Analysis of the Position Recognition of the Bucket Tip According to the Motion Measurement Method of Excavator Boom, Stick and Bucket

On modern construction sites, guidance and automation systems are increasingly applied to excavators. Recently, studies have been actively conducted to compare the estimation results of the bucket tip with the motion measurement method of the boom, stick, and bucket and the sensor selection. This study selected the method of measuring the cylinder length of boom, stick, and bucket, and the method of directly measuring the boom, arm, and bucket, which are commonly used in guidance and automation systems. A low-cost sensor that can be attached and detached to the excavator in modular form was selected to apply the above methods to commercial excavator. After the sensor selection, hardware and excavator simulation models for sensor measurements were constructed. Finally, the trajectory of the bucket tip was compared and analyzed through graphs and simulation results when the boom, stick, and bucket were independently rotated one by one, or together. The results gives a guideline on what kinds of sensors would be better in machine guidance or controlling an excavator according to given external environments.

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Data-Driven Simulation for Evaluating the Impact of Lower Arrival Aircraft Separation on Available Airspace and Runway Capacity at Tokyo International Airport

Aerospace ◽

10.3390/aerospace8060165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Katsuhiro Sekine ◽

Furuto Kato ◽

Kota Kageyama ◽

Eri Itoh

Keyword(s):

Simulation Models ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Air Traffic ◽

Data Driven ◽

Wake Turbulence ◽

Automation Systems ◽

Delay Times ◽

Simulation Results ◽

The Impact ◽

Terminal Area

Although the application of new wake turbulence categories, the so-called “RECAT (wake turbulence category re-categorization)”, will realize lower aircraft separation minima and directly increase runway throughput, the impacts of increasing arrival traffic on the surrounding airspace and arrival traffic flow as a whole have not yet been discussed. This paper proposes a data-driven simulation approach and evaluates the effectiveness of the lower aircraft separation in the arrival traffic at the target airport. The maximum runway capacity was clarified using statistics on aircraft types, stochastic distributions of inter-aircraft time and runway occupancy time, and the levels of the automation systems that supported air traffic controllers’ separation work. Based on the estimated available runway capacity, simulation models were proposed by analyzing actual radar track and flight plan data during the 6 months between September 2019 and February 2020, under actual operational constraints and weather conditions. The simulation results showed that the application of RECAT would reduce vectoring time in the terminal area by 7% to 10% under the current airspace and runway capacity when following a first-come first-served arrival sequence. In addition, increasing airspace capacity by 10% in the terminal area could dramatically reduce en-route and takeoff delay times while keeping vectoring time the same as under the current operation in the terminal area. These findings clarified that applying RECAT would contribute to mitigating air traffic congestion close to the airport, and to reducing delay times in arrival traffic as a whole while increasing runway throughput. The simulation results demonstrated the relevance of the theoretical results given by queue-based approaches in the authors’ past studies.

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Study and design of dual stator permanent magnet machine with spoke-type configurations using phase-group concentrated-coil windings

International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics ◽

10.3233/jae-209457 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (1-4) ◽

pp. 1381-1389

Author(s):

Dezhi Chen ◽

Chengwu Diao ◽

Zhiyu Feng ◽

Shichong Zhang ◽

Wenliang Zhao

Keyword(s):

Permanent Magnet ◽

Permanent Magnets ◽

Low Cost ◽

Dynamic Performance ◽

Torque Ripple ◽

Permanent Magnet Machine ◽

Torque Density ◽

Phase Group ◽

High Torque ◽

Simulation Results

In this paper, a novel dual-stator permanent magnet machine (DsPmSynM) with low cost and high torque density is designed. The winding part of the DsPmSynM adopts phase-group concentrated-coil windings, and the permanent magnets are arranged by spoke-type. Firstly, the winding structure reduces the amount of copper at the end of the winding. Secondly, the electromagnetic torque ripple of DsPmSynM is suppressed by reducing the cogging torque. Furthermore, the dynamic performance of DsPmSynM is studied. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the simulation results.

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Ultrasonic measurement of clamping force for injection molding machine

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng-2018-0268 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 388-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Peng Zhao ◽

Yao Zhao ◽

Jianfeng Zhang ◽

Junye Huang ◽

Neng Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Injection Molding ◽

Measurement Method ◽

Large Scale ◽

Force Measurement ◽

Low Cost ◽

Ultrasonic Method ◽

Injection Molding Process ◽

Propagation Time ◽

Clamping Force ◽

Molding Process

AbstractAn online and feasible clamping force measurement method is important in the injection molding process and equipment. Based on the sono-elasticity theory, anin situclamping force measurement method using ultrasonic technology is proposed in this paper. A mathematical model is established to describe the relationship between the ultrasonic propagation time, mold thickness, and clamping force. A series of experiments are performed to verify the proposed method. Experimental findings show that the measurement results of the proposed method agree well with those of the magnetic enclosed-type clamping force tester method, with difference squares less than 2 (MPa)2and errors bars less than 0.7 MPa. The ultrasonic method can be applied in molds of different thickness, injection molding machines of different clamping scales, and large-scale injection cycles. The proposed method offers advantages of being highly accurate, highly stable, simple, feasible, non-destructive, and low-cost, providing significant application prospects in the injection molding industry.

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An Analysis on the Forming Load of AA 2024 Aluminium Alloy in Combined and Sequence Operation Process

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.949 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 519-521 ◽

pp. 949-954 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Beong Bok Hwang ◽

J.H. Shim ◽

Jung Min Seo ◽

H.S. Koo ◽

J.H. Ok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Load Capacity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Forming Load ◽

Mechanical Press ◽

Combined Operation ◽

Aa 2024 ◽

Load Characteristics ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Selection Of

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the forming load characteristics of a forward-backward can extrusion in both combined and sequence operation. A commercially available finite element program, which is coded in the rigid-plastic finite element method, has been employed to investigate the forming load characteristics. AA 2024 aluminum alloy is selected as a model material. The analysis in the present study is extended to the selection of press frame capacity for producing efficiently final product at low cost. The possible extrusion processes to shape a forward-backward can component with different outer diameters are categorized to estimate quantitatively the force requirement for forming forward-backward can part, forming energy, and maximum pressure exerted on the die-material interfaces, respectively. The categorized processes are composed of combined and/or some basic extrusion processes such as sequence operation. Based on the simulation results about forming load characteristics, the frame capacity of a mechanical press of crank-drive type suitable for a selected process could be determined along with securing the load capacity and with considering productivity. In addition, it is suggested that different load capacities be selected for different dimensions of a part such as wall thickness in forward direction and etc. It is concluded quantitatively from the simulation results that the combined operation is superior to sequence operation in terms of relatively low forming load and thus it leads to low cost for forming equipments. However, it is also known from the simulation results that the precise control of dimensional accuracy is not so easy in combined operation. The results in this paper could be a good reference for analysis of forming process for complex parts and selection of proper frame capacity of a mechanical press to achieve low production cost and thus high productivity.

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Hybrid Fluid Flow Simulation Combining Full Physics Simulation and Artificial Intelligence

10.2118/204728-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mokhles Mezghani ◽

Mustafa AlIbrahim ◽

Majdi Baddourah

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Reservoir Simulation ◽

History Matching ◽

Hybrid Approach ◽

Flow Simulation ◽

Latin Hypercube Sampling ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Fine Scale ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Optimization Loop

Abstract Reservoir simulation is a key tool for predicting the dynamic behavior of the reservoir and optimizing its development. Fine scale CPU demanding simulation grids are necessary to improve the accuracy of the simulation results. We propose a hybrid modeling approach to minimize the weight of the full physics model by dynamically building and updating an artificial intelligence (AI) based model. The AI model can be used to quickly mimic the full physics (FP) model. The methodology that we propose consists of starting with running the FP model, an associated AI model is systematically updated using the newly performed FP runs. Once the mismatch between the two models is below a predefined cutoff the FP model is switch off and only the AI model is used. The FP model is switched on at the end of the exercise either to confirm the AI model decision and stop the study or to reject this decision (high mismatch between FP and AI model) and upgrade the AI model. The proposed workflow was applied to a synthetic reservoir model, where the objective is to match the average reservoir pressure. For this study, to better account for reservoir heterogeneity, fine scale simulation grid (approximately 50 million cells) is necessary to improve the accuracy of the reservoir simulation results. Reservoir simulation using FP model and 1024 CPUs requires approximately 14 hours. During this history matching exercise, six parameters have been selected to be part of the optimization loop. Therefore, a Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) using seven FP runs is used to initiate the hybrid approach and build the first AI model. During history matching, only the AI model is used. At the convergence of the optimization loop, a final FP model run is performed either to confirm the convergence for the FP model or to re iterate the same approach starting from the LHS around the converged solution. The following AI model will be updated using all the FP simulations done in the study. This approach allows the achievement of the history matching with very acceptable quality match, however with much less computational resources and CPU time. CPU intensive, multimillion-cell simulation models are commonly utilized in reservoir development. Completing a reservoir study in acceptable timeframe is a real challenge for such a situation. The development of new concepts/techniques is a real need to successfully complete a reservoir study. The hybrid approach that we are proposing is showing very promising results to handle such a challenge.

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Learnings from Building a Vendor Agnostic Automated Directional Drilling System

10.2118/205864-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Titto Thomas Philip ◽

Sergey Ziatdinov

Keyword(s):

Business Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Directional Drilling ◽

Paradigm Shifts ◽

Process Data ◽

Vast Number ◽

Automation Systems ◽

Bottom Hole Assembly ◽

Drilling System ◽

Roll Out

Abstract The post COVID-19 era will undoubtedly present paradigm shifts in operational planning and execution and advanced automation will become an important factor. However, drilling automation without directional drilling (Cayeux 2020) capability will exclude the use of automation in a vast number of fields where precise placement of the wellbore has shifted from a luxury to a necessity. This is important in unconventional plays where automation can make a step change in operational outcomes (Chmela 2020). However, most efforts in automating directional drilling are using bespoke rigs (Slagmulder 2016) and bespoke bottom hole assembly (BHA) that limit operational options. The goal is in designing systems that enable directional drilling automation (Chatar 2018) with existing BHAs. This paper will look at three challenges that were identified and overcome to deploy a vendor agnostic system for automating the directional drilling (DD) process. The three challenges identified here are as follows:Using any mud motor including low-cost motors in a closed loopIntegration with an existing measurement and logging while drilling (MLWD) systemAbility to roll out automation systems on any operations with existing rigs The system is a modification of an operator’s autonomous drilling system (Rassenfoss 2011), designed to use existing rigs, BHAs and have minimum footprint on the rigs for operational use. The system will have a dedicated connection to the rig’s programmable logic controller (PLC) via common industrial protocols including Modbus, EthernetIP or Profinet, a physical connection the MLWD receiver and a brain box with a cloud connection to aggregate, process data and send commands to the rig PLC to execute directional commands. A vendor agnostic system will increase adoption of automated technologies and further drive improvements in operational and business performance.

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Ultrasound detection using optical interferometry

10.32920/ryerson.14651565 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nusrat Jahan Surovy

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Ultrasound Imaging ◽

Detection System ◽

Incidence Angle ◽

Low Cost ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Exerted Pressure ◽

Piezoelectric Devices

Ultrasound imaging is a widely used noninvasive imaging technique for biomedical and other applications. Piezoelectric devices are commonly used for the generation and detection of ultrasound in these applications. However, implementation of two-dimensional arrays of piezoelectric transducers for 3D ultrasound imaging is complex and expensive. Optical Fabry-Perot interferometry is an attractive alternative to the piezoelectric devices for detection of ultrasound. In this method a thin film etalon is constructed and used. Light reflected from the two surfaces of this thin film produces an intensity which depends on the film thickness. When ultrasound is incident on the film, it changes the thickness of the film and consequently modulates the light intensity on the film. In our work, we made two types of etalon (Finesse 2) for our experiment. We detected lower frequency ultrasound (0.5 MHz or 1 MHz) using the build etalon. We determined a linear relationship between the strength of the optical signals and the exerted pressure on a film by the ultrasound. The dependence of the etalon performance on the light wavelength was demonstrated indirectly by measuring the signal at various light incidence angle. Simulation results are also presented. Lastly, we proposed the optimum design of this detection system based on the simulation results. This method of ultrasound detection can be a potential low-cost approach for 3D ultrasound imaging.

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Pneumatic Actuator Controlled by Proportional Valve. Experimental results

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202128604010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 286 ◽

pp. 04010

Author(s):

Valentin Nicolae Cococi ◽

Constantin Călinoiu ◽

Carmen-Anca Safta

Keyword(s):

Control Valve ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Pneumatic Actuator ◽

Proportional Valve ◽

Controlled Systems ◽

Automation Systems ◽

Simulation Results ◽

The Mathematical Model ◽

Fire Ignition

In nowadays the pneumatic controlled systems are widely used in industrial applications where valves must be operated, where there is a fire ignition risk, or in different automation systems where a positioning action is desired. The paper presents the experimental results of a pneumatic actuator controlled by a proportional control valve. The goal of the paper is to compare the experimental results with the numerical simulation results and to improve the mathematical model associated with the experiment.

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Prefabricated Urban Underground Utility Tunnels: A Case Study on Mechanical Behaviour with Strain Monitoring and Numerical Simulation

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/5534526 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Yonggang Xiao ◽

Jubing Zhang ◽

Jie Cao ◽

Changhong Li

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Side Wall ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Land Occupation ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Simulation Results

The prefabricated urban utility tunnels (UUTs) have many advantages such as short construction period, low cost, high quality, and small land occupation. However, there is still a lack of in-depth analysis of the mechanical performance of the prefabricated urban utility tunnel (UUT) structure with bolted connections under different working conditions. In this paper, the force performance of a prefabricated UUT in Tongzhou District, Beijing, was studied under different working conditions using two methods: field monitoring and numerical simulation. The multichannel strain monitor was used for monitoring, and the internal wall concrete and bolt strain change data under the two conditions of installation and backfill were obtained. Combined with the construction process of the UUTs, a three-dimensional numerical model was established by COMSOL, where the build-in bolt assembly was used to simulate the longitudinal connection of the tunnel. The simulation results were compared with the measured data to verify the rationality of the computational model. The simulation results showed that the concrete and bolts on the inner wall of the tunnel work well under the two conditions of installation and backfilling; The deformation of the top plate of the prefabricated tunnel was approximately parabolic, with the largest vertical displacement (0.37 mm) in the middle and the most sensitive to the vertical load in the central part of the roof. The central portion of the side wall had the largest displacement (0.17 mm) in the inner concave. The tensile stress of bolt 3 increased the most (30.75 MPa) but was still much smaller than the yield strength of the bolt. The concrete and bolts of the UUT were found to work well through force analysis under operating conditions. In conclusion, analysis of structural forces and deformation failure modes will help design engineers understand the basic mechanisms and select the appropriate UUT structure.

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Development and initial validation of a cost-effective, re-usable, ultrasound-compatible suprapubic catheter insertion training simulator

Canadian Urological Association Journal ◽

10.5489/cuaj.7373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Harkanwal Randhawa ◽

Yuding Wang ◽

Jen Hoogenes ◽

Michael Uy ◽

Bobby Shayegan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Content Validity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Boot Camp ◽

First Year ◽

Multiple Use ◽

Training Simulator ◽

Training Tool ◽

Technical Performance

Introduction: Suprapubic catheterization (SPC) is a fundamental skill required of urology trainees. A lack of affordable simulation models and unpredictability of bedside SPCs limit experiential learning opportunities. Our objective was to develop and initially validate a re-usable, low-cost, ultrasound (US)-compatible SPC simulator for acquiring skills that transfer to the bedside. Methods: The model was constructed using six components. Staff urologists and interventional radiologists (IRs) conducted a SPC and rated the model on three domains with multiple subcategories on a five-point Likert scale: anatomic realism; usefulness as a training tool; and global/overall reaction. Participants in our first-year urology “boot camp” received SPC training, practiced, and were evaluated via an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Staff ratings and OSCE scores determined the model’s initial face and content validity. Results: Twelve staff physicians participated in the study. The mean scores for urologists and IRs, respectively, were: anatomical realism: 4.10 and 3.70; usefulness as a training tool: 4.23 and 4.24; and overall reaction: 4.40 and 4.44. Staff strongly agreed that the model should be incorporated into the residency curriculum. Over the past four years, 25 boot camp participants scored a mean of 99.7% (±1.8) on the OSCE, with high technical performance and entrustment scores (4.8 and 4.7, respectively). The model cost $55 CAD. Conclusions: This novel, multiple-use, low-cost, easily reproducible US-compatible SPC simulator demonstrated initial face and content validity via high staff urologist and IR ratings and OSCE scores of first-year urology residents. Additional research is required for construct validation.

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