scholarly journals Differences in the Anthocyanin Profile of Different Tissues of the Strawberry Fruit

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Hong ◽  
Chen ◽  
Netzel ◽  
O’Hare
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Anthocyanin Profile ◽  
Edible Tissues ◽  
Strawberry Breeding ◽  
Different Tissues

Strawberries are most commonly red in colour, which is largely due to the anthocyanin, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, a bioactive flavonoid with potential health benefits. Variation in the intensity of red colour across strawberry varieties, from a light pink to a deep cherry colour, is solely associated with a change in concentration of this single anthocyanin, rather than the synthesis of an anthocyanin with a different colour. In this study, the anthocyanin profiles of the two constituent edible tissues of strawberry fruit were determined. The main tissue of the strawberry consists of a swollen fleshy receptacle. The second tissue consists of the achenes, visible on the surface of the strawberry, with each achene consisting of a dry single-seeded fruit formed from a fertilised ovule. The current study showed that the anthocyanin profile of a strawberry achene is totally different from that of the receptacle. While red-coloured pelargonidin-3-glucoside is the main anthocyanin component (about 94%) in the receptacle, purple-coloured cyanidin-3-glucoside accounts for approximately 90% of the anthocyanin content in the achene. This would indicate that flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H), the enzyme responsible for shifting anthocyanin biosynthesis towards cyanidin and away from pelargonidin, is functional in strawberry achene tissue, but not in the receptacle tissue. This may indicate that other factors, such as transcription factors, can modulate the anthocyanin profile of different strawberry tissues, rather than strawberries having a non-functional F3’H gene. However, the relevance of these findings for potential strawberry breeding programs and subsequently the nutritional quality of strawberry fruit needs to be investigated further.

scholarly journals Characterization of Anthocyanins in Sweet Potato Leaves Grown in Various Stages and Conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Su ◽  
Zhenbao Jia ◽  
Fei Tao ◽  
Jiamin Shen ◽  
Jingwen Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Sweet Potato Leaves

Phytochemical-enriched edible greens, sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.), have become popular due to potential health benefits. However, the phytochemical contents in sweet potato leaves and their subsequent change over harvest stages and growth condition are mostly unknown. In this study, the anthocyanin profile and content in leaves of four sweet potato cultivars, i.e., white-skinned and white-fleshed Bonita, red-skinned and orange-fleshed Beauregard, red-skinned and white-fleshed Murasaki and purple-skinned and purple-fleshed P40, were evaluated. Fourteen anthocyanins were isolated and identified by HPLC-MSI/MS. The most abundant was cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, which comprised up to 20% of the total anthocyanins. Of the young leaves (1st and 2nd slip cuttings), Bonita contained the highest anthocyanin content followed by P40. Of the mature leaves (vine stage), Beauregard had the greatest anthocyanin (592.5 ± 86.4 mg/kg DW) and total phenolic (52.2 ± 3 mg GAE/g DW). It should be noted that the lowest anthocyanin and total phenolic content of shoots were found in P40, while tubers of P40 contain the highest content of each. Furthermore, the increase in leaf anthocyanin content over the growth stages that was observed in three of the cultivars but not in P40. No significant difference of anthocyanin content was found in Beauregard leaves grown in the high tunnels when compared with that in the open field. This study demonstrated for the first time that anthocyanin levels were significantly changed in response to various growth stages but not high tunnel condition, indicating that the effect of anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet potato leaves is highly variable and genotype specific.

scholarly journals Strawberries at the Crossroads: Management of Soilborne Diseases in California Without Methyl Bromide

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 956-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Holmes ◽  
Seyed Mojtaba Mansouripour ◽  
Shashika S. Hewavitharana
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Strawberry Industry ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Strawberry Breeding ◽  
The Impact

Strawberry production has historically been affected by soilborne diseases such as Verticillium wilt. This disease was a major limiting factor in strawberry production in California in the 1950s and was the main reason that preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) was developed in the late 1950s. MB fumigation was so successful that over 90% of the commercial strawberry fruit production in California utilized this technique. However, MB was subsequently linked to ozone depletion, and its use was phased out in 2005. The California strawberry industry was awarded exemption to the full phase-out until 2016, when all MB use in strawberry fruit production was prohibited. MB use continues in strawberry nurseries under an exemption to prevent spread of nematodes and diseases on planting stock. This review examines the impact of the MB phase-out on the California strawberry industry and evaluates the outlook for the industry in the absence of one of the most effective tools for managing soilborne diseases. New soilborne diseases have emerged, and historically important soilborne diseases have reemerged. Registration of new fumigants has been difficult and replacement of MB with a new and effective alternative is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Thus, crop losses due to soilborne diseases are likely to increase. Host plant resistance to soilborne diseases has become a top priority for strawberry breeding programs, and cultivars are increasingly selected for their resistance to soilborne diseases. The intelligent integration of a variety of management tactics is necessary to sustain strawberry production in California.

scholarly journals Pathway-based analysis of anthocyanin diversity in diploid potato

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250861
Author(s):  
Maria Angelica Parra-Galindo ◽  
Johana Carolina Soto-Sedano ◽  
Teresa Mosquera-Vásquez ◽  
Federico Roda
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Dioxygenase Gene

Anthocyanin biosynthesis is one of the most studied pathways in plants due to the important ecological role played by these compounds and the potential health benefits of anthocyanin consumption. Given the interest in identifying new genetic factors underlying anthocyanin content we studied a diverse collection of diploid potatoes by combining a genome-wide association study and pathway-based analyses. By using an expanded SNP dataset, we identified candidate genes that had not been associated with anthocyanin variation in potatoes, namely a Myb transcription factor, a Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase gene and a vacuolar membrane protein. Importantly, a genomic region in chromosome 10 harbored the SNPs with strongest associations with anthocyanin content in GWAS. Some of these SNPs were associated with multiple anthocyanin compounds and therefore could underline the existence of pleiotropic genes or anthocyanin biosynthetic clusters. We identified multiple anthocyanin homologs in this genomic region, including four transcription factors and five enzymes that could be governing anthocyanin variation. For instance, a SNP linked to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene, encoding the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, was associated with all of the five anthocyanins measured. Finally, we combined a pathway analysis and GWAS of other agronomic traits to identify pathways related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in potatoes. We found that methionine metabolism and the production of sugars and hydroxycinnamic acids are genetically correlated to anthocyanin biosynthesis. The results contribute to the understanding of anthocyanins regulation in potatoes and can be used in future breeding programs focused on nutraceutical food.

scholarly journals Effect of Storage on the Nutritional Quality of Queen Garnet Plum

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Gethmini Kodagoda ◽  
Hung T. Hong ◽  
Tim J. O’Hare ◽  
Yasmina Sultanbawa ◽  
Bruce Topp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Different Tissues

Due to high perishability, plums are harvested at an early stage of maturity to extend postharvest storage life. Storage time and temperature can significantly affect the phytochemical and sugar composition of plums, altering their palatability and nutritional quality. In this study, variations in physiochemical properties (total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), color (chroma and hue angle)), phytochemical composition (total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and carotenoids), and sugars in three different tissues of the Queen Garnet plum (QGP) during storage at two common domestic storage temperatures (4 and 23 °C) were evaluated. There was an increase (p > 0.05) in TSS and a reduction (p < 0.05) in TA of the outer flesh at 23 °C. Chroma values of all the tissues reduced (p < 0.05) at 23 °C. At 4 °C, chroma values fluctuated between storage days. The TAC of the peel was the highest (p < 0.05) among the different tissues and continued to increase up to 10 days of storage at 23 °C (3-fold increase). At 4 °C, the highest (p < 0.05) TAC (peel) was observed after 14 days of storage (1.2-fold increase). TPC showed similar results. The highest (p < 0.05) TPC was recorded in the peel after 10 days of storage at 23 °C (2.3-fold increase) and after 14 days of storage at 4 °C (1.3-fold increase), respectively. Total carotenoids in the flesh samples at both storage temperatures were reduced (p < 0.05) after 14 days. Total sugars also decreased during storage. The results of the present study clearly showed that common domestic storage conditions can improve the nutritional quality of plums by increasing the content of bioactive anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. However, the increase in phytochemicals needs to be counterbalanced with the decrease in total sugars and TA potentially affecting the sensory attributes of the plums.

scholarly journals The effect of a novel powerful ABA mimic on the improvement of color in grapes and its mechanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Ding ◽  
Chuanliang Che ◽  
Zhihong Xu ◽  
Xiaoying Du ◽  
Junkai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Aba Receptors

AbstractPigment content is an important quality attribute in the grape industry, and anthocyanins are the major fruit pigments. iso-PhABA is a novel and excellent ABA analog capable of the antimetabolic inactivation of ABA. In this study, we found that iso-PhABA improved the coloration of grape berries more obviously than ABA at concentrations of 2 mg/L and 5 mg/L in two grape varieties in China. iso-PhABA treatment enhanced the anthocyanin content in the two grape varieties; specifically, the anthocyanin and delphinidin contents increased in both the ‘Jufeng’ and ‘Xiahei’ varieties. An enzymatic activity test showed that iso-PhABA significantly promoted four key enzyme activities catalyzing anthocyanin biosynthesis. We also determined the affinity between iso-PhABA and ABA receptors using ABA as a control. The results indicated that iso-PhABA had significantly to moderately higher affinities for some ABA receptors, including PYR1, PYL2, PYL1, PYL3 and PYL10, which resulted in higher inhibition of the PP2C HAB1 in the presence of iso-PhABA than in the presence of ABA. iso-PhABA treatment increased the content of soluble sugars and grape yield without any apparent accompanying adverse effects on the quality of the grapes.

scholarly journals Frequent gain- and loss-of-function mutations of the BjMYB113 gene accounted for leaf color variation in Brassica juncea

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui An ◽  
Jiongjiong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Promoter Sequences ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Abstract Background Mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important economic vegetable, and some cultivars have purple leaves and accumulate more anthocyanins than the green. The genetic and evolution of purple trait in mustard has not been well studied. Result In this study, free-hand sections and metabolomics showed that the purple leaves of mustard accumulated more anthocyanins than green ones. The gene controlling purple leaves in mustard, Mustard Purple Leaves (MPL), was genetically mapped and a MYB113-like homolog was identified as the candidate gene. We identified three alleles of the MYB113-like gene, BjMYB113a from a purple cultivar, BjMYB113b and BjMYB113c from green cultivars. A total of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8 InDels were found between the promoter sequences of the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113b. On the other hand, the only sequence variation between the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113c is an insertion of 1,033-bp fragment in the 3’region of BjMYB113c. Transgenic assay and promoter activity studies showed that the polymorphism in the promoter region was responsible for the up-regulation of the purple allele BjMYB113a and high accumulation of anthocyanin in the purple cultivar. The up-regulation of BjMYB113a increased the expression of genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway including BjCHS, BjF3H, BjF3’H, BjDFR, BjANS and BjUGFT, and consequently led to high accumulation of anthocyanin. However, the up-regulation of BjMYB113 was compromised by the insertion of 1,033-bp in 3’region of the allele BjMYB113c. Conclusions Our results contribute to a better understanding of the genetics and evolution of the BjMYB113 gene controlling purple leaves and provide useful information for further breeding programs of mustard.

scholarly journals The MIR-Domain of PbbHLH2 Is Involved in Regulation of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway in ”Red Zaosu” (PyrusBretschneideri Rehd.) Pear Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3026
Author(s):  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Fangxin Xiang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Bingqing Qie ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Interaction Domain ◽  
Dihydroflavonol Reductase ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
R2r3 Myb

The N-terminal of Myc-like basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (bHLH TFs) contains an interaction domain, namely the MYB-interacting region (MIR), which interacts with the R2R3-MYB proteins to regulate genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. However, the functions of MIR-domain bHLHs in this pathway are not fully understood. In this study, PbbHLH2 containing the MIR-domain was identified and its function investigated. The overexpression of PbbHLH2 in ”Zaosu” pear peel increased the anthocyanin content and the expression levels of late biosynthetic genes. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed that PbbHLH2 interacted with R2R3-MYB TFs PbMYB9, 10, and 10b in onion epidermal cells and confirmed that MIR-domain plays important roles in the interaction between the MIR-domain bHLH and R2R3-MYB TFs. Moreover, PbbHLH2 bound and activated the dihydroflavonol reductase promoter in yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase assays. Taken together these results suggested that the MIR domain of PbbHLH2 regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear fruit peel.

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