scholarly journals GmNMHC5, A Neoteric Positive Transcription Factor of Flowering and Maturity in Soybean

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Wenting Wang ◽  
Zhili Wang ◽  
Wensheng Hou ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Bingjun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Genetic Networks ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Regulation Network ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Gene ◽  
Flowering Regulation

The soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important oil and food crop. Its growth and development is regulated by complex genetic networks, and there are still many genes with unknown functions in regulation pathways. In this study, GmNMHC5, a member of the MADS-box protein family, was found to promote flowering and maturity in the soybean. Gene expression profiling in transgenic plants confirmed that the 35S:GmNMHC5 T3 generation had early flowering and precocity. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit GmNMHC5 and found that late flowering and maturity occurred in Gmnmhc5 lines with stable inheritance. Remarkably, in the 35S:GmNMHC5 plants, the expression of flowering inhibitors GmFT1a and GmFT4 was inhibited. In addition, overexpression of GmNMHC5 in ft-10 (a late flowering Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking Flowering Locus T (FT) function) rescued the extremely late-flowering phenotype of the mutant A. thaliana. These results suggest that GmNMHC5 is a positive transcription factor of flowering and maturity in the soybean, which has a close relationship with FT homologs in the flowering regulation pathway. This discovery provides new ideas for the improvement of the flowering regulation network, and can also provide guidance for future breeding work.

scholarly journals Abscisic Acid and Flowering Regulation: Many Targets, Different Places

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9700
Author(s):  
Damiano Martignago ◽  
Beata Siemiatkowska ◽  
Alessandra Lombardi ◽  
Lucio Conti
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Flowering Genes ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Flowering Regulation

Plants can react to drought stress by anticipating flowering, an adaptive strategy for plant survival in dry climates known as drought escape (DE). In Arabidopsis, the study of DE brought to surface the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in controlling the floral transition. A central question concerns how and in what spatial context can ABA signals affect the floral network. In the leaf, ABA signaling affects flowering genes responsible for the production of the main florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). At the shoot apex, FD and FD-like transcription factors interact with FT and FT-like proteins to regulate ABA responses. This knowledge will help separate general and specific roles of ABA signaling with potential benefits to both biology and agriculture.

scholarly journals Isolation and Functional Characterization of MsFTa, a FLOWERING LOCUS T Homolog from Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Tiejun Zhang ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
Wang Ding ◽  
Ruicai Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Gfp Fusion Protein ◽  
Intron Structure ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Flowering Regulation

The production of hay and seeds of alfalfa, an important legume forage for the diary industry worldwide, is highly related to flowering time, which has been widely reported to be integrated by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). However, the function of FT(s) in alfalfa is largely unknown. Here, we identified MsFTa, an FT ortholog in alfalfa, and characterized its role in flowering regulation. MsFTa shares the conserved exon/intron structure of FTs, and MsFTa is 98% identical to MtFTa1 in Medicago trucatula. MsFTa was diurnally regulated with a peak before the dark period, and was preferentially expressed in leaves and floral buds. Transient expression of MsFTa-GFP fusion protein demonstrated its localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm. When ectopically expressed, MsFTa rescued the late-flowering phenotype of ft mutants from Arabidopsis and M. trucatula. MsFTa over-expression plants of both Arabidopsis and M. truncatula flowered significantly earlier than the non-transgenic controls under long day conditions, indicating that exogenous MsFTa strongly accelerated flowering. Hence, MsFTa functions positively in flowering promotion, suggesting that MsFTa may encode a florigen that acts as a key regulator in the flowering pathway. This study provides an effective candidate gene for optimizing alfalfa flowering time by genetically manipulating the expression of MsFTa.

scholarly journals Fission yeast pap1-dependent transcription is negatively regulated by an essential nuclear protein, crm1.

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5474-5484 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Toda ◽  
M Shimanuki ◽  
Y Saka ◽  
H Yamano ◽  
Y Adachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Chromosomal Architecture ◽  
Cold Sensitive

The fission yeast pap1+ gene encodes an AP-1-like transcription factor that contains a leucine zipper motif. We identified a target gene of pap1, the p25 gene. The 5' upstream region of the p25 gene contains an AP-1 site, and by DNase I footprint analysis, we showed that the pap1 protein binds to the AP-1 site as well as to a 14-bp palindrome sequence. p25 is overproduced when the pap1+ gene is overexpressed, whereas p25 is not produced at all in the pap1 deletion mutant. p25 was previously found to be overproduced in strains carrying cold-sensitive crm1 mutations whose gene product is essential for viability and is thought to play an important role in maintenance of a proper chromosomal architecture. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of sequences upstream of the p25 gene demonstrated that the AP-1 site as well as the palindrome sequence are crucial for transcriptional activation either by pap1 overproduction or by the cold-sensitive crm1 mutation; pap1+ is apparently negatively regulated by crm1+. Moreover, we found that cold-sensitive crm1 mutations are suppressed by the deletion of pap1+, further indicating a close relationship between crm1+ and pap1+. The crm1 protein is highly conserved; the budding yeast homolog, CRM1, which complements the fission yeast cold-sensitive crm1 mutation, was isolated and found to also be essential for viability. These results suggest the functional importance of chromosome structure on the regulation of gene expression through the pap1 transcription factor.

scholarly journals A Dual-Targeted Soybean Protein Is Involved in Bradyrhizobium japonicum Infection of Soybean Root Hair and Cortical Cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1051-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Libault ◽  
Manjula Govindarajulu ◽  
R. Howard Berg ◽  
Yee Tsuey Ong ◽  
Kari Puricelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Carbon Utilization ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Gene

The symbiotic interaction between legumes and soil bacteria (e.g., soybean [Glycine max L.] and Bradyrhizobium japonicum]) leads to the development of a new root organ, the nodule, where bacteria differentiate into bacteroids that fix atmospheric nitrogen for assimilation by the plant host. In exchange, the host plant provides a steady carbon supply to the bacteroids. This carbon can be stored within the bacteroids in the form of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate granules. The formation of this symbiosis requires communication between both partners to regulate the balance between nitrogen fixation and carbon utilization. In the present study, we describe the soybean gene GmNMNa that is specifically expressed during the infection of soybean cells by B. japonicum. GmNMNa encodes a protein of unknown function. The GmNMNa protein was localized to the nucleolus and also to the mitochondria. Silencing of GmNMNa expression resulted in reduced nodulation, a reduction in the number of bacteroids per infected cell in the nodule, and a clear reduction in the accumulation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in the bacteroids. Our results highlight the role of the soybean GmNMNa gene in regulating symbiotic bacterial infection, potentially through the regulation of the accumulation of carbon reserves.

scholarly journals Combined Analysis of MicroRNAs and Target Genes Revealed miR156-SPLs and miR172-AP2 Are Involved in a Delayed Flowering Phenomenon After Chromosome Doubling in Black Goji (Lycium ruthencium)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shupei Rao ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Jinhuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Flowering Regulation ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Polyploidy, which is widely distributed in angiosperms, presents extremely valuable commercial applications in plant growth and reproduction. The flower development process of higher plants is essential for genetic improvement. Nevertheless, the reproduction difference between polyploidy and the polyploid florescence regulatory network from the perspective of microRNA (miRNA) remains to be elucidated. In this study, the autotetraploid of Lycium ruthenicum showed late-flowering traits compared with the progenitor. Combining the association of miRNA and next-generation transcriptome technology, the late-flowering characteristics triggered by chromosome duplication may be caused by the age pathway involved in miR156-SPLs and miR172-AP2, which inhibits the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts of FT in the leaves. Subsequently, FT was transferred to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to inhibit the expression of the flowering integration factor SOC1, which can eventually result in delayed flowering time. Our exploration of the flowering regulation network and the control of the flowering time are vital to the goji producing in the late frost area, which provides a new perspective for exploring the intrinsic molecular mechanism of polyploid and the reproductive development of flowering plants.

scholarly journals The Roles of CircRNAs in Regulating Muscle Development of Livestock Animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenguo Yang ◽  
Tianle He ◽  
Qingyun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Competitive Endogenous Rnas ◽  
Regulation Network ◽  
New Ideas

The muscle growth and development of livestock animals is a complex, multistage process, which is regulated by many factors, especially the genes related to muscle development. In recent years, it has been reported frequently that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved widely in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and body development (including muscle development). However, the research on circRNAs in muscle growth and development of livestock animals is still in its infancy. In this paper, we briefly introduce the discovery, classification, biogenesis, biological function, and degradation of circRNAs and focus on the molecular mechanism and mode of action of circRNAs as competitive endogenous RNAs in the muscle development of livestock and poultry. In addition, we also discuss the regulatory mechanism of circRNAs on muscle development in livestock in terms of transcription, translation, and mRNAs. The purpose of this article is to discuss the multiple regulatory roles of circRNAs in the process of muscle development in livestock, to provide new ideas for the development of a new co-expression regulation network, and to lay a foundation for enriching livestock breeding and improving livestock economic traits.

scholarly journals Characterization and Activity Analyses of the FLOWERING LOCUS T Promoter in Gossypium Hirsutum

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Sang ◽  
Darun Cai ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Yuqiang Sun ◽  
Xianzhong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Core Motif ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Flowering Locus

Flowering transition is a crucial development process in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and the flowering time is closely correlated with the timing of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression. However, the mechanism underlying the coordination of various cis-regulatory elements in the FT promoter of cotton has not been determined. In this study, a 5.9-kb promoter of FT was identified from cotton. A bioinformatics analysis showed that multiple insertion–deletion sites existed in the 5.9-kb promoter. Different expression levels of a reporter gene, and the induction by sequential deletions in GhFT promoter, demonstrated that 1.8-kb of the GhFT promoter was stronger than 4.2-, 4.8-, and 5.9-kb promoter fragments. The binding sites of the CONSTANS (CO) and NUCLEAR FACTOR Y transcription factors were located within the 1.0-kb sequence upstream of the FT transcription start site. A large number of repeat segments were identified in proximal promoter regions (−1.1 to −1.4 kb). A complementation analysis of deletion constructs between 1.0 and 1.8 kb of G. hirsutum, Gossypium arboretum, and Gossypium raimondii FT promoters revealed that the 1.0-kb fragment significantly rescued the late-flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis FT loss-of-function mutant ft-10, whereas the 1.8-kb promoter only slightly rescued the late-flowering phenotype. Furthermore, the conserved CORE motif in the cotton FT promoter is an atypical TGTG(N2-3)ATG, but the number of arbitrary bases between TGTG and ATG is uncertain. Thus, the proximal FT promoter region might play an important role affecting the activity levels of FT promoters in cotton flowering.

Pemasaran Digital Dalam Kewirausahaan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Decky Hendarsyah
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Business World ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

This paper aims to discuss the concepts and new ideas, opportunities and challenges of digital marketing in entrepreneurship. After discussion, it was found that digital marketing has a very close relationship with entrepreneurship, where both items have the same target. Then digital marketing is part of entrepreneurial activities. Digital marketing has huge opportunities in the development of the business world from now until in the future where the target market has been transformed into a digital platform. While the challenges that must be faced by the business world when implementing digital marketing are readiness in terms of human resources and financial resources in supporting digital marketing activities.

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