scholarly journals Complementary Foods and Milk-Based Formulas Provide Excess Protein but Suboptimal Key Micronutrients and Essential Fatty Acids in the Intakes of Infants and Toddlers from Urban Settings in Malaysia

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2354
Author(s):  
Geok Lin Khor ◽  
Siew Siew Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
Increased Risk

This study determined the intakes of complementary foods (CFs) and milk-based formulas (MFs) by a total of 119 subjects aged 6–23.9 months from urban day care centers. Dietary intakes were assessed using two-day weighed food records. Intake adequacy of energy and nutrients was compared to the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) for Malaysia. The most commonly consumed CFs were cereals (rice, noodles, bread). The subjects derived approximately half of their energy requirements (kcals) from CFs (57 ± 35%) and MFs (56 ± 31%). Protein intake was in excess of their RNI requirements, from both CFs (145 ± 72%) and MFs (133 ± 88%). Main sources of protein included meat, dairy products, and western fast food. Intake of CFs provided less than the RNI requirements for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc. Neither CF nor MF intake met the Adequate Intake (AI) requirements for essential fatty acids. These findings indicate imbalances in the dietary intake of the subjects that may have adverse health implications, including increased risk of rapid weight gain from excess protein intake, and linear growth faltering and intellectual impairment from multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Interventions are needed to improve child feeding knowledge and practices among parents and child care providers.

scholarly journals Intestinal permeability and inflammation mediate the association between nutrient density of complementary foods and biochemical measures of micronutrient status in young children: results from the MAL-ED study

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J J McCormick ◽  
Laura E Murray-Kolb ◽  
Gwenyth O Lee ◽  
Kerry J Schulze ◽  
A Catharine Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACTBackgroundEnvironmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is thought to increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, but few studies adjust for dietary intakes and systemic inflammation.ObjectiveWe tested whether EED is associated with micronutrient deficiency risk independent of diet and systemic inflammation, and whether it mediates the relation between intake and micronutrient status.MethodsUsing data from 1283 children in the MAL-ED (Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health) birth cohort we evaluated the risk of anemia, low retinol, zinc, and ferritin, and high transferrin receptor (TfR) at 15 mo. We characterized gut inflammation and permeability by myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO), and α-1-antitrypsin (AAT) concentrations from asymptomatic fecal samples averaged from 9 to 15 mo, and averaged the lactulose:mannitol ratio z-score (LMZ) at 9 and 15 mo. Nutrient intakes from complementary foods were quantified monthly from 9 to 15 mo and densities were averaged for analyses. α-1-Acid glycoprotein at 15 mo characterized systemic inflammation. Relations between variables were modeled using a Bayesian network.ResultsA greater risk of anemia was associated with LMZ [1.15 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.31)] and MPO [1.16 (1.01, 1.34)]. A greater risk of low ferritin was associated with AAT [1.19 (1.03, 1.37)] and NEO [1.22 (1.04, 1.44)]. A greater risk of low retinol was associated with LMZ [1.24 (1.08, 1.45)]. However, MPO was associated with a lower risk of high transferrin receptor [0.86 (0.74, 0.98)], NEO with a lower risk of low retinol [0.75 (0.62, 0.89)], and AAT with a lower risk of low plasma zinc [0.83 (0.70, 0.99)]. Greater nutrient intake densities (vitamins A and B6, calcium, protein, and zinc) were negatively associated with EED. Inverse associations between nutrient densities and micronutrient deficiency largely disappeared after adjustment for EED, suggesting that EED mediates these associations.ConclusionsEED is independently associated with an increased risk of low ferritin, low retinol, and anemia. Greater nutrient density from complementary foods may reduce EED, and the control of micronutrient deficiencies may require control of EED.

scholarly journals Dietary intake of fatty acids and risk of pancreatic cancer: Golestan cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Ghamarzad Shishavan ◽  
Sahar Masoudi ◽  
Ashraf Mohamadkhani ◽  
Sadaf G. Sepanlou ◽  
Maryam Sharafkhah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background As pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignancy with poor prognosis, finding strategies for its prevention became a notable priority. Among all the factors influencing the risk of PC, dietary items especially fats are considered as the most modifiable risk factors.This study is designed to assess the associations of dietary intake of fatty acids with the risk of PC incidence. Methods A total of 50,045 adults between 40 and 75 years old participated in this cohort study in 2004–2008 and were followed up to the present. Intakes of fatty acids was evaluated by validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) with 95 % confidence interval of differing levels of dietary intakes of fatty acids for incidence of PC. Results At the end of follow-up period, 76 cases of PC were identified and 46,904 participants without history of cancer, acute kidney disorders, fibrosis and cirrhosis were included in the study. Dietary total saturated fatty acids (SFAS) was associated with PC risk (HR = 1.05 (1.01–1.09), Ptrend=0.01), whereas dietary total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS) was inversely associated with the risk of PC (HR = 0.92 (0.86–0.99), Ptrend=0.04). Dietary total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS) did show a protective but not significant association with the risk of PC (HR = 0.91(0.84-1.00), Ptrend=0.05). Conclusions The amount of total fat intake is not a risk factor for PC in our study and focusing on the intake of specific fatty acids becomes more striking. Unsaturated fatty acids including PUFAS and especially MUFAS are considered as protective dietary factors in PC prevention. In contrast, total SFAS is positively associated with the increased risk of PC. However, very long chain and odd-chain saturated fatty acids intake may be protective against PC.

scholarly journals Foveal macular pigment dip in offspring of age-related macular degeneration patients is inversely associated with omega-3 index

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant A. Rutledge ◽  
Steven G. Pratt ◽  
Stuart P. Richer ◽  
Byki Huntjens ◽  
C. Blake Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Macular Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Offspring of parent(s) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a 45% lifetime risk of developing the disease. High foveal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is protective, whereas individuals with a “foveal macular pigment dip” (FMPD) are at increased risk. Shortage of the dietary carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin as well as fish consumption are reported AMD risk factors. This Early Biomarkers of AMD (EBAMD) study evaluates serum factors that protect foveal MPOD architecture in Caucasian offspring of parent(s) with AMD. Methods N = 130 subjects [mean (SD) age 62.8 (8.6) years; 36/94 male/female] were recruited from Scripps Health/ Scripps Memorial Hospital/ Scripps Mericos Eye Institute between 2012 and 2017. Macula pigment 3D topography was evaluated using specular reflectance. Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC omega-3 fatty acid status, as well as common secondary clinical structural and vision function parameters were obtained. Results 41 % of offspring of AMD parent(s) presented with FMPD. These offspring were about 4 years younger than those without FMPD (controls; P = 0.012) and had thinner foveas (P = 0.010). There were no differences in gender, BMI, % body fat, visual acuity or contrast sensitivity between those with and without FMPD. % RBC membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in FMPD offspring vs. control offspring (P = 0.04). The Omega-3 Index was significantly decreased in the FMPD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions The percentage of FMPD in AMD offspring is nearly twice that reported for the general population in the scientific literature. Offspring presenting FMPD had similar AMD genetic risk, but significantly reduced % RBC membrane omega-3 fatty acids and thinner foveas compared with those without FMPD. Our data supports the importance of ‘essential fatty’ acids as an independent AMD risk factor.

scholarly journals The metabolism of linoleic acid by the young lamb

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Noble ◽  
W. Steele ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Eicosatrienoic Acid ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Newborn Lamb ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Dietary Requirements

1. Groups of lambs were killed immediately after birth; others were reared on a diet of cow's milk and were killed at 10, 20 and 30 d after birth. The concentrations of 18: 2ω6 (linoleic acid) were determined in cow's milk and the concentrations of 18:2ω6, 20:4ω6 (arachidonic acid) and 20: 3ω9 (Δ5, 8, 11 eicosatrienoic acid) were determined in the whole carcasses of the lambs.2. The carcass of the newborn lamb contained only about 300 mg 18: 2ω6. During the first 20 d after birth, there were large increases in the 18: 2ω6 contents of the carcasses, and on the 10th and 20th days, their contents of 18: 2ω6 were similar to the dietary intakes of 18: 2ω6 at the corresponding time-intervals after birth.3. The 20: 3ω9 to 20:4ω6 ratio in the carcass of the newborn lamb was about 1.6, but after 10 d the ratio had decreased to 0.38 in spite of the fact that 18:2ω6 contributed only about 1% of the total calories in the diet.4. The minimum dietary requirements for essential fatty acids for young ruminants and for non-ruminent animals are compared.

scholarly journals Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation Mediate Dietary Intake Associated Risks of Micronutrient Deficiencies at 15 Months: Results from the MAL-ED Study (OR07-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Caulfield ◽  
Benjamin McCormick ◽  
Laura Murray-Kolb ◽  
Gwenyth Lee ◽  
Kerry Schulze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Lm Tests ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin

Abstract Objectives We tested whether environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is associated with risk of micronutrient deficiencies adjusting for diet and systemic inflammation, and whether it mediates the relation between intake and micronutrient status. Methods Data from 1283 children in the MAL-ED birth cohort were examined to evaluate risk of anemia, low plasma retinol, zinc, and ferritin, and high plasma transferrin receptor (TfR) at 15 months. We characterized gut inflammation and permeability by myeloperoxidase, neopterin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations from monthly asymptomatic fecal samples averaged from 9–15 months, and urinary recovery of lactulose (L) and mannitol (M) from LM tests at 9 and 15 months, converted to a ratio z score (LMZ) and averaged. Nutrient intakes from complementary foods were quantified monthly from 9–15 months and densities were averaged. Plasma alpha-1 acid glycoprotein at 15 months characterized systemic inflammation. Relationships among variables were modelled using a direct acyclic graph. Results Greater risk of anemia was associated with permeability [LMZ: 1.15 (95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.31)] and inflammation [myeloperoxidase: 1.16 (1.01–1.34)]. Greater risk of low ferritin was associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin [1.19 (1.03–1.37)] and neopterin [1.22 (1.04–1.43)]. Greater risk of low retinol was associated with LMZ [1.25 (1.07–1.45)]. However, myeloperoxidase was associated with lower risk of high TfR [0.86 (0.74–0.98)], neopterin with lower risk of low retinol [0.75 (0.62–0.89)], and alpha-1-antripysin with lower risk of low plasma zinc [0.83 (0.70–0.99)]. Greater nutrient densities of vitamin A, B6, calcium, protein and zinc were negatively associated with EED. Inverse associations between nutrient densities and micronutrient deficiency largely disappeared after adjustment for EED, suggesting that EED mediates associations between intake and status. Conclusions EED is independently associated with increased risk of low ferritin, low retinol and anemia. Greater nutrient density from complementary foods may reduce EED, and control of micronutrient deficiency may require control of EED. Funding Sources The MAL-ED study was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, through awards to the Foundation for the NIH and NIH/FIC.

scholarly journals Trans fatty acids in the Scottish diet

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bolton-Smith ◽  
M. Woodward ◽  
S. Fenton ◽  
M. K. McCluskey ◽  
The Late C. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Class Groups ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Increased Risk

Trans fatty acids produced during hardening of oils have been associated with higher cholesterol levels and increased risk of heart disease. The potential risk from trans fatty acids may be greater in populations with relatively low intakes of essential fatty acids such as the Scots, who also have a high prevalence of heart disease. Means and ranges of trans fatty acid intakes are reported here for a Scottish population. A semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to survey the diet of 10359 Scottish men and women aged 40–59 years in 1984–6 as part of the baseline Scottish Heart Health Study. Trans fatty acid levels were calculated for each food item on the questionnaire and the total subdivided into that which is derived naturally (primarily by bacterial fermentation in ruminants) and that which is produced during industrial hydrogenation (hardening) of vegetable and fish oils. Means and ranges of intakes of each trans fatty acid variable were calculated by sex, age, smoking and social class groups. Mean total trans fatty acid intakes for men were 7.1 (SD 3·1) g/d, 2·7 (SD 2·9)% energy and for women were 6.4 (SD 2·9) g/d, 3·3 (SD 3·0)% energy. Industrially hydrogenated trans fatty acids made up nearly 58% of the total intake for men and 61% for women, with about 60% coming from cakes, biscuits and sweets, and 20% coming from the cheaper hard margarines. The main sources of the naturally derived trans fatty acids were red meat (27%), milk (20%), butter (18–19%) and cheese (13–16%). Differences between age, smoking and social class groups were apparent. However, apart from the social class differences of up to 1 g/d, these were so small that they are unlikely to be of any biological significance unless compounded by other factors such as marginal essential fatty acid adequacy. The possibility of trans fatty acid intakes up to 48 g/d and 12% total energy (compared with the Department of Health (1991) recommendations of 5 g/d or 2% energy) highlights the need for careful monitoring of the health risks at these high levels of intake.

Postprandial Activation of Coagulant Factor VII by Long-chain Dietary Fatty Acids

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (03) ◽  
pp. 369-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A B Sanders ◽  
G J Miller ◽  
Tamara de Grassi ◽  
Najat Yahia
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Postprandial Lipaemia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Long Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Long Chain

SummaryFactor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) is associated with an increased risk of fatal ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Several reports have suggested that dietary fat intake or hypertriglyceridaemia are associated with elevated levels of FVII. This study demonstrates that an intake of long-chain fatty acids sufficient to induce postprandial lipaemia in healthy subjects leads to a substantial elevation in both FVIIc and the concentration of FVII circulating in the activated form. Such an increase in FVIIc could not be induced by medium-chain triglycerides. These results suggest that the consumption of a sufficient amount of long-chain triglycerides to induce postprandial lipaemia induces the activation of FVII.

Neonatal nutritional strategy of a viviparous elasmobranch with extremely low reproductive output

2020 ◽  
Vol 638 ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Rangel ◽  
NE Hussey ◽  
Y Niella ◽  
LA Martinelli ◽  
AD Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Disc Width ◽  
Biomarker Analysis

Throughout evolutionary history, elasmobranchs have developed diverse reproductive strategies. Little focused work, however, has addressed how neonatal nutritional state is affected by differing degrees of maternal investment associated with these markedly different reproductive strategies. To investigate the effect of maternal investment on the nutritional quality of pups during the early life history of an extremely viviparous elasmobranch, quantitative biomarker analysis including lipids, fatty acids and stable isotopes was conducted. Using the cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (histotrophic viviparous) as a model, we found that pups were initially born in a positive nutritional state, enriched in physiologically important essential fatty acids and nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values (δ15N and δ13C), a result of maternal intrauterine transfer. A systematic decrease in some fatty acids and δ15N values, as well as a decrease in cholesterol with growth, confirmed that these substrates were derived from maternal resources and used in initial metabolic processes following birth. An observed increase in condition factor, plasma essential fatty acids and triglyceride:cholesterol ratio with increasing body size identified a progression towards successful independent foraging with pups not displaying marked nutritional deficiency or fasting phases. Our multi-tracer approach allowed the identification of 2 size classes of young rays (<50 and <70 cm disc width) that displayed distinct physiological states. Since prenatal maternal investment is critical for offspring condition and to promote successful foraging post birth, understanding the trophic ecology and physiological state of pups during their first year is critical to guide management and conservation within nursery grounds.

USE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225
Author(s):  
Filip Jovanovski ◽  
Toni Mitrovski ◽  
Viktorija Bezhovska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Working Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Development

Food is not just a pleasure in life, it is also an important factor for our health. Human nutrition is a mixture of nutrients, which are the only source of energy needed for survival. Energy-poor diet endangers many life functions, and above all the working ability. In the world, the meaning of the diet is very serious, and hence the demands for a –rational, healthy and safe diet are growing. Human nutrition contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) must be ingested in everyday diet because the body does not produce it. They are very important for human health. They are present in each cell of the human body and are an important factor for the normal growth, development and functioning of cells, muscles, nerves and organs. They are also used in the production of certain hormones - such as prostaglandins, which are crucial for the performance of certain important processes. The deficit from EFAs is due to a number of health problems, including more serious diseases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document