scholarly journals The Application of Phytohormones as Biostimulants in Corn Smut Infected Hungarian Sweet and Fodder Corn Hybrids

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lóránt Szőke ◽  
Makoena Joyce Moloi ◽  
Gabriella Enikő Kovács ◽  
Györgyi Biró ◽  
László Radócz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Corn Smut

The main goal of this research was to investigate the effects of corn smut (Ustilago maydis DC. Corda) infection on the morphological (plant height, and stem diameter), and biochemical parameters of Zea mays L. plants. The biochemical parameters included changes in the relative chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), and photosynthesis pigments’ contents, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes—ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The second aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of phytohormones (auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, and ethylene) on corn smut-infected plants. The parameters were measured 7 and 11 days after corn smut infection (DACSI). Two hybrids were grown in a greenhouse, one fodder (Armagnac) and one a sweet corn (Desszert 73). The relative and the absolute amount of photosynthetic pigments were significantly lower in the infected plants in both hybrids 11 DACSI. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes and MDA content were higher in both infected hybrids. Auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin application diminished the negative effects of the corn smut infection (CSI) in the sweet corn hybrid. Phytohormones i.e., auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin can be a new method in protection against corn smut.

scholarly journals Effect Of Priming Of Seeds Of Medicago Sativa ‘Bami’ With Gibberellic Acid On Germination, Seedlings Growth And Antioxidant Enzymes Activity Under Salinity Stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Younesi ◽  
Ali Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Enzymes Activity ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Glutathione Reductase Activity

AbstractThe experiment was conducted in order to study effects of seeds priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0, 3, 5 and 8 mM on germination, growth and antioxidant enzymes activity in alfalfa seedlings under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl). All control seeds germinated. The rate of germinated seeds was reduced to 48% in the presence of NaCl, and increased to 76% after seeds priming with 5 mM GA3. Priming with 5 mM GA3 was also correlated with an increase of dry weight of seedlings derived from both stressed and non-stressed seeds as well as with the reduction of electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in salt stressed seedlings. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in primed and non-primed seeds increased in the presence of NaCl and after priming of seeds with 5 mM GA3, whereas only small effect on glutathione reductase activity in both primed and non-primed seeds was observed. The total ascorbate level was higher in both stressed and non-stressed seedlings from primed seeds. These results suggest that GA3 priming might increase the salt tolerance of alfalfa seedlings through enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the membrane damage as estimated using biomarkers, EL index and MDA content.

scholarly journals Impact of Nanosized Titanium Dioxide on Agronomical and Physiological Characteristics of Annual Medic (Medicago scutellata L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dolatabadi ◽  
B. Sani ◽  
P. Moaveni
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Measured Variable ◽  
Nanosized Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Medicago Scutellata ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of exogenous application of nano-TiO2 on annual medic, a field study was conducted in a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with four replications. The experimental treatments included six concentrations of nano-TiO2 (Control, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.06% g/l) and spraying at two growing stages (pod stage and 10% flowering stage). Results showed that the effects of nano-TiO2 and spraying times on dry forage yield were significant (p<0.01). Nano-TiO2 spray appear to influence the malone dialdehyde (MDA) content (p<0.01). With increasing concentrations of nano-TiO2 the values of aforementioned measured variable significantly decreased. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) were affected by nanoparticle (p<0.01) and spraying times (p<0.01), as well as their interactive effect of two mentioned factors were significant in terms of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) (p<0.01) activity and dry forage yield. Among different concentrations of nano-TiO2, 0.04% and 0.06% have the best effect on all traits. Totally, treatment with nano-TiO2 were more effective in the pod stage, compared to 10% flowering stage.

scholarly journals Alleloppathic effects and insecticidal activity of the aqueous extract of Satureja montana L.

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Sucur ◽  
Aleksandra Popovic ◽  
Milos Petrovic ◽  
Goran Anackov ◽  
Vojislava Bursic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Natural Pesticides ◽  
Satureja Montana

Extensive use of synthetic insecticides, herbicides and other pesticides has negative effects on the environment and on human and animal health. Therefore scientists are turning towards natural pesticides such as active components of plant extracts. Effect of two concentrations (0.1% and 0.2%) of Satureja montana L. aqueous extract on lipid peroxidation process, as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX, PPX and CAT) in leaves and roots of pepper and black nightshade seedlings were examined 24, 72 and 120h after the treatment. Our results showed that higher concentration of S. montana aqueous extract induced lipid peroxidation in black nightshade roots. Furthermore, significant increases of pyrogallol and guaiacol peroxidase were detected in black nightshade leaves treated with 0.2% S. montana aqueous extract. The second aim was to evaluate effectiveness of aqueous extract as contact toxicant against whitefly. It was observed that aqueous extract with concentration of 0.2% showed toxic effect with 68.33% mortality after 96h.

scholarly journals Sodium Nitroprusside Improves Performance of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Under Salt Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Khorshid Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
No Donor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Soil salinity creates osmotic and ionic stress in plants that result in the suppressed water and nutrients status in plants leading to reduced growth and yield of crop plants. Although, plants activate their defense system to counter various stresses but this defense system has limitations. Therefore, it is highly desirable to manipulate the plant’s cellular system to counter the detrimental effects of stresses efficiently. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to act as an important signaling molecule which plays vital role in growth and development of plants and plays important role in the responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Keeping in view the vital roles of NO in plants, the present experiment was performed to study the impact of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Sahrawi) plants grown under 200 mM NaCl. The results showed that salt-stressed plants accumulated higher levels of proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB) and showed enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) as compared with the control plants. But increase in osmolytes and enzyme activities could not protect the plants from NaCl-induced damage and exhibited enhanced H2O2 and O2−· content, TBARS and electrolyte leakage. All these alterations negatively affected growth (fresh and dry weight of shoot and root), and physiological and biochemical parameters [leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content, carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and leaf relative water content (LRWC)] of stressed plants. However, NaCl-stressed plants treated with the NO donor, SNP, exhibited enhanced synthesis of Pro and GB content and activities of antioxidant enzymes that resulted in reduced H2O2 and O2−· content, TBARS and electrolyte leakage and enhanced CA activity, leaf Chl content and LRWC. Application of SNP to salt-stressed plants also improved growth characteristics. On the contrary, application of NO scavenger cPTIO [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide] along with SNP and NaCl suppressed the effect of NO and resulted in poor defense against salinity.

scholarly journals Effect of Nano and Bulk Nickel Oxide on Biomass and Antioxidant Enzymes Production of Fennel

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Hilda Besharat ◽  
Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad ◽  
Homa Mahmoodzadeh ◽  
Khadijeh Nejad Shahrokh Abadi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
The Impact

The production, growth, and physiological processes of plants respond differently to the varying concentrations of nanoparticles. Due to the increasing importance and application of nanoparticles, it is essential to determine the impact on plants physiological systems. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of different bulk and nano nickel oxide concentrations on biomass production and the enzymatic system of fennel. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with the applications of 5 replications and 5 concentrations (0, 20, 100, 400, and 800 ppm) in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University. This study analyzed various plants traits, including shoot and dry root weight and a few antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that root and shoot dry weight were not affected by the applied treatments. Furthermore, all applied levels of treatment significantly increased the activity of fennel leaf polyphenol oxidase compared to the control. The bulk treatment at 800 ppm was exempted, where the application of bulk nickel oxide and nanoparticles decreased dehydrogenase enzyme activity. In addition, the activity of guaiacol peroxidase increased under all levels of treatments except 100 ppm nanoparticles. The highest amount of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was obtained under 20 ppm treatment with a 61.98% increase compared to the control method. Furthermore, nickel oxide treatments also increased MDA. The results showed that nanomaterials' toxicity, caused oxidative stress in this plant, and the differences in MDA content of leaves explained the higher toxicity of NiO nanoparticles than bulk form. Moreover, higher activity of leaf antioxidative enzymes in bulk NiO2 treatments, especially Guaiacol Peroxidase, explained the plant's higher resistance to oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Silver nanoparticles improve growth and protect against oxidative damage in eggplant seedlings under drought stress  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiyah M. Alabdallah ◽  
Md. Mahadi Hasan ◽  
Abdalrhaman M. Salih ◽  
S.S. Roushdy ◽  
Aisha S. Al-Shammari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
The Impact

Drought stress is a significant abiotic stressor that has a negative impact on crop production and global food security systems. Drought stress was applied to eggplant seedlings with various field capacities (FC), 80% FC as control, 50% FC, 35% FC, and 20% FC. AgNPs were synthesised from green chemical methods, whereas different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 µmol) were applied exogenously on drought-stressed eggplants. Drought stress decreased the growth parameters (plant height, fresh mass, dry mass, leaf area), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, carotenoids), and protein content while increased the proline, hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and activity of the antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). AgNPs restricted proline accumulation and reduced H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2,</sub> MDA content by upregulating the antioxidant enzymes. Overall, the current study’s findings indicated that AgNPs are an effective eco-friendly and low-cost application for plant growth under drought stress, with the potential to mitigate the impact of drought on plants.

scholarly journals Drought-induced changes in antioxidant system and osmolyte content of poplar cuttings

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ružica Ždero Pavlović ◽  
Bojana Blagojević ◽  
Dragana Latković ◽  
Dejan Agić ◽  
Nikola Mićić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Poplar Clones ◽  
Esr Spin Trapping ◽  
Radical Reduction ◽  
Poplar Cuttings

Poplars are widely utilized in the intensive and biomass production, as well as in breeding and environment protection programs. This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of drought stress on poplar clones (M-1, PE19/66 and B-229). Poplar clones were grown hydroponically under controlled conditions and exposed to drought stress by applying polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. The plant samples were collected and separated into roots and leaves. For estimation of antioxidant status, activities of different antioxidant enzymes were determined (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)), as well as antiradical power (ARP) against hydroxyl (˙OH) radical using ESR spin-trapping. The water stress parameters proline (PRO) content, activity of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) and glycine betaine (GB) content were determined. Drought stress had significant effects on PRO and GB contents, SOD, APX and CAT activities when compared to control. All investigated extracts were determined as good inhibitors for ˙OH radical reduction, especially clone M-1where there was an increase of ARP against ˙OH radical in drought condition what could help to prevent or meliorate oxidative damage. Results indicated that the M-1 clone had a greater accumulation of substances for osmotic adjustment and a more efficient enzymatic detoxification cycle for eliminating the negative effects caused by ROS under drought stress than clones B-229 and PE19/66. This study provides valuable information for understanding drought - responsive mechanisms in leaves and roots of poplar clones M-1, B-229 and PE19/66.  Key words: antioxidant enzymes, climate change, drought, glycine betaine, proline.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of stem infected sweet corn hybrids to common smut disease

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-57
Author(s):  
Dóra Frommer ◽  
Szilvia Veres ◽  
László Radócz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
The Common ◽  
Corn Smut

The common smut of maize (corn smut, Ustilago maydis /DC/ Corda) can cause large economic losses in susceptible sweet corn hybrids as well. The protection against this pathogen is fundamentally based on prevention. Many methods to control corn smut have been recommended or evaluated, including crop rotation, sanitation, seed treatments, modification of fertility, and biological control. In spite of these frequently mentioned control strategies, the host resistance seems to be the only effective method to manage common smut in those areas where Ustilago maydis is prevalent.

Changes in antioxidant systems in sunflower partial resistant and susceptible lines as affected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robab Davar ◽  
Reza Darvishzadeh ◽  
Ahmad Majd
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Mda Content

AbstractSunflower, Helianthus annuus L., is a major oil-seed crop widely cultivated throughout the globe. White mold, caused by necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a common and widespread disease of sunflower. Changes in various physiological activities such as production of malondialdehyde (MDA) as the main end product of lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities and proline content, were investigated in leaves and stems of sunflower lines either resistant or susceptible to S. sclerotiorum. The results showed accumulation of high amount of free proline in the leaves of the resistant line. S. sclerotiorum invasion resulted in increase in the MDA content in both lines compared to the controls. Superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities significantly increased in the stem and leaves of inoculated lines. In the resistant line, Sclerotinia infection significantly induced catalase (CAT) activity both in the stem and leaves of contaminated plants. The activity of CAT was significantly decreased in susceptible line. Based on our results the activity of antioxidant enzymes was much pronounced in sunflower resistant line than in susceptible one. Studied lines showed distinctive activity considering different biochemical parameters, which may point to further directions in exploring host-pathogen interaction and lead to selection and production of new lines to achieve an improvement of plant adaptation to pathogen.

The More Control, the Better?

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeeyun Oh ◽  
Mun-Young Chung ◽  
Sangyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Design ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Story Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High User ◽  
User Control ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

Despite of the popularity of interactive movie trailers, rigorous research on one of the most apparent features of these interfaces – the level of user control – has been scarce. This study explored the effects of user control on users’ immersion and enjoyment of the movie trailers, moderated by the content type. We conducted a 2 (high user control versus low user control) × 2 (drama film trailer versus documentary film trailer) mixed-design factorial experiment. The results showed that the level of user control over movie trailer interfaces decreased users’ immersion when the trailer had an element of traditional story structure, such as a drama film trailer. Participants in the high user control condition answered that they were less fascinated with, absorbed in, focused on, mentally involved with, and emotionally affected by the movie trailer than participants in the low user control condition only with the drama movie trailer. The negative effects of user control on the level of immersion for the drama trailer translated into users’ enjoyment. The impact of user control over interfaces on immersion and enjoyment varies depending on the nature of the media content, which suggests a possible trade-off between the level of user control and entertainment outcomes.

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