scholarly journals Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Cuba, Half a Century of Scientific Research

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasiel Obregón Alvarez ◽  
Belkis Corona-González ◽  
Alina Rodríguez-Mallón ◽  
Islay Rodríguez Gonzalez ◽  
Pastor Alfonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Tropical Island ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Caribbean

Ticks and the vast array of pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. In Cuba, the major tropical island in the Caribbean, ticks are an important cause of vector-borne diseases affecting livestock production, pet animal health and, to a lesser extent, human health. The higher number of tick species in the country belong to the Argasidae family and, probably less known, is the presence of an autochthonous tick species in the island, Ixodes capromydis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting animal and human health in Cuba. The review covers research results including ecophysiology of ticks, the epidemiology of TBPs, and the diagnostic tools used currently in the country for the surveillance of TBPs. We also introduce the programs implemented in the country for tick control and the biotechnology research applied to the development of anti-tick vaccines.

Direct and Indirect Social Drivers and Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-266
Author(s):  
Sadie J. Ryan ◽  
Catherine A. Lippi ◽  
Kevin L. Bardosh ◽  
Erika F. Frydenlund ◽  
Holly D. Gaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Cultural Perceptions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Developed Nations

Vector borne diseases (VBDs) are often seen by the highly developed nations of the world as an issue of poor tropical countries. While framing the problem this way—through the paradigm of a poverty-trap—may leverage aid and motivate political will toward disease control, it misses a wide range of socio-political contexts both driving, and driven by, vector borne diseases. In this chapter, we present a series of global vignettes, to illustrate different facets of the broad remit of social drivers and interactions with VBDs. We approach the urban social-ecological context in Latin America and the Caribbean, impacts and aftermath of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tropical storms, struggles with trust in intervention implementation in Haiti, and drivers and impacts of ruminant arbovirus emergence events in Europe. We conclude that incorporating an understanding of social context, including political history and cultural perceptions, is a key part of VBD research and intervention practice.

scholarly journals Survey of protozoan vector-borne diseases in dogs from Atlantic Rainforest fragment around Billings Dam, São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Carvalho de Freitas e Azevedo ◽  
Giovanna Stefani Nosberto Castelli ◽  
Ryan Emiliano da Silva ◽  
Jaciara de Oliveira Jorge Costa ◽  
Renata Tonhosolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Babesia Vogeli ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: Vector-borne diseases are currently one of the biggest public health concerns worldwide. Dogs, being the closest companion animals to humans, are considered the main reservoir of some of these diseases in the urban environment. Therefore, the study of the disease behavior in dogs can help to understand the disease affecting human health. Serological and molecular diagnoses of Babesia vogeli, Rangelia vitalli, Leishmania infantum, and other trypanosomatids, were performed by immunochromatographic and PCR assays, respectively, on dogs in a dog shelter located in an Atlantic Forest fragment near the Billings Dam, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo-Brazil. Our molecular diagnostic results showed a high prevalence of Babesia vogeli, at 20.9% (17/81). No other protozoan was detected in any of the tests. Determining the prevalence of major vector-borne diseases is essential to establish preventive and control measures for zoonotic diseases in animals kept in shelters, in order to minimize the impact of vector-borne diseases on animal health.

HEALTH RISKS THAT CAT SCRATCH DISEASE CREATES IN HUMANS, CONTROL AND TREATMENT CHOICES

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Ali BİLGİLİ ◽  
Başak HANEDAN ◽  
Muhammet Haydar UYSAL
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cat Scratch Disease ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

It is concluded that animal health affects directly human health considering the fact that major part of diseases in humans result from animals. Bartonella agents are isolated from humans, rodents, rabbits, dogs, ruminants, wild and domestic cats. Bartonella infections are most commonly seen in domestic cats. Cats are considered primary mammalian reservoir in the transmission of zoonotic Bartonella (B.) henselae and B. clarridgeiae infections. Bartonella, vector-borne pathogen commonly appeared in our country and the world, can cause from mild flu signs to severe diseases such as endocarditis, myocarditis, arthritis, hepatitis in humans and animals. After Bartonella infections are transmitted by fleas to cats, cats may remain chronically infected with bacteria for months or years and especially they can transmit the infection to humans by bites or scratches. Cats infected by Bartonella spp. without any clinical signs can transmit the infection to humans. In the context of this review in the light of mentioned knowledge, data were presented for prevalence situations belonging to regions and countries that Bartonella infection commonly occurs in Turkey and the world. In addition, knowledge was given obtained from recent scientific sources for transmission ways of bartonellosis, clinical signs that it causes in humans and animals, diagnosis methods, treatment and control.

Adaptation of Animal and Human Health Surveillance Systems for Vector-Borne Diseases Accompanying Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-704
Author(s):  
Sam F. Halabi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Inspection Service

Anthropogenic climate change is causing temperature rise in temperate zones resulting in climate conditions more similar to subtropical zones. As a result, rising temperatures increase the range of disease-carrying insects to new areas outside of subtropical zones, and increased precipitation causes flooding that is more hospitable for vector breeding. State governments, the federal government, and governmental agencies, like the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of USDA and the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, lack a coordinated plan for vector-borne disease accompanying climate change. APHIS focuses its surveillance primarily on the effect of illness on agricultural production, while NNDSS focuses on the emergence of pathogens affecting human health. This article provides an analysis of the current framework of surveillance of, and response to, vector-borne infectious diseases, the impacts of climate change on the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, and recommends changes to federal law to address these threats.

The emergence of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the USA.

2021 ◽  
pp. 477-485
Author(s):  
Charles Hart ◽  
Saravanan Thangamani
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Direct Threat

Abstract Ticks are the primary source of vector-borne pathogens in the USA. The native tick species of the USA are adapted for a number of distinct ecosystems and mammalian hosts. As such, several overlapping sylvatic cycles exist within the tick populations. These occur in nature without human involvement. The incursion of humans into these environments can result in sylvatic spillover of these pathogens to humans, causing clinical disease. As tick populations shift, the risk of exposure to emerging, newly introduced and re-emerging pathogens increases, posing a direct threat to human and animal health. Several genera are the source of most tick-borne pathogens in the USA. These include Dermacentor, Amblyomma and Ixodes, with a lesser role for Ornithodoros soft ticks. This expert opinion focuses on the influence of the changing landscape of ticks in the USA and its impact on the emergence of tick-borne pathogens that occurs as a result.

scholarly journals Climatic Conditions: Conventional and Nanotechnology-Based Methods for the Control of Mosquito Vectors Causing Human Health Issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toqeer Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder ◽  
Irfan Liaqat ◽  
Miklas Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

Climate variability is highly impacting on mosquito-borne diseases causing malaria and dengue fever across the globe. Seasonal variability change in temperature and rainfall patterns are impacting on human health. Mosquitoes cause diseases like dengue fever, yellow fever, malaria, Chikungunya, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis. According to estimations by health organizations, annually one million human deaths are caused by vector-borne diseases, and dengue fever has increased about 30-fold over the past 50 years. Similarly, over 200 million cases of malaria are being reported annually. Mosquito-borne diseases are sensitive to temperature, humidity and seasonal variability. Both conventional (environmental, chemical, mechanical, biological etc.) and nanotechnology-based (Liposomes, nano-suspensions and polymer-based nanoparticles) approaches are used for the eradication of Malaria and dengue fever. Now green approaches are used to eradicate mosquitoes to save human health without harming the environment. In this review, the impact of climatic conditions on mosquito-borne diseases along with conventional and nanotechnology-based approaches used for controlling malaria and dengue fever have been discussed. Important recommendations have been made for people to stay healthy.

scholarly journals The Effect of Lemongrass Leaves and Stalks Extracts using Methanol as The Eco-friendly Larvicides on Fourth Instar Aedes aegypti Larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 937-939
Author(s):  
Tjut Mariam ◽  
Ade Oktiviyari ◽  
Ahmad Yamin Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Mosquito Larva ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti is one of the most vicious mosquitoes, known for its role in several deadly diseases, including dengue fever and Zika. Several strategies have been developed over decades to prevent vector-borne diseases; one of them is insecticide to control the mosquito population. However, this strategy would not last long due to the elevation of resistance, environmental problem, and some issues regarding human health. Natural products have become major options to combat the glitches. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has known for its toxic effect on mosquito larva. AIM: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of C. citratus extract against fourth instar of A. aegypti larvae. METHODS: Three extract concentrations, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%, were used. The larvicide activity was evaluated at 2, 4, and 6 h. Our data indicated that all concentrations contributed to increase larvae mortality. RESULTS: Lethal Concentration (LC) 50 and LC90 were achieved at 2.5% and 4.1% of extract, respectively. CONCLUSION: C. citratus  extract has a larvicide activity against fourth instar of A. aegypti.

scholarly journals Outbreaks of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Are Associated With Changes in Forest Cover and Oil Palm Expansion at Global Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Morand ◽  
Claire Lajaunie
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Deforestation is a major cause of biodiversity loss with a negative impact on human health. This study explores at global scale whether the loss and gain of forest cover and the rise of oil palm plantations can promote outbreaks of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. Taking into account the human population growth, we find that the increases in outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases from 1990 to 2016 are linked with deforestation, mostly in tropical countries, and with reforestation, mostly in temperate countries. We also find that outbreaks of vector-borne diseases are associated with the increase in areas of palm oil plantations. Our study gives new support for a link between global deforestation and outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases as well as evidences that reforestation and plantations may also contribute to epidemics of infectious diseases. The results are discussed in light of the importance of forests for biodiversity, livelihoods and human health and the need to urgently build an international governance framework to ensure the preservation of forests and the ecosystem services they provide, including the regulation of diseases. We develop recommendations to scientists, public health officers and policymakers who should reconcile the need to preserve biodiversity while taking into account the health risks posed by lack or mismanagement of forests.

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