Breath 13CO2 - evidence for a non-invasive biomarker to measure added refined sugar uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Yazbeck ◽  
Gordon S. Howarth ◽  
Margaret Kosek ◽  
Geoffrey P. Davidson ◽  
Ross N. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sugar Uptake ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Non Invasive

Increased consumption of added sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup in the human diet has been associated with increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic disease. There are currently no reliable, objective biomarkers for added sugar intake that could be used in individuals or population settings. 13C is a stable isotope of carbon and measurement of blood 13C content has been proposed as a marker of added sugar consumption. This study aimed to determine if breath 13CO2 could represent an alternative, non-invasive biomarker to monitor added sugar intake. We undertook retrospective analyses of eight pre-clinical and human 13C-breath studies to define baseline breath 13CO2 characteristics. All samples were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry and breath 13CO2 was expressed as the delta value, δ expressed as parts per thousand (‰). All data is expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean, with statistical significance considered at p<0.05. Breath δ13CO2 was significantly elevated in a cumulative manner in rats and mice that consumed a diet containing at least 15% sucrose. Mice fed an American rodent chow diet containing 50% sucrose and 15% corn starch had a significantly higher breath δ13CO2 compared to rodents consuming an Australian rodent chow diet. Furthermore, breath δ13CO2 was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner in humans that ingested a bolus dose of sucrose. These findings suggest application for baseline breath δ13CO2 as a non-invasive biomarker for added sugar consumption, with broad application for longitudinal assessment of population sugar intake and obesity management strategies.

scholarly journals Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent localization of TmaR that controls activity of a major bacterial sugar regulator by polar sequestration

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. e2016017118
Author(s):  
Tamar Szoke ◽  
Nitsan Albocher ◽  
Sutharsan Govindarajan ◽  
Anat Nussbaum-Shochat ◽  
Orna Amster-Choder
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sugar Uptake ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tyrosine Residue ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Enzyme I ◽  
Uptake And Metabolism ◽  
Protein Enzyme

The poles of Escherichia coli cells are emerging as hubs for major sensory systems, but the polar determinants that allocate their components to the pole are largely unknown. Here, we describe the discovery of a previously unannotated protein, TmaR, which localizes to the E. coli cell pole when phosphorylated on a tyrosine residue. TmaR is shown here to control the subcellular localization and activity of the general PTS protein Enzyme I (EI) by binding and polar sequestration of EI, thus regulating sugar uptake and metabolism. Depletion or overexpression of TmaR results in EI release from the pole or enhanced recruitment to the pole, which leads to increasing or decreasing the rate of sugar consumption, respectively. Notably, phosphorylation of TmaR is required to release EI and enable its activity. Like TmaR, the ability of EI to be recruited to the pole depends on phosphorylation of one of its tyrosines. In addition to hyperactivity in sugar consumption, the absence of TmaR also leads to detrimental effects on the ability of cells to survive in mild acidic conditions. Our results suggest that this survival defect, which is sugar- and EI-dependent, reflects the difficulty of cells lacking TmaR to enter stationary phase. Our study identifies TmaR as the first, to our knowledge, E. coli protein reported to localize in a tyrosine-dependent manner and to control the activity of other proteins by their polar sequestration and release.

Significance of sugar intake in young adults: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshatha Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
World Health ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Strong Recommendation ◽  
Sugar Intake

Abstract Background Foodborne diseases non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the main reason of death, accounting for 38 million (68%) of the 56 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012. Lower-middle and middle-income countries accounted for nearly three-quarters of all NCD fatalities (28 million), as well as the bulk of illness and premature death (82%). An excessive consumption of added sugar is source of worry for its link to unhealthy nutrition quality, overweight, and the risk of NCDs among adolescents. A further source of worry is the link among free sugar consumption and tooth cavities in young adults. Dental infections are the most common NCDs worldwide in young adults, and despite significant advances in management and cure in recent decades, issues remain, resulting in pain, anxiety, functional limitations (which include failing school grades and attendance in children), and social severe disability due to missing teeth. Objectives The purpose of this report is to give suggestions on how to consume added sugar in order to mitigate the possibility of NCDs in children and young adults, with an emphasis on the care and mitigation of obesity and metabolic syndrome and tooth decay among young adults. Methods and materials The Keywords like adolescent, Health, Dental Caries, Obesity, Sugar Intake, Recommendation have been used to evaluate the standard of evidence discovered via current systematic reviews of the scientific literature relating to significance of sugar intake consumption and its effect in young adults. Results The relevant data from prospective studies was judged to be of good quality, but data from nationwide population-based studies was judged to be of extremely low quality. Free sweeteners should be used in moderation during one’s life, according to the World Health Organization (strong recommendation 1). WHO advises limiting natural sugar consumption to very little about 10% of total calorie intake among both grownups and children 2 (strong recommendation). Conclusions There is a significant association of prevalence of tooth decay, obesity due to sugar consumption at an alarming rate hence regulators as well as curriculum developers can utilize the recommendation reviewed by us to compare current free sugar intake levels in their nations to a benchmark. They may also be used to design ways to reduce free sugar consumption through a wide variety of social health initiatives, if required.

scholarly journals Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent localization of TmaR, a novel E. coli polar protein that controls activity of the major sugar regulator by polar sequestration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Szoke ◽  
Nitsan Albocher ◽  
Sutharsan Govindarajan ◽  
Anat Nussbaum-Shochat ◽  
Orna Amster-Choder
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Sugar Uptake ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Protein

ABSTRACTThe poles of E. coli cells are emerging as hubs for major sensory systems, but the polar determinants that allocate their components to the pole are largely unknown. Here, we describe the discovery of a novel protein, TmaR, which localizes to the E. coli cell pole when phosphorylated on a tyrosine residue. TmaR is shown here to control the subcellular localization of the general PTS protein Enzyme I (EI) by preventing it from exerting its activity by binding and polar sequestration, thus regulating sugar uptake and metabolism. Depletion or overexpression of TmaR results in EI release from the pole or enhanced recruitment to the pole, which leads to increasing or decreasing the rate of sugar consumption, respectively. Notably phosphorylation of TmaR is required to release EI and enable its activity. Like TmaR, the ability of EI to be recruited to the pole depends on phosphorylation of one of its tyrosines. In addition to hyperactivity in sugar consumption, the absence of TmaR also leads to detrimental effects on the ability of cells to survive in mild acidic conditions. Our results argue that this survival defect, which is sugar- and EI-dependent, reflects the difficulty of cells lacking TmaR to enter stationary phase. Our study identifies TmaR as the first E. coli protein reported to localize in a tyrosine-dependent manner and to control the activity of other proteins by their polar sequestration and release.SIGNIFICANCEIn recent years, we have learnt that bacterial cells have intricate spatial organization despite the lack of membrane-bounded organelles. The endcaps of rod-shaped bacteria, termed poles, are emerging as hubs for sensing and responding, but the underlying mechanisms for positioning macromolecules there are largely unknown. We discovered a novel protein, TmaR, whose polar localization depends on a phospho-tyrosine modification. We show that TmaR controls the activity of EI, the major regulator of sugar metabolism in most bacteria, by polar sequestration and release. Notably, TmaR is essential for survival in conditions that E. coli often encounters in nature. Hence, TmaR is a key regulator that connects tyrosine phosphorylation, spatial regulation, sugar metabolism and survival in bacteria and the first protein reported to recruit proteins to the E. coli cell poles.

scholarly journals Association between added sugar intake and mortality is nonlinear and dependent on sugar source in 2 Swedish population–based prospective cohorts

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stina Ramne ◽  
Joana Alves Dias ◽  
Esther González-Padilla ◽  
Kjell Olsson ◽  
Bernt Lindahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sugar Source

ABSTRACT Background Although sugar consumption has been associated with several risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, evidence for harmful long-term effects is lacking. In addition, most studies have focused on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), not sugar per se. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the associations between added and free sugar intake, intake of different sugar sources, and mortality risk. Methods Two prospective population-based cohorts were examined: the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS; n = 24,272), which collected dietary data by combining a food diary, interview, and food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study (NSHDS; n = 24,475), which assessed diet with an FFQ. Sugar intakes defined as both added and free sugar and different sugar sources were examined. The associations with mortality were examined using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Higher sugar consumption was associated with a less favorable lifestyle in general. The lowest mortality risk was found with added sugar intakes between 7.5% and 10% of energy (E%) intake in both cohorts. Intakes >20E% were associated with a 30% increased mortality risk, but increased risks were also found at intakes <5E% [23% in the MDCS and 9% (nonsignificant) in the NSHDS]. Similar U-shaped associations were found for both cardiovascular and cancer mortality in the MDCS. By separately analyzing the different sugar sources, the intake of SSBs was positively associated with mortality, whereas the intake of treats was inversely associated. Conclusions Our findings indicate that a high sugar intake is associated with an increased mortality risk. However, the risk is also increased among low sugar consumers, although they have a more favorable lifestyle in general. In addition, the associations are dependent on the type of sugar source.

scholarly journals Does an increased intake of added sugar affect appetite in overweight or obese adults, when compared with lower intakes? A systematic review of the literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Kayla Thornhill ◽  
Karen Charlton ◽  
Yasmine Probst ◽  
Elizabeth Neale
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractChanges in added sugar intake have been associated with corresponding changes in body weight. Potential mechanisms, particularly the impact of added sugar intake on appetite, warrant exploration. A systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials investigated the association between added sugar consumption and appetite in overweight and obese adults. A systematic search of Medline, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science and CINAHL included studies that examined the relationship between added sugar intake and appetite markers, in comparison with a group with lower added sugar intake. A total of twenty-one articles describing nineteen studies were included in the review. The effect of added sugar on appetite was explored separately by reported comparisons of added sugar type and their effect to three study outcomes: energy consumption (n20 comparisons); satiety (n18); and appetite hormones, leptin (n4) or ghrelin (n7). Increased added sugar consumption did not impact subsequent energy intake (n9), nor did it influence satiety (n12) or ghrelin levels (n4). Differences in the total daily energy intake were comparable with the differences in energy values of tested products (n3). Added sugar intake was reported to increase leptin levels (n3). This review did not find a consistent relationship between added sugar intake and appetite measures, which may be partially explained by variations in study methodologies. There is a need for randomised controlled trials examining a range of added sugar sources and doses on appetite in overweight and obese adults to better understand implications for weight gain.

scholarly journals Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Prenatal Sugar Consumption Predict Gestational Weight Gain and/or Postpartum Mental Health in a Health Professional Shortage Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucinda L. Scott ◽  
Nicki Aubuchon-Endsley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Health Professional Shortage Area

This study investigated whether the amount of third trimester added sugar consumption interacted with pre-pregnancy BMI (PPBMI) to predict gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum mental health in Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) for primary care and mental health. Participants included pregnant women aged 18 to 36, with data collected in-person at 33-37 weeks gestation and 6 months postpartum using an anthropometric measurement, Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ), Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Prenatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS), and the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). No moderated mediation models were statistically significant. Results indicated that greater PPBMI predicted decreased GWG and increased 6-month postpartum depression symptoms. There was a significant, positive correlation between prenatal added sugar intake and 6-month postpartum depression, anxiety, and perceived stress symptoms. Support for associations between increasing PPBMI and increasing depression symptoms at 6 months postpartum in this sample of women in an HPSA for primary care and mental health highlights the importance of starting preventative care for women prior to pregnancy. Correlations between greater added sugar intake in the third trimester and increased depression, anxiety, and perceived stress symptoms at 6 months postpartum supports the need for more research directly investigating those relationships, which could inform perinatal prevention/intervention research.

scholarly journals Association of Prenatal Sugar Consumption with Newborn Brain Tissue Organization

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2435
Author(s):  
Paige K. Berger ◽  
Catherine Monk ◽  
Ravi Bansal ◽  
Siddhant Sawardekar ◽  
Michael I. Goran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Tissue Organization

Animal studies have shown that exposure to excess sugar during the prenatal and postnatal periods may alter early brain structure in rat pups. However, evidence in humans is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine associations of maternal total and added sugar intake in pregnancy with early brain tissue organization in infants. Adolescent mothers (n = 41) were recruited during pregnancy and completed 24 h dietary recalls during the second trimester. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on infants using a 3.0 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner at 3 weeks. Maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were constructed. A multiple linear regression was used to examine voxel-wise associations across the brain. Adjusting for postmenstrual age, sex, birth weight, and total energy intake revealed that maternal total and added sugar consumption were associated inversely and diffusely with infant MD values, not FA values. Inverse associations were distributed throughout all of the cortical mantle, including the posterior periphery (Bs = −6.78 to −0.57, Ps < 0.001) and frontal lobe (Bs = −4.72 to −0.77, Ps ≤ 0.002). Our findings suggest that maternal total and added sugar intake during the second trimester are significantly associated with features of brain tissue organization in infants, the foundation for future functional outcomes.

scholarly journals Serial Ultrasonographic and Real-Time Elastosonographic Assessment of the Ovine Common Calcaneal Tendon, after an Experimentally Induced Tendinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Daniele Serrani ◽  
Antonella Volta ◽  
Franco Cingolani ◽  
Luca Pennasilico ◽  
Caterina Di Bella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Tendon Healing ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Calcaneal Tendon ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Single Operator ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Real-time elastosonography (RTE) is a recently described, non-invasive, ultrasonographic technique developed to assess tissue elasticity. The main aim of this study was to investigate the ultrasonographic and elastosonographic appearance of the common calcaneal tendon (CCT) in an ovine model, and to monitor the progression of tendon healing after an experimentally-induced tendinopathy. Sound tendons were initially evaluated (T0) with a caliper and by a single operator with ultrasound. Ultrasonographic and elastosonographic images were then acquired. Subsequently, ultrasound-guided tendon lesions were induced by injecting 500 IU of Type IA collagenases proximally to the calcaneal tuberosity. Caliper measurement, ultrasonography and elastosonography were then repeated at 15 (T1), 30 (T2) and 60 (T3) days. Clinically measured width of the tendon, ultrasonographic thickness and width and percentage of hard (Elx-t%hrd) and soft (Elx-t%sft) tissue were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed on the data collected; statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed good (0.68) repeatability of elastosonographic evaluation of the CCT. The tendon width was significantly increased when comparing T0 with T1–2 and decreased when comparing T1–2 with T3. Ultrasound-assessed thickness was significantly increased between T0–T1 and decreased between T1-T2–3. Elx-t%hrd was significantly decreased at T1–2–3 and Elx-t%sft was significantly increased at T1–2–3. In conclusion, the ovine CCT is a highly stiff structure that undergoes a severe loss of stiffness during the healing process. Thickness and width of the tendon increased during the first 30 days and then reduced progressively along the subsequent 30 days. Ultrasonographic appearance of the tendon remained severely abnormal and the tendon showed severely reduced elastic proprieties 60 days after lesion induction.

scholarly journals Objective Biomarkers for Total Added Sugar Intake – Are We on a Wild Goose Chase?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1429-1436
Author(s):  
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Dietary Assessment Methods ◽  
Nutritional Sciences ◽  
Wild Goose

ABSTRACT Misreporting of added sugar intake has been the major criticism of studies linking high added sugar consumption to adverse health outcomes. Despite the advancement in dietary assessment methodologies, the bias introduced by self-reporting can never be completely eliminated. The search for an objective biomarker for total added sugar intake has therefore been a topic of interest. In this article, the reasons this search may be a wild goose chase will be outlined and discussed. The limitations and inability of the 2 candidate biomarkers, namely urinary sucrose and fructose and δ¹³C isotope, which are based on the 2 only possible ways (i.e., difference in metabolism and plant sources) to identify added sugar based on current knowledge in human physiology and food and nutritional sciences, are discussed in detail. Validation studies have shown that these 2 candidate biomarkers are unlikely to be suitable for use as a predictive or calibration biomarker for total added sugar intake. Unless advancement in our understanding in human physiology and food and nutritional sciences leads to new potential ways to distinguish between naturally occurring and added sugars, it is extremely unlikely that any accurate objective added sugar biomarker could be found. It may be time to stop the futile effort in searching for such a biomarker, and resources may be better spent on further improving and innovating dietary assessment methods to minimize the bias introduced by self-reporting.

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