scholarly journals Mathematical Modelling of Temperature Distribution in Selected Parts of FFF Printer during 3D Printing Process

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4213
Author(s):  
Tomáš Tichý ◽  
Ondřej Šefl ◽  
Petr Veselý ◽  
Karel Dušek ◽  
David Bušek
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Nozzle Temperature ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Printing Speed

This work presented an FEM (finite element method) mathematical model that describes the temperature distribution in different parts of a 3D printer based on additive manufacturing process using filament extrusion during its operation. Variation in properties also originate from inconsistent choices of process parameters employed by individual manufacturers. Therefore, a mathematical model that calculates temperature changes in the filament (and the resulting print) during an FFF (fused filament fabrication) process was deemed useful, as it can estimate otherwise immeasurable properties (such as the internal temperature of the filament during the printing). Two variants of the model (both static and dynamic) were presented in this work. They can provide the user with the material’s thermal history during the print. Such knowledge may be used in further analyses of the resulting prints. Thanks to the dynamic model, the cooling of the material on the printing bed can be traced for various printing speeds. Both variants simulate the printing of a PLA (Polylactic acid) filament with the nozzle temperature of 220 °C, bed temperature of 60 °C, and printing speed of 5, 10, and 15 m/s, respectively.

Calculating printing speed in order to correctly print PLA/continuous glass fiber composites via fused filament fabrication 3D printer

2021 ◽  
pp. 089270572199753
Author(s):  
Behnam Akhoundi ◽  
Mojtaba Nabipour ◽  
Omid Kordi ◽  
Faramarz Hajami
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Continuous Glass ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Glass Fiber Composites ◽  
Continuous Glass Fiber ◽  
Speed Optimization ◽  
Printing Speed

In this research, an innovative task of printing speed optimization for continuous fiber composites is examined. Employing continuous fibers is a new method to reinforce samples made by fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. The printing speed is pivotal in the printing process of composites with continuous fibers because of its significant effect on the geometric shape of the samples, especially their corners. In the experimental part of study, continuous glass fiber (CGF) and polylactic acid (PLA) filaments are utilized during optimization as reinforcing phase and matrix, respectively, and are simultaneously fed into the extrusion-based polymer 3D printer to make PLA/CGF composites. Through the optimization, temperature changes of the deposited rasters in the presence and absence of fibers are calculated at the first step, and then the special relationship between the printing speeds and rasters’ temperature changes is determined. Finally, the optimal printing speed is computed based on a hypothesis, which is proved by the results of high-quality printed composites with different geometric shapes.

Effects of process parameters on compressive property of FDM with ABS

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Supphachai Nathaphan ◽  
Worrasid Trutassanawin
Keyword(s):  
Yield Stress ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Compressive Yield Stress ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Nozzle Temperature ◽  
Printing Speed

Purpose This work aims to investigate the interaction effects of printing process parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology on both the dimensional accuracy and the compressive yield stress. Another purpose is to determine the optimum process parameters to achieve the maximum compressive yield stress and dimensional accuracy at the same time. Design/methodology/approach The standard cylindrical specimens which produced from ABS by using an FDM 3D printer were measured dimensions and tested compressive yield stresses. The effects of six process parameters on the dimensional accuracy and compressive yield stress were investigated by separating the printing orientations into horizontal and vertical orientations before controlling five factors: nozzle temperature, bed temperature, number of shells, layer height and printing speed. After that, the optimum process parameters were determined to accomplish the maximum compressive yield stress and dimensional accuracy simultaneously. Findings The maximum compressive properties were achieved when layer height, printing speed and number of shells were maintained at the lowest possible values. The bed temperature should be maintained 109°C and 120°C above the glass transition temperature for horizontal and vertical orientations, respectively. Practical implications The optimum process parameters should result in better FDM parts with the higher dimensional accuracy and compressive yield stress, as well as minimal post-processing and finishing techniques. Originality/value The important process parameters were prioritized as follows: printing orientation, layer height, printing speed, nozzle temperature and bed temperature. However, the number of shells was insignificant to the compressive property and dimensional accuracy. Nozzle temperature, bed temperature and number of shells were three significant process parameters effects on the dimensional accuracy, while layer height, printing speed and nozzle temperature were three important process parameters influencing compressive yield stress. The specimen fabricated in horizontal orientation supported higher compressive yield stress with wide processing ranges of nozzle and bed temperatures comparing to the vertical orientation with limited ranges.

Mathematical Model of Temperature Changes in Heating Media

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Novikov ◽  
Nikolay I. Grebenshchikov ◽  
Denis V. Shilin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Heat Carriers

Climate conditions on the territory of Russia require heating of residential, public and industrial buildings. The regional variety of temperature modes distinguishes it from most countries of the world. Heat supply in terms of primary fuel and energy resources consumption is the largest segment in the country’s energy supply. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of the scale of heat supply: the volume of heat production, the development of heating, the length of heat networks, and fuel consumption for heat production. Development of modern, energy-efficient heat generating plants is required. Heat supply to agriculture in the Russian Federation lags behind the developed countries by 2-3 times. Various methods and equipment are being developed to reduce energy consumption in thermal processes. The most important task of developing and modernizing energy system and electrifying agriculture is to increase the energy efficiency of energy supply systems based on rational and reliable energy supply. A promising solution in the field of energy saving in agriculture is the use of heat pumps. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in creating a mathematical model of temperature changes in heat carriers. (Materials and methods) Authors used the Newton method for nonlinear systems of equations. The article presents the derivatives of the obtained functions of the system. (Results and discussion) The article presents the graph of the temperature distribution during heat transfer and a graph of changes in the temperature of heat carriers along the heat exchange surface. (Conclusions) The article presents a mathematical model suitable for studying the temperature distribution during heat transfer between two or more heat carriers, which can be recommended for engineering calculations. The convergence of the tangent method is achieved in no more than six iterations, regardless of the initial conditions; the accuracy of calculations is 0.1 percent. A static error is of 5-10 percent in mathematical modeling.

scholarly journals Thermal Deformations of Thermoplast during 3D Printing: Warping in the Case of ABS

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7070
Author(s):  
Jakub Ramian ◽  
Jan Ramian ◽  
Daniel Dziob
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Thermal Deformations ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Nozzle Temperature ◽  
Dimensional Printing ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

This research focuses on thermal deformations of thermoplast during three-dimensional printing. A filament acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was used, and the main focus was put on warping. Twenty-seven cuboids divided in six categories by their length, height, surface area, color, nozzle temperature and bed temperature were printed by Fused Filament Fabrication 3D printer. The whole process was captured by a thermal camera and the movies were used to analyze the temperature distribution during printing. All printouts were measured and scanned with a 3D scanner in order to highlight any abbreviations from the original digital models. The obtained results were used to formulate some general conclusions on the influence of selected parameters on the warping process. Based on the outcomes of the study, a set of guidelines on how to minimalize warping was proposed.

scholarly journals Optimization of fused filament fabrication system by response surface method

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kandananond
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Printing Speed ◽  
Significant Factors

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing or additive manufacturing method used for rapid prototyping and manufacturing. The characterization and optimization of process parameters in FFF is of critical importance because the quality of the specimens produced by this method substantially depends on the appropriate setting of various significant factors. In this study, the FFF printing process using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the filament material was investigated for the optimization of significant factors in the process. Three potential factors, namely nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and printing speed, were included in this study as the inputs, while surface roughness of the specimens was considered as the output. Roughness measurements were made on the flat surfaces at the top and bottom of the specimens. As the ranges for optimal factor settings were recommended by the manufacturer, the Box-Behnken design, which is a response surface method (RSM), was utilized in this study. In each treatment, two replicas of the test specimens were used for the confirmation test. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that the bed temperature and the printing speed had a significant impact on the surface roughness. Another finding was that there was a non-linear relationship between the bed temperature and the surface roughness. The optimal settings for the factors arrived at in this study can serve as guidelines for the practitioners to achieve the highest performance when they use FFF with ABS filaments.

scholarly journals The Transferability and Design of Commercial Printer Settings in PLA/PBAT Fused Filament Fabrication

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2573
Author(s):  
Sisi Wang ◽  
Dagmar R. D’hooge ◽  
Lode Daelemans ◽  
Hesheng Xia ◽  
Karen De Clerck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Strength ◽  
Tensile Strain ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Tensile Performance ◽  
Nozzle Temperature ◽  
Interlayer Bonding ◽  
Printing Speed

In many fused filament fabrication (FFF) processes, commercial printers are used, but rarely are printer settings transferred from one commercial printer to the other to give similar final tensile part performance. Here, we report such translation going from the Felix 3.0 to Prusa i3 MK3 printer by adjusting the flow rate and overlap of strands, utilizing an in-house developed blend of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). We perform a sensitivity analysis for the Prusa printer, covering variations in nozzle temperature, nozzle diameter, layer thickness, and printing speed (Tnozzle, dnozzle, LT, and vprint), aiming at minimizing anisotropy and improving interlayer bonding. Higher mass, larger width, and thickness are obtained with larger dnozzle, lower vprint, higher LT, and higher Tnozzle. A higher vprint results in less tensile strain at break, but it remains at a high strain value for samples printed with dnozzle equal to 0.5 mm. vprint has no significant effect on the tensile modulus and tensile and impact strength of the samples. If LT is fixed, an increased dnozzle is beneficial for the tensile strength, ductility, and impact strength of the printed sample due to better bonding from a wider raster structure, while an increased LT leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. If the ratio dnozzle/LT is greater than 2, a good tensile performance is obtained. An improved Tnozzle leads to a sufficient flow of material, contributing to the performance of the printed device. The considerations brought forward result in a deeper understanding of the FFF process and offer guidance about parameter selection. The optimal dnozzle/vprint/LT/Tnozzle combination is 0.5 mm/120 mm s−1/0.15 mm/230 °C.

scholarly journals Calculating Printing Speed for Polylactic Acid/Continuous Glass Fiber Composites via Fused Filament Fabrication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behnam Akhoundi ◽  
Mojtaba Nabipour ◽  
Omid Kordi ◽  
Faramarz Hajami ◽  
Shahab S. Band ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Continuous Glass ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Glass Fiber Composites ◽  
Continuous Glass Fiber ◽  
Speed Optimization ◽  
Printing Speed

In this study, a novel task of printing speed optimization for continuous fiber composites is investigated. Using continuous fibers is an innovative approach to reinforce products made by fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing (AM) technology. In the printing process of composites with continuous fibers, the printing speed is critical because of its significant effect on the geometric shape of the samples, especially their corners. During optimization in this research, continuous glass fiber (CGF) and polylactic acid (PLA) filaments were utilized as reinforcing phase and matrix, respectively, and were simultaneously fed into the extrusion-based polymer 3D printer to form PLA/CGF composites. The optimization was carried out by calculating the temperature changes of the deposited rasters in the presence and absence of fibers as a first step and then determining the special relationship between the printing speeds and rasters temperature changes. Finally, the optimal and the maximum printing speed was computed based on a hypothesis, which is proved by the results of high-quality printed composites with different geometric shapes.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Geometri Infill terhadap Kekuatan Tarik Spesimen Uji Tarik ASTM D638 Type IV Menggunakan Filamen PLA+ Sugoi

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Hasdiansah Hasdiansah ◽  
Zaldy Sirwansyah Suzen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Nozzle Temperature ◽  
Printing Speed

<p>Pengaturan parameter proses 3D <em>Printing </em>berteknologi <em>Fused Deposition Modelling</em> (FDM) sangat mempengaruhi kualitas produk cetak baik dalam hal akurasi dimensi, <em>surface roughness</em>, dan kekuatan tariknya. Dua material yang paling sering digunakan para praktisi 3D Printing adalah PLA dan ABS masih memerlukan pengaturan parameter proses pada <em>slicing software</em> untuk menghasilkan produk cetak paling kuat ditinjau dari kuat tariknya. Penelitian ini memvariasikan bentuk geometri <em>infill </em>yang tersedia pada Ultimaker Cura 4.8.0 dalam mencetak spesimen uji tarik ASTM D638 Type IV. Ada 13 (tiga belas) bentuk <em>infill </em>yang digunakan dengan <em>infill density</em> 100%. Ada 3 (tiga) variasi <em>nozzle temperature</em> yaitu 205°C, 215°C, dan 225°C. Parameter proses yang tetap seperti <em>layer thickness</em> 0,2 mm, <em>printing speed</em> 50 mm/s, <em>travel speed</em> 100 mm/s, dan <em>bed temperature</em> 60°C. Spesimen uji tarik dicetak masing-masing tiga buah pada 39 (tiga puluh sembilan) eksperimen dan rata-rata hasil uji tarik dihitung kemudian selanjutnya dianalisis. Nilai kekuatan tarik tertinggi diperoleh pada pengaturan <em>nozzle temperature</em> 205°C dengan bentuk <em>infill concentric</em> atau terdapat pada eksperimen nomor 9 dengan nilai 32,40 MPa. Sedangkan nilai kekuatan tarik diperoleh pada pengaturan <em>nozzle temperature</em> 225°C dan dengan bentuk <em>infill cross</em> atau pada eksperimen nomor 37 dengan nilai 19,10 MPa. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa bentuk geometri <em>infill </em>pada proses 3D <em>Printing </em>FDM sangat mempengaruhi kekuatan tarik produk cetak.</p>

Research on Temperature Changes and Microstructure Evolution of Steel Target after the Penetration by Copper Jet

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 953-956
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Gang Tao
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Microstructure Evolution ◽  
Deformation Zone ◽  
Superplastic Deformation ◽  
Theoretical Formula ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Normal Deformation ◽  
Steel Target

In order to study dynamic response of metal, this paper makes use of theoretical formula to investigate changes of temperature and grain size on steel target after the penetration of copper jet based on data gathered from the experiments. Deformed target penetrated by copper jet could be divided into superplastic deformation zone and normal deformation zone according to the different microstructure. Temperature distribution of each deformation zones is in turn calculated by two constitutive equations. The results indicate that areas with high temperature concentrate on the narrow zone near the penetrated channel. Then, the calculation of grain size conforms to the observation. It is obviously proven that the method used in this paper is trustworthy for calculating the changes of temperature and grain size of target caused by penetration.

Investigation and Characterization of Clay Mixture Feedstock for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawaddod Alkindi ◽  
Mozah Alyammahi ◽  
Rahmat Agung Susantyoko
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Ceramic Components ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Continuous Material ◽  
Printing Speed

Abstract The extrusion-based AM technique has been recently employed for rapid ceramic components fabrication due to scalability and cost-efficiency. This paper investigated aspects of the extrusion technique to print ceramic materials. Specifically, we assessed and developed a process recipe of the formulations (the composition of water and ethanol-based clay mixtures) and mixing processes. Different clay paste formulations were prepared by varying clay, water, ethanol ratios. The viscosity of clay paste was measured using a DV3T Viscometer. Afterward, the produced clay paste was used as a feedstock for WASP Delta 60100 3D printer for computer-controlled extrusion deposition. We evaluated the quality of the clay paste based on (i) pumpability, (ii) printability, and (iii) buildability. Pressure and flow rate were monitored to assess the pumpability. The nozzle was monitored for continuous material extrusion to assess printability. The maximum layer-without-collapse height was monitored to assess the buildability. This study correlated the mixture composition and process parameters, to the viscosity of the mixture, at the same printing speed. We found that 85 wt% clay, 5 wt% water, 10 wt% ethanol paste formulation, with the viscosity of 828000 cP, 202400 cP, 40400 cP at 1, 5, and 50 rpm, respectively, demonstrates good pumpability, as well as best printability and buildability.

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