scholarly journals Sedimentological-Geochemical Data Based Reconstruction of Climate Changes and Human Impacts from the Peat Sequence of Round Lake in the Western Foothill Area of the Eastern Carpathians, Romania

Quaternary ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Réka Orsolya Tapody ◽  
Pál Sümegi ◽  
Dávid Molnár ◽  
Máté Karlik ◽  
Tünde Törőcsik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
Western Foothill

This paper presents the results of comparative sedimentological and geochemical analysis of the mire at Sânpaul, Round Lake (Kerek-tó). The palaeoecological site is situated in the western foothill area of the Eastern Carpathians in Romania. The primary objective of this study was to analyse the accumulation of major and trace elements in a 7500 year-long peat and lake deposition. The concentrations of 13 elements were determined by using handheld XRF. This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary study, for which the principal aims were to examine the long-term relationship between land degradation in the Homoród Hills using various palaeoecological techniques, primarily comparative geochemical analyses. The PCA of elemental concentrations suggests that Round Lake is mainly controlled by the input of inorganic mineral matter and the LOI550 of peat. However, some elements are influenced by biological processes of vegetation and groundwater. Geohistorical studies compared with vegetation changes and elemental distribution helped the detection of erosion phases in the level of 12 prehistoric cultures.

Geochemistry and relationships to mineralization of granitic rocks from the Afu Younger Granite Complex, Central Nigeria

1982 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Imeokparia
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Sample Composition ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Granite Complex ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

SummaryGeochemical analyses of fresh bedrock samples indicate that the Afu biotite granites are characterized by enhanced values of a suite of trace elements, including Sn, Nb, W, Zn, Rb, Li, F th, Y and depleted in Ba Sr, and Mn. These geochemical data are also examined by R-mode factor analysis with the primary objective of isolating the significant factors accounting for the sample composition as derived from mineralization, alteration and lithology.The Orthogonal varimax solution yields a five-factor model that accounts for 76% of the total data variance. Factors 1 (Nb, Rb, Li F) and 3 (Sn, W) can be attributed to the effect of mineralization and postmagmatic alteration; while Factor 2 (Mn, Sr, Ba Zr) is lithological, associated with barren rocks, unaffected by metasomatism. Factor 4 (Th, Y, Ga) and Factor 5 (Pb and Zn) are also associated with prominent mineralization. Thus the mineralized granites are characterized by high concentrations of Sn, Nb, W, Zn, Rb, Li F, Th, Y and Pb but ore formation is considered a product of postmagmatic processes.

scholarly journals Disentangling Sedimentary Pathways for the Pleniglacial Lower Danube Loess Based on Geochemical Signatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Pötter ◽  
Daniel Veres ◽  
Yunus Baykal ◽  
Janina J. Nett ◽  
Philipp Schulte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Provenance Studies ◽  
Detrital Material ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
Reliable Knowledge ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

The source of aeolian sediments such as loess has been investigated since decades. Reliable knowledge on potential dust sources is crucial to understand past climatic and environmental conditions accompanying the dispersal of early modern humans (EMH) into Europe. Provenance studies are usually performed on small sample sets and most established methods are expensive and time-consuming. Here, we present the results of high-resolution geochemical analyses performed on five loess-palaeosol sequences from the Lower Danube Basin (LDB), a region, despite its importance as a trajectory for EMH, largely underrepresented in loess provenance studies. We compare our results with geochemical data of loess-palaeosol sequences from Austria, Hungary, Serbia, and Ukraine. Based on published literature, we thus evaluate five plausible sedimentary pathways for the LDB loess: 1) the Danube alluvium (DA) pathway, which constrains the transport and re-deposition of detrital material by the Danube and its tributaries; 2) the Carpathian Bending (CB) pathway, where sediment is mainly transported from the Cretaceous to Neogene flysch of the Eastern Carpathian Bending; 3) the Eastern Carpathian (EC) pathway, in which sediment is eroded from the flysch of the Outer Eastern Carpathians, transported by rivers, and deflated by northwesterly to westerly winds; 4) the glaciofluvial (GF) pathway, where dust is deflated from glacial outwash plains in nowadays Ukraine, and 5) the Black Sea (BS) pathway, where dust originates from the exposed shelf of the Black Sea. Based on geochemical data, we consider the DA pathway to be the major sediment trajectory for loess in the LDB. Especially the sequences located close to the Danube and the Dobrogea show similarities to sites in Central and Northeast Hungary as well as Northern Serbia. For the northeastern part of the LDB, we demonstrate that dust input is mainly sourced from primary material from the Eastern Carpathians. Mineralogical estimations and geochemical data render the CB pathway as an additional substantial source of detrital material for the loess of this area. We consider the influence of the GF pathway in the LDB as negligible, whereas some minor influences of the BS pathway cannot be ruled out based on geochemical data.

scholarly journals Compositional Variation of Eudialyte-Group Minerals from the Lovozero and Ilímaussaq Complexes and on the Origin of Peralkaline Systems

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Lia N. Kogarko ◽  
Troels F. D. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Magma Chambers ◽  
Eudialyte Group ◽  
System A ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
World Class

The Lovozero complex, Kola peninsula, Russia and the Ilímaussaq complex in Southwest Greenland are the largest known layered peralkaline intrusive complexes. Both host world-class deposits rich in REE and other high-tech elements. Both complexes expose spectacular layering with horizons rich in eudialyte group minerals (EGM). We present a detailed study of the composition and cryptic variations in cumulus EGM from Lovozero and a comparison with EGM from Ilímaussaq to further our understanding of peralkaline magma chambers processes. The geochemical signatures of Lovozero and Ilímaussaq EGM are distinct. In Lovozero EGMs are clearly enriched in Na + K, Mn, Ti, Sr and poorer Fe compared to EGM from Ilímaussaq, whereas the contents of ΣREE + Y and Cl are comparable. Ilímaussaq EGMs are depleted in Sr and Eu, which points to plagioclase fractionation and an olivine basaltic parent. The absence of negative Sr and Eu anomalies suggest a melanephelinitic parent for Lovozero. In Lovozero the cumulus EGMs shows decrease in Fe/Mn, Ti, Nb, Sr, Ba and all HREE up the magmatic layering, while REE + Y and Cl contents increase. In Lovozero EGM spectra show only a weak enrichment in LREE relative to HREE. The data demonstrates a systematic stratigraphic variation in major and trace elements compositions of liquidus EGM in the Eudialyte Complex, the latest and uppermost part of Lovozero. The distribution of elements follows a broadly linear trend. Despite intersample variations, the absence of abrupt changes in the trends suggests continuous crystallization and accumulation in the magma chamber. The crystallization was controlled by elemental distribution between EGM and coexisting melt during gravitational accumulation of crystals and/or mushes in a closed system. A different pattern is noted in the Ilimaussaq Complex. The elemental trends have variable steepness up the magmatic succession especially in the uppermost zones of the Complex. The differences between the two complexes are suggested to be related dynamics of the crystallization and accumulation processes in the magma chambers, such as arrival of new liquidus phases and redistributions by mush melts.

scholarly journals Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Provenance of Coastal Sands from Greece: New Insights on the REE Content of Black Coastal Sands from Aggelochori Area, N.-Greece

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 693
Author(s):  
Argyrios Papadopoulos ◽  
Stylianos Lazaridis ◽  
Afroditi Kipourou-Panagiotou ◽  
Nikolaos Kantiranis ◽  
Antonios Koroneos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Beach Sands ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
The One ◽  
Black Color

Beach sands from Aggelochori coast line are investigated for their geochemistry and REE content, mineralogy and their provenance. These fluvial sands bear heavy minerals enriched horizons (containing minerals such as magnetite, zircon, ilmenite, hematite, rutile and titanite) that can be distinguished due to their black color and are formed usually due to the action of sea waves that deposit the heavy minerals and remove the lighter ones. After a suitable processing (washing, sieving, drying and magnetic separation) of the samples, the mineral constituents and their presence (wt.%) were estimated by XRD. Among the samples, the one being simultaneously the more fine grained and the more zircon-enriched (as suggested by XRPD data and optical microscopy analysis) has been selected for further geochemical analyses. The major and trace elements contents were compared to previously studied REE enriched beach sands from Kavala and Sithonia. Beach sands from Aggelochori area appear to have relatively low REE contents. Considering the provenance of these sediments, we suggest that these sands, are a product of the erosion of multi-sources, including the near-by Monopigado granite, as well as metamorphic rocks, as indicated by the presence of rutile and both ilmenite and magnetite in some samples. Therefore, there are indications of a complex flow pattern that existed at the paleo-catchment area of the deposition.

Mineral exploration in the glaciated terrain using upper soil horizon geochemistry and compositional statistical data analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pertti Sarala ◽  
Solveig Pospiech ◽  
Maarit Middleton ◽  
Anne Taivalkoski ◽  
Helena Hulkki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Statistical Data Analysis ◽  
Aqua Regia ◽  
Log Ratio

<p>Vulnerable nature in northernmost Europe requires development of new, environmentally friendly sampling and analyses techniques for mineral exploration. Those areas are typically covered by transported glaciogenic sediments where the glacial till is most dominant. To offer an alternative for conventional basal till and bedrock sampling with heavy machines, the use of different surface geochemical sampling media and techniques which are quick and cost-effective have been actively applied during the last decade. Particularly, the development of selective and weak leach techniques for the upper soil (Ah and B) horizons’ geochemistry has been intensive, but the reliability needs to be improved and testing is required in different glaciogenic environments.</p><p>In this research, carried out under the project New Exploration Technologies (NEXT), funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776804, we used stratified random sampling strategy for choosing sampling locations and developed novel compositional statistical data analysis for the interpretation of geochemical data obtained by surface geochemical techniques. The test area is located in the Rajapalot area, Ylitornio, northern Finland, where an active project is carried out by Mawson Oy for Au-Co exploration. The thickness of till cover varies from some metres to 5 m and the glacial morphology is composed of the ribbed moraine ridges with peatlands in between. A sampling network for the Ah and B horizon samples was comprised of 89 routine samples and 10 field replicates acquired of mineral Podsol-type soils. The chemical analyses methods used were Ultratrace 1:1:1 Aqua Regia leach and 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate leach for the Ah horizon samples, and Ionic leach and Super Trace Aqua Regia leach methods for the B horizon samples. The laboratory analyses were supported by the portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) analyses done directly in the field. The statistical analysis was based on log-ratio transformations of the geochemical compositions to avoid spurious results. In addition, the response ratios were calculated to measure the degree of enrichment in each element per sample.</p><p>The preliminary results of the soil geochemistry show a significant response to many elements (e.g. Au, Co, Cu, Mo, Sc, Te and W) with known mineralized bedrock targets observed in the drill core data. Elemental distribution is also reflecting the lithological variations of the rock units in the bedrock. Based on the results, it is obvious that a) there is good or moderate correlation for several elements between the surface geochemical data and underlying bedrock, and b) soil analysis method using certain soil sampling procedure and selective extraction is an effective, environmentally friendly geochemical exploration technique in the glaciated terrains.</p>

scholarly journals Volcanic Grinding Tools in Ustica Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): Local Production vs. Import of Morgantina-Type Millstones in the Hellenistic-Roman Period

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Patrizia Santi ◽  
Franco Foresta Martin ◽  
Francesca Spatafora ◽  
Sandro de Vita ◽  
Alberto Renzulli
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Alkaline Basalt ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Southern Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

This archaeometric study was focused on 28 grey to dark-grey lava artifacts found in Ustica Island (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) and referable to different grinding tools: saddle querns, rotary Morgantina-type millstones, rotary hand-mills and one small mortar. Mineralogy, petrography and bulk rock geochemical analyses emphasized that most of the grinding artifacts belonged to the Na-Alkaline series of Ustica, mainly basalts, hawaiites and mugearites. Nevertheless, some millstone samples did not match major and trace elements of Ustica lavas, in particular, one high-TiO2 Na-Alkaline basalt from Pantelleria Island, some tholeiitic/transitional basalts from the Iblei Mountains and one Calcalkaline basaltic andesite, most likely from the Aeolian Archipelago. The Hellenistic–Roman re-colonisation of Ustica Island, after ca. one millennium of nearly complete abandonment, was testified by the import of the non-local Morgantina-type rotary millstones, very widespread in the Mediterranean area from 4th–3rd century BC. This import of millstones represented, for the Ustica inhabitants, a real breakthrough for developing a local production of grinding artifacts on the basis of the new rotary technique which was much more efficient than that of the archaic saddle querns, largely used in the Middle Bronze Age. The results are also discussed in the framework of the overall volcanic millstone trade in the Mediterranean area and the different milling technology in antiquity.

Mapping Magmatic and Hydrothermal Processes from Routine Exploration Geochemical Analyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Halley
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Hydrothermal Processes ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

Abstract Analytical methods used by commercial assay laboratories have improved enormously in recent years. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods now report analyses for half of the periodic table with exceptional detection limits and precision. It is becoming commonplace for mining companies to use such methods routinely for the analysis of drill samples throughout mineral deposits. Improvements in software and computing power now allow rapid interrogation of upward of 100,000 assay samples. Geochemical analyses are quantitative, are independent of observer bias, and can form the basis for robust geologic and mineralogical models of mineral deposits, as well as shed light on scientific questions. In particular, consistently collected, high-quality geochemical analyses can significantly improve and systematize logging of lithological and hydrothermal alteration mineralogic changes within drill core. In addition, abundant, high-quality geochemical data provide insights into magmatic and hydrothermal processes that were previously difficult to recognize and that have obvious applications to mineral exploration and improved genetic models of ore deposits. This paper describes a workflow that mining industry geologists can apply to their multielement analysis data to extract more information about magma compositions and gangue mineralogy.

Depositional environments, sediment characteristics, palaeoecological analysis and environmental assessment of an internationally protected shallow Mediterranean lagoon, Gialova Lagoon – Navarino Bay, Greece

2014 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Avramidis ◽  
G. Iliopoulos ◽  
N. Kontopoulos ◽  
D. Panagiotaras ◽  
P. Barouchas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Sediment Characteristics ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
Moment Measures ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
International Conventions

ABSTRACTThis study presents sedimentological, palaeoecological and geochemical data from a shallow Mediterranean coastal lagoon which has been severely influenced by human intervention over the last 70 years. The Gialova Lagoon is protected by international conventions and is listed in the Natura 2000 European Community Network as Special Protection Area (SPA) and Site of Community Importance (SCI). The spatial variability of sediment characteristics such as grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and moment measures, mean, sorting, kurtosis and skewness were calculated. Moreover, micro- and macrofossil and sediment geochemical analyses were carried out on six gravity core samples. Study of the above parameters indicates that the anthropogenic impact and intervention are reflected in the micro- (ostracods, foraminifera, charophytes) and macrofossil (molluscs) taxa corresponding to different depositional environmental facies, representing a brackish lagoon with the influence of (a) fresh water inflow, (b) shallow marine environment and (c) hypoxic and dystrophic conditions. The geochemical characteristics and the calculation of the degree of sediment contamination using enrichment factors (EF), contamination factors (Cif) and the index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) indicate a recent relative improvement of the lagoon towards the upper layers of the gravity cores, rendering the lagoon as unpolluted to moderately polluted. This combinatorial study of sediment geochemical characteristics, as well as the downcore micro- and macrofossil assemblages, can be considered as a baseline for future monitoring in accordance with European Union directives, and for any future engineering interventions for the lagoon environmental maintenance and conservation; as this is the first time that geochemical and downcore palaeoecological data have been presented from this lagoon.

Transfer processes in the chalk critical zone – Multidisciplinary study of the undergound quarry of Saint Martin le Noeud

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danièle Valdés ◽  
Ningxin Chen ◽  
Marc Dumont ◽  
Christelle Marlin ◽  
Hélène Blanchoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Variable Thickness ◽  
Critical Zone ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Clay Layer ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Saint Martin

<p>The Chalk aquifer is a crucial, vital resource for water supply in France, Belgium and England. However, since several decades, this resource is threatened by high anthropogenic pressures: inducing a degradation of the groundwater’s quality.</p><p>The aim of our multidisciplinary study is to understand the transfer processes of the water and associated elements - solutes and contaminants (nitrate, pesticides) - throughout the critical zone (CZ) of chalk from the topsoil to the water table.</p><p>This study is focused on the underground quarry of Saint Martin le Noeud which is located in the Upper Cretaceous chalk layer of the Paris Basin. A layer of clay-with-flints covers the chalk of the quarry with a variable thickness. At a depth from 16 to 30m, the quarry is about 1200 m long and 150 m wide, giving a direct access to different groundwater compartments: (1) the Chalk water table through a series of 16 underground lakes, and (2) the vadose zone thanks to infiltration water percolating at the ceiling of the quarry. The set-up of this site allows to study the behaviors of both compartments.</p><p>Surface geophysical measurements: electrical resistivity tomography  and electromagnetic induction  mapping, have allowed to describe precisely the structure of the critical zone: in particular the geometry of the clay layer which has a variable thickness from 0 to about 5m.</p><p>The hydrodynamic and the quality of the groundwaters of both compartments (vadose zone and Chalk water table) have been characterized in time and space: (1) time series of flow percolation, water level, electrical conductivity and temperature, (2) geochemical analyses (major elements, nitrate, pesticides). The hydrodynamic and geochemical properties of the groundwaters vary spatially along the quarry highlighting different transfer processes.</p><p>Time series analysis and geochemical data allow to estimate the transfer velocities of the water and the contaminants and to precise the biogeochemical reactions (degradation, adsorption/desorption, storage …) that occurs in the CZ. These processes vary spatially depending on the properties of the CZ. The precise description of the clay layer compared to the groundwater behaviors allows to better characterize the infiltration processes. (1) a thin layer of clay induces a “diffuse infiltration”, low velocities, and low degradation of the pesticides in the subsurface, (2) a thick layer of clay induces a perched groundwater in the near-surface, degradation processes, concentrated infiltration and higher velocities.</p>

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotopes of the Cretaceous leucogranite from Karamadazı (Kayseri), central Turkey: implications for their sources and geological setting

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 949-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerim Kocak
Keyword(s):  
Mafic Magma ◽  
Mineral Chemistry ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Quartz Diorite ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Nd Isotopes ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
Central Turkey

The leucogranite is the major constituent of the bimodal Late Cretaceous Karamadazı granitoid, developed in relation with evolution of the Inner Tauride Ocean along the northern margin of the Taurides in central Turkey. New analyses of minerals major and trace elements (including rare-earth elements (REE)), and of Sr and Nd isotopes are performed to determine the origin and geochemical characteristics of the leucogranites. Medium-coarse-grained leucogranite contains normally zoned plagioclase (An12–20), mildly alkaline biotite, and xenocrystic magneziohornblende, actinolite, and ferrohornblende. It is characterized by concave-up REE patterns with respect to middle–heavy REE. Field relations, mineral chemistry, geochemical data, and isotopic data suggest that the leucogranite could have originated from an amphibole-bearing igneous source in lower to middle crust by low-rate partial melting (<40%) under low pressure and low H2O activity conditions, possibly coupled by mixing–mingling with mafic magma and high-level feldspar and minor biotite fractionation. In contrast, the quartz diorite and mafic microgranular enclave (MME) are probably developed from an enriched mantle, with possible mingling–mixing. MME, quartz diorite, and leucogranite may represent a magmatic suite, which formed in an extensional tectonic regime by bimodal magmatic activity probably because of lithospheric delamination or slab break off or after the Alpine thicken within the Gondwanan Tauride–Anatolide platform. Initial Sr data exhibit an age of 65 ± 13 Ma for the leucogranite, but it does not indicate a true intrusion age of the magma due to isotopic modification of the magma.

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