age, homeostatic model assessment index, oral glucose insulin sensitivity, and creatinine were independent predictors of GDF-15 concentrations. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass led to a significant reduction in weight, leptin, insulin, and insulin resistance, but further increased GDF-15 concentrations (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The associations between circulating GDF-15 concentrations and age, insulin resistance, and creatinine might account for the additional cardiovascular predictive information of GDF-15 compared to traditional risk factors. Nevertheless, GDF-15 changes following bariatric surgery suggest an indirect relationship between GDF-15 and insulin resistance. The clinical utility of GDF-15 as a biomarker might be limited until the pathways directly controlling GDF-15 concentrations are better understood.

Download Full-text

Association between Timing of Energy Intake and Insulin Sensitivity: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12020503 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 503

Author(s):

Vittobai Rashika Rangaraj ◽

Alankrita Siddula ◽

Helen J. Burgess ◽

Silvana Pannain ◽

Kristen L. Knutson

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Total Energy ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Food Diary ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Carbohydrate Consumption ◽

Matsuda Index

In addition to the caloric and macronutrient composition of meals, timing of energy consumption may be important for optimal glucose metabolism. Our goal was to examine whether the habitual timing of energy intake was associated with insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers. Volunteers without diabetes aged 21–50 years completed a 3-day food diary and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to estimate insulin sensitivity (n = 44). From the food diary, we calculated the proportions of the total energy and macronutrients consumed in the morning and evening, and the clock time at which 25%, 50% and 75% of total energy was consumed. A greater proportion of energy intake in the morning was significantly associated with higher insulin sensitivity estimated by Matsuda Index (B = 2.8 per 10%; 95%CI: 0.3, 5.2). The time at which 25% of energy was consumed was associated with insulin sensitivity estimated by Matsuda Index (B = −1.6 per hour; 95%CI: −3.0, −0.3) and QUICKI (B = −1.4 per hour, 95%CI: −2.8, −0.1). The timing of carbohydrate consumption demonstrated similar associations. Greater energy intake earlier in the day was associated with higher insulin sensitivity in individuals without diabetes.

Download Full-text

The Relationship between Circulating Acetate and Human Insulin Resistance before and after Weight Loss in the DiOGenes Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12020339 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 339

Author(s):

Manuel A. González Hernández ◽

Emanuel E. Canfora ◽

Kenneth Pasmans ◽

A. Astrup ◽

W. H. M. Saris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Positive Association ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Random Factor ◽

Before And After ◽

Homeostatic Model Assessment ◽

Matsuda Index

Microbially-produced acetate has been reported to beneficially affect metabolic health through effects on satiety, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and substrate utilization. Here, we investigate the association between sex-specific concentrations of acetate and insulin sensitivity/resistance indices (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), circulating insulin and Matsuda Index) in the Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) Dietary study at baseline and after a low-calorie diet (LCD, 800 kcal/d). In this analysis, 692 subjects (Body Mass Index >27 kg/m2) were included, who underwent an LCD for 8 weeks. Linear mixed models were performed, which were adjusted for mean acetate concentration, center (random factor), age, weight loss, and fat-free mass (FFM). At baseline, no associations between plasma acetate and insulin sensitivity/resistance indices were found. We found a slight positive association between changes in acetate and changes in HOMA-IR (stdβ 0.130, p = 0.033) in women, but not in men (stdβ −0.072, p = 0.310) independently of age, weight loss and FFM. We were not able to confirm previously reported associations between acetate and insulin sensitivity in this large European cohort. The mechanisms behind the sex-specific relationship between LCD-induced changes in acetate and insulin sensitivity require further study.

Download Full-text

Analysis of candidate genes in Polish families with obesity

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm.2004.083 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Malgorzata Malczewska-Malec ◽

Iwona Wybranska ◽

Iwona Leszczynska-Golabek ◽

Lukasz Partyka ◽

Jadwiga Hartwich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Body Mass ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Whole Body ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Model Assessment ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractThis study analyzes the relationship between risk factors related to overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, lipid tolerance, hypertension, endothelial function and genetic polymorphisms associated with: i) appetite regulation (leptin, melanocortin-3-receptor (MCR-3), dopamine receptor 2 (D2R)); ii) adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γThe 122 members of 40 obese Caucasian families from southern Poland participated in the study. The genotypes were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) or by direct sequencing. Phenotypes related to obesity (body mass index (BMI), fat/lean body mass composition, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)), fasting lipids, glucose, leptin and insulin, as well as insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (4 points within 2 hours) and during oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) (5 points within 8 hours) were assessed. The insulin sensitivity indexes: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, whole body insulin sensitivity index, hepatic insulin sensitivity and early secretory response to an oral glucose load (HOMA-IR, ISI-COMP, ISI-HOMA and DELTA) were calculated.The single gene mutations such as CWe conclude that the polymorphisms we investigated were weakly correlated with obesity but significantly modified the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

Download Full-text

Sex-dependent nutritional programming: fish oil intake during early pregnancy in rats reduces age-dependent insulin resistance in male, but not female, offspring

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 304 (4) ◽

pp. R313-R320 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Fatima L. C. Sardinha ◽

Flavia S. Fernandes ◽

Maria G. Tavares do Carmo ◽

Emilio Herrera

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Adult Life ◽

Male Offspring ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Model Assessment

Prenatal and early postnatal nutritional status may predispose offspring to impaired glucose tolerance and changes in insulin sensitivity in adult life. The long-term consequences of changes in maternal dietary fatty acid composition were determined in rats. From day 1 until day 12 of pregnancy, rats were given isocaloric diets containing 9% nonvitamin fat based on soybean, olive, fish (FO), linseed, or palm oil. Thereafter, they were maintained on the standard diet; offspring were studied at different ages. Body weight at 4, 8, and 12 mo and lumbar adipose tissue and liver weights at 12 mo did not differ between females on the different diets, whereas in males the corresponding values were all lower in the offspring from the FO group compared with the other dietary groups. Plasma glucose concentrations (both basal and after an oral glucose load) did not change with sex or dietary group, but plasma insulin concentrations were lower in females than in males and, in males, were lowest in the FO group. Similar relations were found with both the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity index. In conclusion, the intake of more n–3 fatty acids (FO diet) during early pregnancy reduced both fat accretion and age-related decline in insulin sensitivity in male offspring but not in females. It is proposed that the lower adiposity caused by the increased n–3 fatty acids during the intrauterine life was responsible of the lower insulin resistance in male offspring.

Download Full-text

Melatonin Treatment Improves Insulin Resistance and Pigmentation in Obese Patients with Acanthosis Nigricans

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2018/2304746 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hang Sun ◽

Xingchun Wang ◽

Jiaqi Chen ◽

Aaron M. Gusdon ◽

Kexiu Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Acanthosis Nigricans ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Before And After ◽

Matsuda Index

Objective. This study aimed to determine the effects of melatonin on insulin resistance in obese patients with acanthosis nigricans (AN). Methods. A total of 17 obese patients with acanthosis nigricans were recruited in a 12-week pilot open trial. Insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, inflammatory factors, and other biochemical parameters before and after the administration of melatonin were measured. Results. After 12 weeks of treatment with melatonin (3 mg/day), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (8.99 ± 5.10 versus 7.77 ± 5.21, p<0.05) and fasting insulin (37.09 5 ± 20.26 μU/ml versus 32.10 ± 20.29 μU/ml, p<0.05) were significantly decreased. Matsuda index (2.82 ± 1.54 versus 3.74 ± 2.02, p<0.05) was significantly increased. There were also statistically significant declines in the AN scores of the neck and axilla, body weight, body mass index, body fat, visceral index, neck circumference, waist circumference, and inflammatory markers. Conclusions. It was concluded that melatonin could improve cutaneous symptoms in obese patients with acanthosis nigricans by improving insulin sensitivity and inflammatory status. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02604095.

Download Full-text