scholarly journals Association of Prenatal Sugar Consumption with Newborn Brain Tissue Organization

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2435
Author(s):  
Paige K. Berger ◽  
Catherine Monk ◽  
Ravi Bansal ◽  
Siddhant Sawardekar ◽  
Michael I. Goran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Tissue Organization

Animal studies have shown that exposure to excess sugar during the prenatal and postnatal periods may alter early brain structure in rat pups. However, evidence in humans is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine associations of maternal total and added sugar intake in pregnancy with early brain tissue organization in infants. Adolescent mothers (n = 41) were recruited during pregnancy and completed 24 h dietary recalls during the second trimester. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on infants using a 3.0 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner at 3 weeks. Maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were constructed. A multiple linear regression was used to examine voxel-wise associations across the brain. Adjusting for postmenstrual age, sex, birth weight, and total energy intake revealed that maternal total and added sugar consumption were associated inversely and diffusely with infant MD values, not FA values. Inverse associations were distributed throughout all of the cortical mantle, including the posterior periphery (Bs = −6.78 to −0.57, Ps < 0.001) and frontal lobe (Bs = −4.72 to −0.77, Ps ≤ 0.002). Our findings suggest that maternal total and added sugar intake during the second trimester are significantly associated with features of brain tissue organization in infants, the foundation for future functional outcomes.

Progressive alterations of perilesional brain tissue after Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery: a diffusion tensor imaging study

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herwin Speckter ◽  
José Bido ◽  
Giancarlo Hernandez ◽  
Diones Rivera ◽  
Luis Suazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Vascular Lesion ◽  
Cerebral White Matter

AbstractTo search for microstructural lesions of normal-appearing cerebral white matter surrounding a tumor or a vascular lesion, after single-fraction stereotactic Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery.In 43 patients with different brain lesions, magnetic resonance including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed before and after GK radiosurgery and change of parameters was measured in areas surrounding the lesion.Outside the lesion, there was an increase in mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) between 2.1% and 3.4% in the 15–10 Gy and in the 10–5 Gy perilesional isodose volumes, which reached statistical significance (pairedWe report some minor, but nevertheless significant changes in DTI parameters in normal-appearing perilesional brain tissue after GK radiosurgery progressing with time, which partially may be induced by the radiation itself and partially may be due to indirect effects of lesion reactions to the radiation. Follow-up studies are necessary for further characterization of these changes and assessment of their time course.

Breath 13CO2 - evidence for a non-invasive biomarker to measure added refined sugar uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Yazbeck ◽  
Gordon S. Howarth ◽  
Margaret Kosek ◽  
Geoffrey P. Davidson ◽  
Ross N. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sugar Uptake ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Non Invasive

Increased consumption of added sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup in the human diet has been associated with increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic disease. There are currently no reliable, objective biomarkers for added sugar intake that could be used in individuals or population settings. 13C is a stable isotope of carbon and measurement of blood 13C content has been proposed as a marker of added sugar consumption. This study aimed to determine if breath 13CO2 could represent an alternative, non-invasive biomarker to monitor added sugar intake. We undertook retrospective analyses of eight pre-clinical and human 13C-breath studies to define baseline breath 13CO2 characteristics. All samples were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry and breath 13CO2 was expressed as the delta value, δ expressed as parts per thousand (‰). All data is expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean, with statistical significance considered at p<0.05. Breath δ13CO2 was significantly elevated in a cumulative manner in rats and mice that consumed a diet containing at least 15% sucrose. Mice fed an American rodent chow diet containing 50% sucrose and 15% corn starch had a significantly higher breath δ13CO2 compared to rodents consuming an Australian rodent chow diet. Furthermore, breath δ13CO2 was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner in humans that ingested a bolus dose of sucrose. These findings suggest application for baseline breath δ13CO2 as a non-invasive biomarker for added sugar consumption, with broad application for longitudinal assessment of population sugar intake and obesity management strategies.

scholarly journals Association of Prenatal Zinc Consumption With Newborn Brain Tissue Organization and Resting Cerebral Blood Flow

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 718-718
Author(s):  
Paige Berger ◽  
Catherine Monk ◽  
Ravi Bansal ◽  
Siddhant Sawardekar ◽  
Jasmine Plows ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Tissue Microstructure ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Infant Birth

Abstract Objectives Animal studies have shown that exposure to zinc in the prenatal and postnatal periods is essential for brain structure and functioning in rat pups. Yet, no human studies have examined whether zinc is associated with brain tissue microstructure and metabolism in infants, the basis for neurodevelopmental outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to determine associations of maternal zinc intake in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain tissue microstructure and resting cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in newborns. Our secondary aim was to examine associations of maternal zinc intake in lactation with neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. Methods Mothers (N = 41) were recruited during pregnancy for a prospective cohort study. Mothers completed 24-hour dietary recalls in each trimester. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) were performed on infants using a 3.0 Tesla MRI at 3 weeks. Maps were constructed for DTI measures, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), and ASL measures of rCBF. For the secondary aim, a separate cohort of mothers (N = 125) completed 24-hour dietary recalls at 1 and 6 months, and the Bayley-III Scales were administered at 24 months to assess cognition. Linear regressions were used to examine associations. Results Adjusting for postmenstrual age, infant sex, infant birth weight, and total energy intake revealed that maternal zinc associated inversely and diffusely with DTI measures. Of note, maternal zinc associated inversely with infant FA toward the midbrain in each trimester (Ps &lt; 0.01), and with infant MD in the peripheral cortex during the first and third trimesters (Ps &lt; 0.01). Maternal zinc also correlated positively with infant rCBF toward the hindbrain (P &lt; 0.01). Moreover, maternal zinc at 1 month (B = 0.03, P = 0.04), but not 6 months (B = 0.02, P = 0.50), associated positively with infant cognitive development scores at 24 months. Conclusions Our findings indicate that early exposure to zinc is associated with features of brain tissue microstructure, metabolism, and cognitive functioning in infants. Funding Sources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (K99 HD098288); National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH093677); National Institute Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK110793).

Significance of sugar intake in young adults: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshatha Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
World Health ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Strong Recommendation ◽  
Sugar Intake

Abstract Background Foodborne diseases non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the main reason of death, accounting for 38 million (68%) of the 56 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012. Lower-middle and middle-income countries accounted for nearly three-quarters of all NCD fatalities (28 million), as well as the bulk of illness and premature death (82%). An excessive consumption of added sugar is source of worry for its link to unhealthy nutrition quality, overweight, and the risk of NCDs among adolescents. A further source of worry is the link among free sugar consumption and tooth cavities in young adults. Dental infections are the most common NCDs worldwide in young adults, and despite significant advances in management and cure in recent decades, issues remain, resulting in pain, anxiety, functional limitations (which include failing school grades and attendance in children), and social severe disability due to missing teeth. Objectives The purpose of this report is to give suggestions on how to consume added sugar in order to mitigate the possibility of NCDs in children and young adults, with an emphasis on the care and mitigation of obesity and metabolic syndrome and tooth decay among young adults. Methods and materials The Keywords like adolescent, Health, Dental Caries, Obesity, Sugar Intake, Recommendation have been used to evaluate the standard of evidence discovered via current systematic reviews of the scientific literature relating to significance of sugar intake consumption and its effect in young adults. Results The relevant data from prospective studies was judged to be of good quality, but data from nationwide population-based studies was judged to be of extremely low quality. Free sweeteners should be used in moderation during one’s life, according to the World Health Organization (strong recommendation 1). WHO advises limiting natural sugar consumption to very little about 10% of total calorie intake among both grownups and children 2 (strong recommendation). Conclusions There is a significant association of prevalence of tooth decay, obesity due to sugar consumption at an alarming rate hence regulators as well as curriculum developers can utilize the recommendation reviewed by us to compare current free sugar intake levels in their nations to a benchmark. They may also be used to design ways to reduce free sugar consumption through a wide variety of social health initiatives, if required.

scholarly journals Association between added sugar intake and mortality is nonlinear and dependent on sugar source in 2 Swedish population–based prospective cohorts

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stina Ramne ◽  
Joana Alves Dias ◽  
Esther González-Padilla ◽  
Kjell Olsson ◽  
Bernt Lindahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sugar Source

ABSTRACT Background Although sugar consumption has been associated with several risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, evidence for harmful long-term effects is lacking. In addition, most studies have focused on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), not sugar per se. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the associations between added and free sugar intake, intake of different sugar sources, and mortality risk. Methods Two prospective population-based cohorts were examined: the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS; n = 24,272), which collected dietary data by combining a food diary, interview, and food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study (NSHDS; n = 24,475), which assessed diet with an FFQ. Sugar intakes defined as both added and free sugar and different sugar sources were examined. The associations with mortality were examined using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Higher sugar consumption was associated with a less favorable lifestyle in general. The lowest mortality risk was found with added sugar intakes between 7.5% and 10% of energy (E%) intake in both cohorts. Intakes >20E% were associated with a 30% increased mortality risk, but increased risks were also found at intakes <5E% [23% in the MDCS and 9% (nonsignificant) in the NSHDS]. Similar U-shaped associations were found for both cardiovascular and cancer mortality in the MDCS. By separately analyzing the different sugar sources, the intake of SSBs was positively associated with mortality, whereas the intake of treats was inversely associated. Conclusions Our findings indicate that a high sugar intake is associated with an increased mortality risk. However, the risk is also increased among low sugar consumers, although they have a more favorable lifestyle in general. In addition, the associations are dependent on the type of sugar source.

scholarly journals Dose-dependent degeneration of non-cancerous brain tissue in post-radiotherapy patients: A diffusion tensor imaging study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szabolcs David ◽  
Hamed Y. Mesri ◽  
Victor A. Bodiut ◽  
Steven H. J. Nagtegaal ◽  
Hesham Elhalawani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Regional Variability

AbstractBackground and purposeRadiation-induced changes in brain tissue may relate to post-radiotherapy (RT) cognitive decline. Our aim is to investigate changes of the brain microstructural properties after exposure to radiation during clinical protocols of RT using diffusion MRI (dMRI).Methods and MaterialsThe susceptibility of tissue changes to radiation was investigated in a clinically heterogenic cohort (age, pathology, tumor location, type of surgery) consisting of 121 scans of 18 patients (10 females). The imaging dataset included 18 planning CTs and 103 dMRI scans (range 2-14, median = 6 per patient) assessing pre-operative, post-operative pre-RT and post-RT states. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics were estimated from all scans for a region-of-interest based linear relation analysis between mean dose and change in DTI metrics, while partial volume effects were regressed out.ResultsThe largest regional dose dependency with mean diffusivity appear in the white matter of the frontal pole in the left hemisphere by an increase of 2.61 %/(Gy x year). Full brain-wise, pooled results for white matter show fractional anisotropy to decrease by 0.85 %/(30Gy x year); mean diffusivity increase by 9.17 %/(30Gy x year); axial diffusivity increase by 7.30%/(30Gy x year) and radial diffusivity increases by 10.63%/(30Gy x year).ConclusionsWhite matter is susceptible to radiation with some regional variability where diffusivity metrics demonstrate the largest relative sensitivity. This suggests that dMRI is a promising tool in assessing microstructural changes after RT, which can help in understanding treatment-induced cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Does an increased intake of added sugar affect appetite in overweight or obese adults, when compared with lower intakes? A systematic review of the literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Kayla Thornhill ◽  
Karen Charlton ◽  
Yasmine Probst ◽  
Elizabeth Neale
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractChanges in added sugar intake have been associated with corresponding changes in body weight. Potential mechanisms, particularly the impact of added sugar intake on appetite, warrant exploration. A systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials investigated the association between added sugar consumption and appetite in overweight and obese adults. A systematic search of Medline, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science and CINAHL included studies that examined the relationship between added sugar intake and appetite markers, in comparison with a group with lower added sugar intake. A total of twenty-one articles describing nineteen studies were included in the review. The effect of added sugar on appetite was explored separately by reported comparisons of added sugar type and their effect to three study outcomes: energy consumption (n20 comparisons); satiety (n18); and appetite hormones, leptin (n4) or ghrelin (n7). Increased added sugar consumption did not impact subsequent energy intake (n9), nor did it influence satiety (n12) or ghrelin levels (n4). Differences in the total daily energy intake were comparable with the differences in energy values of tested products (n3). Added sugar intake was reported to increase leptin levels (n3). This review did not find a consistent relationship between added sugar intake and appetite measures, which may be partially explained by variations in study methodologies. There is a need for randomised controlled trials examining a range of added sugar sources and doses on appetite in overweight and obese adults to better understand implications for weight gain.

scholarly journals Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Prenatal Sugar Consumption Predict Gestational Weight Gain and/or Postpartum Mental Health in a Health Professional Shortage Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucinda L. Scott ◽  
Nicki Aubuchon-Endsley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Health Professional Shortage Area

This study investigated whether the amount of third trimester added sugar consumption interacted with pre-pregnancy BMI (PPBMI) to predict gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum mental health in Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) for primary care and mental health. Participants included pregnant women aged 18 to 36, with data collected in-person at 33-37 weeks gestation and 6 months postpartum using an anthropometric measurement, Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ), Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Prenatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS), and the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). No moderated mediation models were statistically significant. Results indicated that greater PPBMI predicted decreased GWG and increased 6-month postpartum depression symptoms. There was a significant, positive correlation between prenatal added sugar intake and 6-month postpartum depression, anxiety, and perceived stress symptoms. Support for associations between increasing PPBMI and increasing depression symptoms at 6 months postpartum in this sample of women in an HPSA for primary care and mental health highlights the importance of starting preventative care for women prior to pregnancy. Correlations between greater added sugar intake in the third trimester and increased depression, anxiety, and perceived stress symptoms at 6 months postpartum supports the need for more research directly investigating those relationships, which could inform perinatal prevention/intervention research.

scholarly journals Combination of histochemical analyses and micro-MRI reveals regional changes of the murine cervix in preparation for labor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antara Chatterjee ◽  
Rojan Saghian ◽  
Anna Dorogin ◽  
Lindsay S. Cahill ◽  
John G. Sled ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Pregnant Mouse ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Muscular Layer ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Picrosirius Red

AbstractThe cervix is responsible for maintaining pregnancy, and its timely remodeling is essential for the proper delivery of a baby. Cervical insufficiency, or “weakness”, may lead to preterm birth, which causes infant morbidities and mortalities worldwide. We used a mouse model of pregnancy and term labor, to examine the cervical structure by histology (Masson Trichome and Picrosirius Red staining), immunohistochemistry (Hyaluronic Acid Binding Protein/HABP), and ex-vivo MRI (T2-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging), focusing on two regions of the cervix (i.e., endocervix and ectocervix). Our results show that mouse endocervix has a higher proportion of smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers per area, with more compact tissue structure, than the ectocervix. With advanced gestation, endocervical changes, indicative of impending delivery, are manifested in fewer smooth muscle cells, expansion of the extracellular space, and lower presence of collagen fibers. MRI detected three distinctive zones in pregnant mouse endocervix: (1) inner collagenous layer, (2) middle circular muscular layer, and (3) outer longitudinal muscular layer. Diffusion MRI images detected changes in tissue organization as gestation progressed suggesting the potential application of this technique to non-invasively monitor cervical changes that precede the onset of labor in women at risk for preterm delivery.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document