A Novel Chitosan Nanosponge as a Vehicle for Transepidermal Drug Delivery

Transepidermal drug delivery achieves high drug concentrations at the action site and ensures continuous drug delivery and better patient compliance with fewer adverse effects. However, drug delivery through topical application is still limited in terms of drug penetration. Chitosan is a promising enhancer to overcome this constraint, as it can enhance drug diffusion by opening the tight junctions of the stratum corneum. Therefore, here, we developed a novel chitosan nanosponge (CNS) with an optimal ratio and molecular weight of chitosan to improve drug penetration through skin. To prepare the CNS, two types of chitosan (3 and 10 kDa) were each conjugated with poloxamer 407 using para-nitrophenyl chloroformate, and the products were mixed with poloxamer 407 at ratios of 5:5, 8:2, and 10:0. The resulting mixtures were molded to produce flexible soft nanosponges by simple nanoprecipitation. The CNSs were highly stable in biological buffer for four weeks and showed no toxicity in human dermal fibroblasts. The CNSs increased drug permeability through human cadaver skin in a Franz-type diffusion cell, with substantially higher permeability with 3 kDa chitosan at a ratio of 8:2. This suggests the applicability of the novel CNS as a promising carrier for efficient transepidermal drug delivery.

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A Review on Fast Dissolving Tablet

International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research ◽

10.25258/ijcprr.v8i03.9218 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Sagar T. Malsane ◽

Smita S. Aher ◽

R. B. Saudagar

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Patient Compliance ◽

Research Area ◽

Oral Route ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

The Novel ◽

The Past ◽

Orally Disintegrating Tablets ◽

Novel Drug ◽

Experience Difficulty

Oral route is presently the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry where it is regarded as the safest, most economical and most convenient method of drug delivery resulting in highest patient compliance. Over the past three decades, orally disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have gained considerable attention due to patient compliance. Usually, elderly people experience difficulty in swallowing the conventional dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions and suspensions because of tremors of extremities and dysphagia. In some cases such as motion sickness, sudden episodes of allergic attack or coughing, and an unavailability of water, swallowing conventional tablets may be difficult. One such problem can be solved in the novel drug delivery system by formulating “Fast dissolving tablets” (FDTs) which disintegrates or dissolves rapidly without water within few seconds in the mouth due to the action of superdisintegrant or maximizing pore structure in the formulation. The review describes the various formulation aspects, superdisintegrants employed and technologies developed for FDTs, along with various excipients, evaluation tests, marketed formulation and drugs used in this research area.

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Self Microemulsifying Nutraceutical and Drug Delivery Systems

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2014.7.3.3 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 2520-2528 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vikrant P Wankhade ◽

Nivedita S Kale ◽

K.K Tapar

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Ternary Phase Diagram ◽

Aqueous Solubility ◽

Oral Formulation ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Drug Dissolution ◽

The Novel ◽

Peristaltic Movement

Many chemical entities and nutraceuticals are poor water soluble and show high lipophilicity. It’s difficult to formulate them into oral formulation because of its low aqueous solubility which ultimately affects bioavailability. To enhance the bioavailability of such drugs compounds, self microemulsifying drug delivery system is the reliable drug delivery system. In this system the drug is incorporated in the isotropic system and formulated as unit dosage form. Self microemulsifying drug delivery system is the novel emulsified system composed of anhydrous isotropic mixture of oils, surfactant, and co solvent and sometimes co surfactant. Drug is directly dispersed into the entire gastro intestinal tract with continuous peristaltic movement and drug is available in the solution form of microemulsion, absorbed through lymphatic system and bypasses the dissolution step. Hence they increase the patient compliance. The excipients are selected on basis of construction of ternary phase diagram. Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system is very useful for drug in which drug dissolution is rate limiting step. This review describes the novel approaches and evaluation parameters of the self microemulsifying drug delivery system towards different classic drugs, proteins-peptides, and nutraceuticals in various oral microemulsion compositions and microstructures.

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Identifying underlying issues related to the inactive excipients of transfersomes based drug delivery system

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201016144354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Drashti Patel ◽

Bappaditya Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Systemic Availability ◽

Drug Penetration ◽

Skin Damage ◽

Variable Effect ◽

Practical Factors ◽

Edge Activator

: Transfersomes are bilayer vesicles composed of phospholipid and edge-activators, which are mostly surfactant. Transfersomes based drug delivery system has gained a lot of interest of the pharmaceutical researchers for their ability to improve drug penetration and permeation through the skin. Transdermal drug delivery via transfersomes has the potential to overcome the challenge of low systemic availability. However, this complex vesicular system has different issues to consider for developing a successful transdermal delivery system. One of the major ingredients, phospholipid has versatile sources and variable effect on the vesicle size and drug entrapment in transfersomes. The other one termed as edge-activator or surfactant has some crucial consideration of skin damage and toxicity depending upon its type and concentration. A complex interaction between type and concentration of phospholipid and surfactant was observed, which affect the physicochemical properties of transfersomes. This review focuses on the practical factors related to these two major ingredients such as phospholipid and surfactant. The origin, purity, desired concentration, the susceptibility of degradation, etc. are the important factors for selecting phospholipid. Regarding surfactants, the major aspects are type and desired concentration. A successful development of transfersomes based drug delivery system depends on the proper considerations of these factors and practical aspects.

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Permeation Studies of Captopril Transdermal Films Through Human Cadaver Skin

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201812666150212124508 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 517-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rajesh Nair ◽

Sujith Nair

Keyword(s):

Human Cadaver ◽

Human Cadaver Skin ◽

Cadaver Skin ◽

Permeation Studies

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Insights into Transdermal Drug Delivery: Approaches for Redressal of a Burgeoning Issue of Osteoporosis

Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871530320666200520100327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 1682-1695

Author(s):

Foziyah Zakir ◽

Kanchan Kohli ◽

Farhan J. Ahmad ◽

Zeenat Iqbal ◽

Adil Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Oral Delivery ◽

Calcium Absorption ◽

Early Stage ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

The Novel ◽

Systemic Delivery ◽

Primary Focus ◽

The Cost

Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that remains unnoticed until a fracture occurs. It is more predominant in the older age population, particularly in females due to reduced estrogen levels and ultimately limited calcium absorption. The cost burden of treating osteoporotic fractures is too high, therefore, primary focus should be treatment at an early stage. Most of the marketed drugs are available as oral delivery dosage forms. The complications, as well as patient non-compliance, limit the use of oral therapy for prolonged drug delivery. Transdermal delivery systems seem to be a promising approach for the delivery of anti-osteoporotic active moieties. One of the confronting barriers is the passage of drugs through the SC layers followed by penetration to deeper dermal layers. The review focuses on how anti-osteoporotic drugs can be molded through different approaches so that they can be exploited for the skin to systemic delivery. Insights into the various challenges in transdermal delivery and how the novel delivery system can be used to overcome these have also been detailed.

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Drug Delivery by Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13081135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1135

Author(s):

Kristin Entzian ◽

Achim Aigner

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Invasive Technique ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Therapeutic Outcomes ◽

Cost Efficient ◽

Safety Considerations

Conventional cancer chemotherapies often exhibit insufficient therapeutic outcomes and dose-limiting toxicity. Therefore, there is a need for novel therapeutics and formulations with higher efficacy, improved safety, and more favorable toxicological profiles. This has promoted the development of nanomedicines, including systems for drug delivery, but also for imaging and diagnostics. Nanoparticles loaded with drugs can be designed to overcome several biological barriers to improving efficiency and reducing toxicity. In addition, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers are able to release their payload on demand at the tumor tissue site, preventing premature drug loss. This review focuses on ultrasound-triggered drug delivery by nanocarriers as a versatile, cost-efficient, non-invasive technique for improving tissue specificity and tissue penetration, and for achieving high drug concentrations at their intended site of action. It highlights aspects relevant for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery, including ultrasound parameters and resulting biological effects. Then, concepts in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery are introduced and a comprehensive overview of several types of nanoparticles used for this purpose is given. This includes an in-depth compilation of the literature on the various in vivo ultrasound-responsive drug delivery systems. Finally, toxicological and safety considerations regarding ultrasound-mediated drug delivery with nanocarriers are discussed.

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Implantable Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices: Classification, Manufacture, Materials, and Clinical Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym10121379 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1379 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Sarah Stewart ◽

Juan Domínguez-Robles ◽

Ryan Donnelly ◽

Eneko Larrañeta

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Side Effects ◽

Patient Compliance ◽

Oral Delivery ◽

Oral Route ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Effective Delivery ◽

Materials Used ◽

Drug Delivery Devices

The oral route is a popular and convenient means of drug delivery. However, despite its advantages, it also has challenges. Many drugs are not suitable for oral delivery due to: first pass metabolism; less than ideal properties; and side-effects of treatment. Additionally, oral delivery relies heavily on patient compliance. Implantable drug delivery devices are an alternative system that can achieve effective delivery with lower drug concentrations, and as a result, minimise side-effects whilst increasing patient compliance. This article gives an overview of classification of these drug delivery devices; the mechanism of drug release; the materials used for manufacture; the various methods of manufacture; and examples of clinical applications of implantable drug delivery devices.

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Microparticles, Microspheres, and Microcapsules for Advanced Drug Delivery

Scientia Pharmaceutica ◽

10.3390/scipharm87030020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Miléna Lengyel ◽

Nikolett Kállai-Szabó ◽

Vince Antal ◽

András József Laki ◽

István Antal

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

The Novel ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Inhaled Insulin ◽

Formulation Factors ◽

Novel Drug ◽

Significant Production

Microparticles, microspheres, and microcapsules are widely used constituents of multiparticulate drug delivery systems, offering both therapeutic and technological advantages. Microparticles are generally in the 1–1000 µm size range, serve as multiunit drug delivery systems with well-defined physiological and pharmacokinetic benefits in order to improve the effectiveness, tolerability, and patient compliance. This paper reviews their evolution, significance, and formulation factors (excipients and procedures), as well as their most important practical applications (inhaled insulin, liposomal preparations). The article presents the most important structures of microparticles (microspheres, microcapsules, coated pellets, etc.), interpreted with microscopic images too. The most significant production processes (spray drying, extrusion, coacervation, freeze-drying, microfluidics), the drug release mechanisms, and the commonly used excipients, the characterization, and the novel drug delivery systems (microbubbles, microsponges), as well as the preparations used in therapy are discussed in detail.

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Pharmaceutical Calculations — A Basic Review

Journal of Pharmacy Technology ◽

10.1177/875512250201800506 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 257-259

Author(s):

Nicole M Russo

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽

Medication Administration ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Specific Drug ◽

Mathematical Concepts ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Data Source ◽

Stock Solutions

Objective: To review mathematical topics used in pharmaceutical preparation, specifically ratios and proportions, percentage concentrations, and stock solutions. Data Source: Online pharmaceutics sources and current pharmaceutics textbooks were consulted. Data Synthesis: Ratios and proportions are basic tools for adjusting drug concentrations. Using proportions, medications can be provided in any concentration desired. By extending this technique to percentage concentrations, prescriptions can be interpreted and calculated. In the same manner, the ability to dilute stock solutions provides patient-specific drug delivery. Conclusions: The mathematical concepts of ratios and proportions, percentage concentrations, and stock dilutions are essential for correct medication administration in any setting.

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