scholarly journals Layer-Averaged Water Temperature Sensing in a Lake by Acoustic Tomography with a Focus on the Inversion Stratification Mechanism

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7448
Author(s):  
Shijie Xu ◽  
Zhao Xue ◽  
Xinyi Xie ◽  
Haocai Huang ◽  
Guangming Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Acoustic Tomography ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Travel Information ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Tomography Method

Continuous sensing of water parameters is of great importance to fluid dynamic progress study in oceans, coastal areas and inland waters. The acoustic tomography technique can perform water temperature field measurements horizontally and vertically using sound wave travel information. The layer-averaged water temperature can also be measured with the acoustic tomography method. However, investigations focusing on the stratified mechanism, which consists of stratification form and its influence on inversion error, are seldom performed. In this study, an acoustic tomography experiment was carried out in a reservoir along two vertical slices to observe the layer-averaged water temperature. Specifically, multi-path sound travel information is identified through ray tracing using high-precision topography data obtained via a ship-mounted ADCP during the experiment. Vertical slices between sound stations are divided into different layers to study layer division inversion methods in different preset types. The inversion method is used to calculate the average water temperature and inversion temperature error of every layer. Different layer methods are studied with a comparison of results. The layer division principle studied in this paper can be used for layer-averaged water temperature sensing with multi-path sound transmission information.

Age, Growth, and Maturity of the Longnose Sucker Catostomus catostomus, of Western Lake Superior

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1288-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merryll M. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Group V ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Longnose Suckers

Studies of age, growth, and maturity were based on 1760 fish collected in western Lake Superior in 1964–65. The body:scale relation was curvilinear and the curve had an intercept of 1.65 inches on the length axis. The weight increased as the 2.85 power of the length. Some fish formed an annulus before May 18 in 1965; all had completed annuli by late September. Longnose suckers grew 3.6 inches the 1st year, reached 12 inches in the 6th year, and 18 inches in the 11th year. Fish from Pikes Bay grew faster than those from Gull Island Shoal. Over 6 years were required for weight to reach 1 lb and nearly 10 years to reach 2 lb. Minimum length at maturity was 10.5 inches for males and 11.5 inches for females. The youngest mature male belonged to age-group IV and the youngest mature female to age-group V. All males were mature at 14.5–14.9 inches (age-group VIII) and all females at 15.0–15.4 (age-group IX).Finclipped longnose suckers returned to spawn in the Brule River in successive years. One fish returned to spawn in 4 successive years. Many of the fish were not recaptured until 2 or 3 years after marking. The time of the Brule River spawning migration depended more on water temperature than on length of day. The average water temperature during the peak of the spawning runs of 1958–64 was 55.4 F. Larval suckers apparently spend little time in the Brule River and adjacent streams and drift downstream to the lake soon after hatching. The number of eggs in the ovaries of eight suckers ranged from 14 to 35 thousand and averaged 24 thousand for fish 13.9–17.7 inches long.

scholarly journals Water consumption when exposed to sun and shade for native goats in the semiarid of the State of Paraiba, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Dermeval A. Furtado ◽  
Jackson R. de S. Leite ◽  
Jose W. B. do Nascimento ◽  
Antonio F. Leal ◽  
Andrea S. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Average Consumption

This work aimed to evaluate the preference and water consumption of native goats in the semiarid of Brazil. The water was freely supplied, in individual buckets, one exposed to the sun and the other in the shade. The experiment was realized using 18 animals of Moxotó, Graúna and Azul breeds, with average weight of 16,6 ± 2,4 kg, kept in confinement in individual stalls equipped with feeders and drinkers, during the period from January to February of 2009. The water temperature was measured by sensors (thermocouples type T - copper/constantan), which were coupled to a system of data acquisition. It was observed that the average water temperature exposed to the sun was 29.02 ºC, and 23.85 ºC in the shade. For all breeds there was a preference for the water exposed to the sun, corresponding to an average consumption of 64.71% of the total. Among the breeds, the greatest preference for water exposed to the sun was the Azul (71.18%), followed by the Moxotó (65.95%) and the Graúna (57.00%). The animals consumed more water during the day, and the average water consumption was 1.15 grams day-1, corresponding to 6.9 % of body weight of the animals.

scholarly journals DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF COMMON SNOOK REARED IN MARINE CAGES IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. e643
Author(s):  
Fabiano Müller SILVA ◽  
Bruno Corrêa da SILVA ◽  
Vinicius Ronzani CERQUEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Common Snook ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Two Phases

Two growth stages of juvenile snook (Centropomus undecimalis) under three different densities were evaluated: 10, 20, and 40 fish m-3, in 2.5-m3 cages with 12-mm mesh. In phase I, snooks of 72.0 g and 21.2 cm were raised for 270 days. In phase II, snooks of 204.6 g and 29.2 cm were raised for 202 days. The average water temperature and salinity were 24.3°C and 34.5, respectively, at Santa Catarina Island, Brazil. The data were evaluated using regression models. Density increase did not influence survival rate, with 51.0% (phase I) and 88.7% (phase II). The density of 20 fish m-3 provided the best results, such as body weight, in the two phases, with 215.7 and 364.7 g, respectively. Water temperature was the main limiting factor for the growth of snook. Therefore, in a subtropical climate, it is recommended to start growing in the spring (> 24°C) and avoid handling fish when the temperature is below 20°C. Regression analysis on the final weight showed that densities of 24 fish m-3 could be indicated for common snook under the conditions of this study.

Continuously sensing of water temperature in a lake using acoustic tomography method

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Haocai Huang ◽  
Xinyi Xie ◽  
Shijie Xu ◽  
Yong Guo ◽  
Shuo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Acoustic Tomography ◽  
Tomography Method

Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics

2002 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Whirling Disease ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Exposure Temperature ◽  
Average Water

<EM>ABSTRACT. </EM>We obtained data from several sources to explore selected habitat compartments of a more complex epizootic model of factors affecting <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>in free-ranging populations of fish. We examined histological sections from branchial and cranial tissues from Yellowstone cutthroat trout <em>Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri </em>and rainbow trout <em>O. mykiss</em>, naturally exposed to <em>M. cerebralis </em>at nine locations within three river drainages in Idaho, for evidence of characteristic pathology of whirling disease. Mean water temperature during exposure, temperature coefficient of variation, and the density of two groups of benthic macroinvertebrates that can thrive in habitats of high organic content were significantly positively correlated with the mean lesion severity of infected fish. We used stepwise multiple linear regression models to test combinations of variables as predictors of disease severity. Models with average water temperature or average temperature variation during exposure and the density of oligochaetes and chironomids accounted for more than 80% of the variation.

scholarly journals Myristic acid as phase change material (PCM) for increased productivity of solar distillation plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
Caturwati Ni Ketut ◽  
Yusuf Yusvardi ◽  
Komara Fajar Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Phase Change Material ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Solar Distillation ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Change Material

AbstractThe availability of freshwater is increasingly becoming an international concern because of the increase in population and the diminishing forest area as a source of water, leading to a freshwater crisis. The coastal and swamp areas abound in water, but humans cannot consume it due to the quality. One effort that can be done in overcoming this problem is by treating existing raw water with solar distillation methods. However, the main obstacle faced in this method is the intensity of sunlight that is not stable throughout the day so that the productivity of distilled water is disrupted. Using the appropriate phase change material (PCM) is expected to make the distillation process smoother and increase the production of pure water. In this study, myristic acid was used as PCM in double slope solar distillation system. Through observation, it was obtained that the average water temperature in the basin equaled to 42.5 °C while the melting point of the myristic acid was 58 °C. This shows that the use of myristic acid as an energy storage through phase change process does not occur. Therefore, the use of myristic acid as PCM for increasing the productivity of solar distillation in these experiments is not effective because the melting point of PCM is higher than water temperature in the basin. Therefore, material with a phase change temperature below 42.5 °C is more appropriate to use in these conditions.

scholarly journals Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Bacteria from Aquaculture Fishes in Pond Water of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Bacterial diseases are widespread and can be of particular importance in the fish farming of Bangladesh. This investigation was done to assess and compare the bacteria diversities and population in local fresh water pond fishes. Out of 95 samples, 54(56.9%) were Shing (Heteropneustes fossils), 14(14.7%) were Pangas (Pangasius pangasius), 9(9.5%) were Pabda (Ompok spp), 7(7.3%) were Thai Koi, (Anabas testudineus), and 11(11.6%) were others infected fishes such as Shol (Channa striata), Magur (Clarias spp), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Tengara (Mystus cavasius) fishes. Among 95 infected fishes 84(88.4%) were infected with pathogenic bacteria and 11(11.6%) were normal flora. There were eight types of different isolated spp with the frequency of occurrence were 36 (42.9%) Aeromonas spp, 15 (17.9%) Pseudomonas spp, 7(8.3%) Vibrio spp, 9 (10.7%) Staphylococcus spp, 7(8.3%) Flavobacterium spp, 7(8.3%) Edwardsiella spp, others were 3(3.6%) Citobacter spp, and Enterobacter spp respectively. All of the isolated pathogenic bacteria showed 84/84(100%) resistant to Amoxicillin and 18/84(64.3%) resistant to Erythromycin. All the strains showed sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Enorfloxacin, Doxyciline, Clotetracycline, and Colistin with the frequency of occurrence were 78/84(92.8%), 76/84 (90.5%), 73/84(86.9%), 67/84(67.9%), 53/84(63.1%) and 52/84(61.9%) respectively. The physiochemical characteristics of 95 pond water samples were analyzed; the average water temperature, pH, and ammonia were 27.3oC, 7.6, and 0.87mg/L respectively. The significant variation in the physiochemical parameters like water temperature, pH, ammonia was observed within these five types of ponds water. Hence, it is important to detect fish diseases, responsible pathogens, and other agents for the protection of our water resources.

scholarly journals Thermal regime of water courses of different order in the basin of the Upper Kolyma River

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Vladimir L. Samokhvalov ◽  
Nikolay V. Ukhov
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Lower Section ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Kolyma River

Evaluation of hydrological parameters and temperature regime of watercourses of various orders comes to the fore when studying the scientific problems of hydrobiology of watercourses and solving practical problems of development of fisheries and gold exploration in the regions of the Far North. This became particularly relevant due to a significant reduction in hydrological observations since the early 1990s. This article presents a quantitative investigation into the thermal regime of water courses and their spatial pattern. The paper focuses specifically studying the temperature and basic spatial parameters of streams and rivers in the area of interest. Statistical methods helped identify a close linkage between the temperature of water courses in the basin of the Upper Kolyma River and their respective sizes. A common trend has been found proving that the water temperature in the rivers increases downstream and with the increase in water course size, also known as order. A close correlation between the average water temperature, on the one hand, and the catchment area and water course length, on the other, is indicated by the relatively high correlation coefficients of 0.61 to 0.63 and 0.71 to 0.73, respectively. Average water temperatures in the summer and warm periods have been found to escalate with the increase of water course order from low (I and II) to high (VI–VII) by 4.7°C and 5.9°C, respectively, and in the Kolyma River – in the direction from the upper section (Orotuk village) to the lower section (the Korkodon River mouth) by 1.7°C and 2.1°C, respectively, even though the lower section of the river is located almost 2° north of the upper section. Due to the presence of perennial permafrost, river taliks have a cooling effect on the thermal regime of watercourses, so coolness occurs in sections of the river where there are favorable conditions for their formation. This is, first of all, the increased thickness of the well-permeable coarse-grained alluvium of the channel facies and open fracture zones in the bedrock.

scholarly journals Role of abiotic and biotic factors in formation of the seasonal variability of bioluminescence fields in the Sea of Azov

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
A. V. Melnik ◽  
Yu. N. Tokarev ◽  
Iu. B. Belogurova ◽  
E. Iu. Georgieva ◽  
V. F. Zhuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Bioluminescence Intensity ◽  
The Sea Of Azov

More than 150 intensity profiles of the bioluminescence field at 4 hydrographic stations were obtained for the first time in the Sea of Azov. The profiles were performed with a discreteness of 1 m in depth, as well as temperature and electrical conductivity profiles; microplankton species composition was also analyzed. Measurements of vertical profiles of the photosynthetically active radiation were also made during daytime. Almost at all the stations, along with the bioluminescence field measurements, samples of microplankton were taken by Jedi nets and bathometers for subsequent analysis of its species composition and quantitative distribution. Studies were carried out in winter, spring and summer periods on a unified grid of stations. The pronounced seasonal variability of the bioluminescence field integral values and its vertical structure at the Sea of Azov was registered, that was determined by the superposition of biological and hydrological characteristics of the water column in the study areas. The minimum values of the bioluminescence field intensity at the Sea of Azov (6.05 × 10-12 W·cm-2·l-1 at a depth of 4 m) were recorded in winter period. It was mainly due to low water temperature of 0.5–1.5 °C in the late January and early February, that resulted in low abundance of luminous plankton. With spring warming up of water (at water temperature 12.5 °C) the development of the unicellular plankton intensified and an increase of the bioluminescence intensity in the bottom layer to 34.8 × 10-12 W·cm-2·l-1 was observed. In the summer period, maximum values of the bioluminescence intensity were registered (up to 634.4 × 10-12 W·cm-2·l-1) at average water temperature of 27.5 °C and at maximum abundance and biomass of the luminous phytoplankton fraction.

scholarly journals Short-Range Water Temperature Profiling in a Lake with Coastal Acoustic Tomography

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4498
Author(s):  
Haocai Huang ◽  
Yong Guo ◽  
Guangming Li ◽  
Kaneko Arata ◽  
Xinyi Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Acoustic Tomography ◽  
Transmission Experiment ◽  
Regularized Inversion ◽  
Vertical Slice ◽  
Tomography Method

Coastal acoustic tomography (CAT), as an innovative technology, can perform water temperature measurements both in horizontal and vertical slices. Investigations on vertical slice observations are significantly fewer in number than horizontal observations due to difficulties in multi-path arrival peak identification. In this study, a two-station sound transmission experiment is carried out in Thousand-Island Lake, Hangzhou, China, to acquire acoustic data for water temperature profiling. Time windows, determined by range-independent ray simulation, are used to identify multi-path arrival peaks and obtain corresponding sound wave travel times. Special attention is paid to travel time correction, whose errors are caused by position drifting by more than 2 m of moored stations. The sound speed and temperature profiling are divided into four layers and are calculated by regularized inversion. Results show a good consistency with conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) measurements. The root mean square error (RMSE) of water temperature is 0.3494, 0.6838, 1.0236 and 1.0985 °C for layer 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The fluctuations of measurement are further smoothed by the moving average, which decreases the RMSE of water temperature to 0.2858, 0.4742, 0.7719 and 0.9945 °C, respectively. This study illustrates the feasibility and high accuracy of the coastal acoustic tomography method in short-range water temperature measurement. Furthermore, 3D water temperature field profiling can be performed with combined analyzing in horizontal and vertical slices.

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