Valorization of Linen Processing By-Products for the Development of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces of Polylactide with Improved Performance

This work reports the development and characterization of green composites based on polylactide (PLA) containing fillers and additives obtained from by-products or waste-streams from the linen processing industry. Flaxseed flour (FSF) was first produced by the mechanical milling of golden flaxseeds. The resultant FSF particles were melt-compounded at 30 wt% with PLA in a twin-screw extruder. Two multi-functionalized oils derived from linseed, namely epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and maleinized linseed oil (MLO), were also incorporated during melt mixing at 2.5 and 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of composite. The melt-compounded pellets were thereafter shaped into pieces by injection molding and characterized. Results showed that the addition of both multi-functionalized linseed oils successfully increased ductility, toughness, and thermal stability of the green composite pieces whereas water diffusion was reduced. The improvement achieved was related to both a plasticizing effect and, more interestingly, an enhancement of the interfacial adhesion between the biopolymer and the lignocellulosic particles by the reactive vegetable oils. The most optimal performance was attained for the MLO-containing green composite pieces, even at the lowest content, which was ascribed to the higher solubility of MLO with the PLA matrix. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the potential use of by-products or waste from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) to obtain renewable raw materials of suitable quality to develop green composites with high performance for market applications such as rigid food packaging and food-contact disposable articles in the frame of the Circular Economy and Bioeconomy.

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Effect of complex modification on cement compositions

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201821201018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 212 ◽

pp. 01018

Author(s):

Irina Enzhievskaya ◽

Cyril Odintsov ◽

Maxim Chekhlov

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Ammonium Hydroxide ◽

Joint Application ◽

Cement System ◽

Mineral Fillers ◽

Mineral Additives ◽

By Products ◽

Physical And Mechanical Characteristics

The article deals with the modification of cement compositions by a complex of modifiers, including superplasticizers and finely dispersed mineral fillers (micro fillers), based on local raw materials and by-products of the industry, as well as being capable of improving the physical and mechanical characteristics of cement concretes and solutions. The expediency of joint application of finely dispersed fillers and superplasticizers for obtaining materials with high performance characteristics is shown. The studies described in the article are aimed at expanding the raw materials base of mineral additives in combination with superplasticizers and studying their behavior in the cement system. As finely dispersed mineral additives, the following were used in the work: ground limestone from the overburden from the Mazulsky deposit, waste from sawing the jadeite of the Kashkaraksky deposit, a pulverized fraction of waste from crushing the Berezovskoye gravel, and Novosibirsk microsilica. It is shown that the introduction of the waste from sawing jadeite into the composition of the cement, along with microsilica, leads to increasing strength at bending and compression at 28 days. In the process of manufacturing a concrete and mortar mixture with the addition of limestone flour, increased gas emission was visually observed. The interaction was observed between the finely dispersed limestone flour with additives of plasticizing effect with the observed emission of complex gases, such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, and others.

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Integrated Efforts for the Valorization of Sweet Potato By-Products within a Circular Economy Concept: Biocomposites for Packaging Applications Close the Loop

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13071048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1048

Author(s):

Micaela Vannini ◽

Paola Marchese ◽

Laura Sisti ◽

Andrea Saccani ◽

Taihua Mu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Previous Treatment ◽

Sweet Potatoes ◽

Melt Mixing ◽

Hydrogen Bond Interactions ◽

Potato Waste ◽

Potato Products ◽

By Products

With the aim to fully exploit the by-products obtained after the industrial extraction of starch from sweet potatoes, a cascading approach was developed to extract high-value molecules, such as proteins and pectins, and to valorize the solid fraction, rich in starch and fibrous components. This fraction was used to prepare new biocomposites designed for food packaging applications. The sweet potato residue was added to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in various amounts up to 40 wt % by melt mixing, without any previous treatment. The composites are semicrystalline materials, characterized by thermal stability up to 260 °C. For the composites containing up to 10 wt % of residue, the tensile strength remains over 30 MPa and the strain stays over 3.2%. A homogeneous dispersion of the sweet potato waste into the bio-polymeric matrix was achieved but, despite the presence of hydrogen bond interactions between the components, a poor interfacial adhesion was detected. Considering the significant percentage of sweet potato waste used, the biocomposites obtained show a low economic and environmental impact, resulting in an interesting bio-alternative to the materials commonly used in the packaging industry. Thus, according to the principles of a circular economy, the preparation of the biocomposites closes the loop of the complete valorization of sweet potato products and by-products.

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Environmental Impact of Food Packaging Materials: A Review of Contemporary Development from Conventional Plastics to Polylactic Acid Based Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13214994 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 4994 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lindani Koketso Ncube ◽

Albert Uchenna Ude ◽

Enoch Nifise Ogunmuyiwa ◽

Rozli Zulkifli ◽

Isaac Nongwe Beas

Keyword(s):

Polylactic Acid ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Low Cost ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Green Composites ◽

Green Materials ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Contemporary Development

Plastics have remained the material of choice, and after serving their intended purpose, a large proportion ends up in the environment where they persist for centuries. The packaging industry is the largest and growing consumer of synthetic plastics derived from fossil fuels. Food packaging plastics account for the bulk of plastic waste that are polluting the environment. Additionally, given the fact that petroleum reserves are finite and facing depletion, there is a need for the development of alternative materials that can serve the same purpose as conventional plastics. This paper reviews the function of packaging materials and highlights the future potential of the adoption of green materials. Biopolymers have emerged as promising green materials although they still have very low market uptake. Polylactic acid (PLA) has emerged as the most favoured bioplastic. However, it is limited by its high cost and some performance drawbacks. Blending with agricultural waste and natural fillers can result in green composites at low cost, low greenhouse gas emissions, and with improved performance for food packaging applications. The continent of Africa is proposed as a rich source of fibres and fillers that can be sustainably exploited to fabricate green composites in a bid to achieve a circular economy.

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Hydroxytyrosol and Oleuropein-Enriched Extracts Obtained from Olive Oil Wastes and By-Products as Active Antioxidant Ingredients for Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Films

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2104

Author(s):

Francesca Luzi ◽

Elisa Pannucci ◽

Mariangela Clemente ◽

Edoardo Grande ◽

Silvia Urciuoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Vinyl Alcohol ◽

High Performance ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Active Food Packaging ◽

Main Components ◽

By Products

Oxidative stability of food is one of the most important parameters affecting integrity and consequently nutritional properties of dietary constituents. Antioxidants are widely used to avoid deterioration during transformation, packaging, and storage of food. In this paper, novel poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films were prepared by solvent casting method adding an hydroxytyrosol-enriched extract (HTyrE) or an oleuropein-enriched extract (OleE) in different percentages (5, 10 and 20% w/w) and a combination of both at 5% w/w. Both extracts were obtained from olive oil wastes and by-products using a sustainable process based on membrane technologies. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of each sample carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear resonance magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) proved that the main components were hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and oleuropein (Ole), respectively, two well-known antioxidant bioactive compounds found in Olea europaea L. All novel formulations were characterized investigating their morphological, optical and antioxidant properties. The promising performances suggest a potential use in active food packaging to preserve oxidative-sensitive food products. Moreover, this research represents a valuable example of reuse and valorization of agro-industrial wastes and by-products according to the circular economy model.

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Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions

Physical Sciences Reviews ◽

10.1515/psr-2020-0075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Xing Zhou ◽

Xin Zhang ◽

Pu Mengyuan ◽

Xinyu He ◽

Chaoqun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oils ◽

High Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Waterborne Polyurethane ◽

Epoxide Ring ◽

Active Chemical ◽

Chain Extenders ◽

Opening Method ◽

Polyurethane Dispersions

Abstract With the advances of green chemistry and nanoscience, the synthesis of green, homogenous bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with high performance have gained great attention. The presented chapter deals with the recent synthesis of waterborne polyurethane with the biomass, especially the vegetable oils including castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, jatropha oil, and palm oil, etc. Meanwhile, the other biomasses, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, chitosan, etc., have also been illustrated with the significant application in preparing polyurethane dispersions. The idea was to highlight the main vegetable oil-based polyols, and the isocyanate, diols as chain extenders, which have supplied a class of raw materials in WPU. The conversion of biomasses into active chemical agents, which can be used in synthesis of WPU, has been discussed in detail. The main mechanisms and methods are also presented. It is suggested that the epoxide ring opening method is still the main route to transform vegetable oils to polyols. Furthermore, the nonisocyanate WPU may be one of the main trends for development of WPU using biomasses, especially the abundant vegetable oils.

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Coffee By-Products and Their Suitability for Developing Active Food Packaging Materials

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 683

Author(s):

Gonçalo Oliveira ◽

Cláudia P. Passos ◽

Paula Ferreira ◽

Manuel A. Coimbra ◽

Idalina Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Surface Hydrophobicity ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Spent Coffee Grounds ◽

Plastic Materials ◽

Active Food Packaging ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

By Products

The coffee industry generates a wide variety of by-products derived from green coffee processing (pulp, mucilage, parchment, and husk) and roasting (silverskin and spent coffee grounds). All these fractions are simply discarded, despite their high potential value. Given their polysaccharide-rich composition, along with a significant number of other active biomolecules, coffee by-products are being considered for use in the production of plastics, in line with the notion of the circular economy. This review highlights the chemical composition of coffee by-products and their fractionation, evaluating their potential for use either as polymeric matrices or additives for developing plastic materials. Coffee by-product-derived molecules can confer antioxidant and antimicrobial activities upon plastic materials, as well as surface hydrophobicity, gas impermeability, and increased mechanical resistance, suitable for the development of active food packaging. Overall, this review aims to identify sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for valorizing coffee by-products while offering suitable raw materials for biodegradable plastic formulations, emphasizing their application in the food packaging sector.

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Reactive Melt Mixing of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)/Rice Husk Flour Composites with Purified Biosustainably Produced Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12132152 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (13) ◽

pp. 2152 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Beatriz Melendez-Rodriguez ◽

Sergio Torres-Giner ◽

Abdulaziz Aldureid ◽

Luis Cabedo ◽

Jose M. Lagaron

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Composite Films ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Green Composite ◽

Melt Mixing ◽

Rice Husk Flour ◽

Contact Transparency ◽

Reactive Melt ◽

Effective Additive

Novel green composites based on commercial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) filled with 10 wt % rice husk flour (RHF) were melt-compounded in a mini-mixer unit using triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) as compatibilizer and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiator. Purified poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) produced by mixed bacterial cultures derived from fruit pulp waste was then incorporated into the green composite in contents in the 5–50 wt % range. Films for testing were obtained thereafter by thermo-compression and characterized. Results showed that the incorporation of up to 20 wt % of biowaste derived PHBV yielded green composite films with a high contact transparency, relatively low crystallinity, high thermal stability, improved mechanical ductility, and medium barrier performance to water vapor and aroma. This study puts forth the potential use of purified biosustainably produced PHBV as a cost-effective additive to develop more affordable and waste valorized food packaging articles.

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Secondary raw materials of agricultural processing companies as a source of anthocyanin colorants

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202017603019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 176 ◽

pp. 03019

Author(s):

Marina Shkolnikova ◽

Olga Chugunova ◽

Svetlana Ivanova

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Vaccinium Myrtillus ◽

Raw Material ◽

Natural Food ◽

Food Colorant ◽

Anthocyanin Pigments ◽

By Products

Many recent researches in vitro and in vivo proved the large therapeutic potency of non-toxic anthocyans in anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, anti-oxidative actions. Anthocyanin is a natural phenolic colorant approved in many countries. A reason why the world market of natural food colorants is reduced is because fruit and berry raw materials are expensive. Yet the fruit and berry raw materials are extracted with significant losses and by-products. This constitutes around 23-45% of the whole amount of berries processes in the Russian Federation. Thus, a priority direction of the food industry is a development of technologies allowing to use precious berry pomace with high bioactive compounds, i.e. anthocyans, organic acids, pectin. The aim of the research is to extract food colorant from the pomace of Vaccínium myrtíllus and Vaccínium vítis-idaéa to identify individual anthocyanin pigments. The food safety and composition of the pomace of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea as raw material for food colorant extraction were found. Individual anthocyanin pigments of anthocyanin extracts were identified through the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. Cyanidin-3-galactoside was found in the extracts of berries (85,6 %) and pomaces (81,2%) of Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Fifteen compounds were identified in the extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus. The major ones were delphinidin-3-glucoside (13,4 %), delphinidin-3-galactoside (12,4 %), and cyanidin-3-glucoside for the fresh berries. As for the pigments of its pomaces, they were delphinidin-3-glucoside (15,3 %), delphinidin-3-galactoside (14,7 %), and delphinidin-3-arabinoside (10,5 %). Hence, there are more anthocyanin pigments in the extracts of pomaces, than in those of the fresh berries with identical compounds – 24,7 % more for Vaccinium myrtillus and 11,1 % more for Vaccinium myrtillus. The possibility to extract anthocyanin pigments from by-products of the local fruit and berry raw materials – i.e. of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idae ones – and identify them is discussed.

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Effective valorization of barley bran for simultaneous cellulase and β-amylase production by Paenibacillus chitinolyticus CKS1: Statistical optimization and enzymes application

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc170514092m ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1223-1236 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katarina Mihajlovski ◽

Sladjana Davidovic ◽

Djordje Veljovic ◽

Milica Carevic ◽

Vesna Lazic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Starch Structure ◽

Cotton Fibres ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Paenibacillus Sp ◽

Amylase Production ◽

Barley Bran ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

By Products

The agricultural raw industry generates large amounts of annually by- -products that create disposal problems. Hitherto, there have been no reported papers about the simultaneous production of cellulase and ?-amylase from these raw materials using Paenibacillus sp. that would reduce the costs. Thus, in this paper simultaneous cellulase (CMC-ase and avicelase) and ?-amylase production using barley bran and the application of the natural isolate Paenibacillus chitinolyticus CKS1 and potential enzymes in the hydrolysis process was studied. Response surface methodology was used to obtain the maximum enzyme activity (CMC-ase 0.405 U mL-1, avicelase 0.433 U mL-1 and ?-amylase 1.594U mL-1). Scanning electron microscopy showed degradation of the lignocellulosic?starch structure of barley bran after fermentation. The CKS1 bacterial supernatant, which contains cellulases and ?-amylase, could hydrolyze cotton fibres and barley bran, respectively. The main products after enzymatic hydrolysis of cotton fibres and barley bran, glucose (0.117 g gmat -1) and maltose (0.347 g gmat -1), were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The produced enzymes could be used for hydrolysis of cotton fabric and barley bran to glucose and maltose, respectively. Application of simultaneous enzymes production using an agricultural by-product is economically and environmentally accepted and moreover, valuable biotechnological products, such as glucose and maltose, were obtained in this investigation.

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Industrial Fruits By-Products and Their Antioxidant Profile: Can They Be Exploited for Industrial Food Applications?

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 272

Author(s):

Cássia H. Barbosa ◽

Mariana A. Andrade ◽

Raquel Séndon ◽

Ana Sanches Silva ◽

Fernando Ramos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

High Performance ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Economic Value ◽

Food Additives ◽

Array Detector ◽

Dpph Radical ◽

Active Food Packaging ◽

By Products

Fruit by-products have a low economic value and have proven biological activities, such as antioxidant capacity due to the presence of active compounds. The main objective of this study was to obtain and determine the antioxidant capacity, through DPPH radical assay and β-carotene bleaching assay, of three food grade extracts from apple, lemon, and orange industrial by-products. Furthermore, the extracts were characterized by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). LC with diode array detector (LC-DAD) was used for the quantification of the main polyphenols. Lemon extract presented the highest inhibition percentage of DPPH radical (51.7%) and the highest total phenolics content (43.4 mg GAE/g) from the by-products studied. Orange by-product was that with the higher number of polyphenols while lemon extract was that with the highest content of individual phenolics. The by-product obtained from the lemon was that with higher amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids (407 µg/g of by-product), mainly chlorogenic acid (386.7 µg/g), followed by the apple by-product (128.0 µg/g of by-product), which showed higher amounts of rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids. These industrial by-products have great potential as a source of natural antioxidants to be used directly as food additives or to be incorporated in packaging to produce active food packaging.

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