Industrial Fruits By-Products and Their Antioxidant Profile: Can They Be Exploited for Industrial Food Applications?

Fruit by-products have a low economic value and have proven biological activities, such as antioxidant capacity due to the presence of active compounds. The main objective of this study was to obtain and determine the antioxidant capacity, through DPPH radical assay and β-carotene bleaching assay, of three food grade extracts from apple, lemon, and orange industrial by-products. Furthermore, the extracts were characterized by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). LC with diode array detector (LC-DAD) was used for the quantification of the main polyphenols. Lemon extract presented the highest inhibition percentage of DPPH radical (51.7%) and the highest total phenolics content (43.4 mg GAE/g) from the by-products studied. Orange by-product was that with the higher number of polyphenols while lemon extract was that with the highest content of individual phenolics. The by-product obtained from the lemon was that with higher amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids (407 µg/g of by-product), mainly chlorogenic acid (386.7 µg/g), followed by the apple by-product (128.0 µg/g of by-product), which showed higher amounts of rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids. These industrial by-products have great potential as a source of natural antioxidants to be used directly as food additives or to be incorporated in packaging to produce active food packaging.

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The Use of Essential Oils in Active Food Packaging: A Review of Recent Studies

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1799-1804.2640 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 1799

Author(s):

Muhammad Zeeshan Akram ◽

Sema Yaman Fırıncıoğlu ◽

Hassan Jalal ◽

Sibel Canoğulları Doğan

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Food Industry ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Food Additives ◽

Biodegradable Films ◽

Processed Food ◽

Active Food Packaging

Public concern on the excessive use of synthetic food additives has raised a great interest to use natural products due to their potential in food and pharmacological industries. Nowadays, chemical food additives are questioned due to their contribution to the health risks and environmental impacts. Among natural additives, essential oils (EOs) are extracted from aromatic compounds and responsible for their biological activities namely antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity. Incorporation of bio-active compounds particularly EOs directly in food or edible/biodegradable food packaging seems to enhance the shelf life and quality characteristics of processed food and protect the consumers against oxidative and bacterial deterioration effects. However, inclusion of EOs in films/coatings for food packaging may put some effects on various properties (optic, tensile and etc.), which can affect the consumer acceptability. Their addition in food can cause some allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to the individuals who use them often. This paper aims to review the latest findings on the use of EOs incorporated with edible/biodegradable films and coatings to enhance the shelf life and quality of the food. Further investigations about essential oils are expected to clarify their exact action and build up their standard use in food industry.

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Hydroxytyrosol and Oleuropein-Enriched Extracts Obtained from Olive Oil Wastes and By-Products as Active Antioxidant Ingredients for Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Films

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2104

Author(s):

Francesca Luzi ◽

Elisa Pannucci ◽

Mariangela Clemente ◽

Edoardo Grande ◽

Silvia Urciuoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Vinyl Alcohol ◽

High Performance ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Active Food Packaging ◽

Main Components ◽

By Products

Oxidative stability of food is one of the most important parameters affecting integrity and consequently nutritional properties of dietary constituents. Antioxidants are widely used to avoid deterioration during transformation, packaging, and storage of food. In this paper, novel poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films were prepared by solvent casting method adding an hydroxytyrosol-enriched extract (HTyrE) or an oleuropein-enriched extract (OleE) in different percentages (5, 10 and 20% w/w) and a combination of both at 5% w/w. Both extracts were obtained from olive oil wastes and by-products using a sustainable process based on membrane technologies. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of each sample carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear resonance magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) proved that the main components were hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and oleuropein (Ole), respectively, two well-known antioxidant bioactive compounds found in Olea europaea L. All novel formulations were characterized investigating their morphological, optical and antioxidant properties. The promising performances suggest a potential use in active food packaging to preserve oxidative-sensitive food products. Moreover, this research represents a valuable example of reuse and valorization of agro-industrial wastes and by-products according to the circular economy model.

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Schisandra rubriflora Plant Material and In Vitro Microshoot Cultures as Rich Sources of Natural Phenolic Antioxidants

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9060488 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 488

Author(s):

Agnieszka Szopa ◽

Michał Dziurka ◽

Sebastian Granica ◽

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz ◽

Paweł Kubica ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

High Performance ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Array Detector ◽

Plant Materials

Schisandra rubriflora is a dioecious, underestimated medicinal plant species known from traditional Chinese medicine. The present study was aimed at characterising the polyphenolic profile composition and the related antioxidant capacity of S. rubriflora fruit, stem and leaf and in vitro microshoot culture extracts. Separate analyses of material from female and male specimens were carried out. This study was specifically aimed at detailed characterisation of the contribution of phenolic compounds to overall antioxidant activity using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector coupled to electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS3) and a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS3, twenty-seven phenolic compounds from among phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified. Concentrations of three phenolic acids (neochlorogenic, chlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acids) and eight flavonoids (hyperoside, rutoside, isoquercitrin, guaijaverin, trifolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) were determined using HPLC-DAD using reference standards. The highest total phenolic content was confirmed for the stem and leaf extracts collected in spring. The contents of phenolic compounds of in vitro biomasses were comparable to that in the fruit extracts. The methanolic extracts from the studied plant materials were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using various in vitro assays, namely free radicals scavenging estimation using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) as well as QUick, Easy, New, CHEap, and Reproducible CUPRAC (QUENCHER-CUPRAC) assays. A close relationship between the content of polyphenolic compounds in S. rubriflora and their antioxidant potential has been documented.

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Active Packaging—Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Films Enriched with Tomato By-Products Extract

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10020141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 141 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Katalin Szabo ◽

Bernadette-Emoke Teleky ◽

Laura Mitrea ◽

Lavinia-Florina Călinoiu ◽

Gheorghe-Adrian Martău ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Total Phenolic Content ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Flow Behavior ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Active Food Packaging ◽

Film Forming ◽

By Products

Active films were prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blended with itaconic acid (Ia), and with chitosan (Ch), enriched with tomato processing by-products extract (TBE) in order to develop new bioactive formulations for food packaging. The effects of two biopolymers (Ch, Ia) and of the incorporated TBE—containing phenolic compounds and carotenoids—were studied regarding the physical and antimicrobial properties of films; in addition, their influence on the total phenolic content, viscosity, and flow behavior on the film-forming solutions was investigated. The results showed increased physical properties (diameter, thickness, density, weight) of the films containing the TBE versus their control. TBE and Ch conferred significant antimicrobial effects to PVA films toward all the tested microorganisms, whereas the best inhibition was registered against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of <0.078 mg DW/mL. The Ia-PVA films also exhibited some antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa (2.5 mg DW/mL). The total phenolic content of the film-forming solutions presented the highest values for the TBE and Ch-added PVA samples (0.208 mg gallic acid/100 mL film-forming solution). These results suggest that the PVA + Ch film containing TBE can be used for the development of intelligent and active food packaging materials.

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The production of ecofriendly biofilm with natural oil for food packaging

Proceedings - The Tenth International Symposium GRID 2020 ◽

10.24867/grid-2020-p23 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Emine Arman Kandirmaz ◽

◽

Omer Bunyamin Zelzele ◽

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Uv Spectroscopy ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Active Packaging ◽

E Coli ◽

Active Food Packaging

The use of edible biofilms in food packaging reduces the use of petrochemical polymers that are harmful to human health, such as PE, PP, PET. The second most common biopolymer in nature, chitosan is a nontoxic, nonantigenic, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Considering these features, it is frequently used in food packaging applications. Increasing needs for food amount and quality canalized food ındustry to fund in new packaging techniques that improve storage life and grade of foods. Active packaging systems, one of these methods, can be designed as a sensor, antimicrobial or antimigrant in order to extend the shelf life of the food product and to inform the shelf life in possible degradation. Essential oils, which are antimicrobial environmentally friendly packaging material additives, are used due to their effective biological activities. Essential oils that have known antimicrobial properties include lavender, rosemary, mint, eucalyptus and geranium. These oils are also edible. In this study, it is aimed to produce antimicrobial, ecofriendly, edible, printable biofilm for active packaging, using chitosan and peppermint essential oil. For this purpose, chitosan biofilms containing different rates (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10%) of peppermint essential oil were produced by solvent casting method. Surface morphology were examined by SEM. The transparency of biofilms was determined by UV spectroscopy. Antimicrobial properties of the obtained films were determined against S. aureus and E. coli. Biofilms were printed with screen printing. The color, gloss, contact angle, surface tension values of all printed and unprinted samples were examined. As a result, chitosan biofilms which are loaded with peppermint essential oil were successfully produced. Biofilms are colorless, highly transparent and have good printability. It is concluded that the amount of peppermint essential oil increased inhibitory feature against S. aureus and E. coli. When the obtained results are examined, it is determined that the printable, ecofriendly, edible biofilms can be used in active food packaging applications.

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Impact of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Bioactive Fraction of Upcycled Pineapple By-Products

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods11010126 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Ricardo Gómez-García ◽

Ana A. Vilas-Boas ◽

Ana Oliveira ◽

Manuela Amorim ◽

José A. Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

High Performance ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Liquid Fraction ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Small Molecular Weight ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

The Impact ◽

By Products

Pineapple by-products (peels and stems) from fruit processing industries were evaluated to understand its potential application as a functional food. Therefore, the bioactive compounds of pineapple by-products were characterized for prebiotic and antioxidant activities. A total characterization of soluble carbohydrates profile (simples and complex carbohydrates), as well as polyphenols was performed, after removal of enzymatic fraction from pineapple crude juice, allowing the decrease of proteolytic activity and improving the other biological activities. Results showed that pineapple liquid fraction, from stem and peels, can be applied as a prebiotic enhancer, promoting the growth of five probiotic microorganisms (two strains of Lactobacillus sp. and three strains of Bifidobacterium sp.), as a single carbohydrate source. Moreover, through HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis, 10 polyphenols were identified in pineapple liquid fractions, with some expected differences between both evaluated by-products. Gastrointestinal tract was simulated, in a continuous mode to understand the impact of pH changes and gastrointestinal enzymes into pineapple liquid fractions. Results showed a digestion of high molecular weight polysaccharides into small molecular weight tri-, di-, and monosaccharides. There was an increase of samples antioxidant activity through the gastrointestinal stage, followed by the release of specific polyphenols, such as chlorogenic, coumaric, and ferulic acids. The prebiotic activity did not improve throughout the simulation, in fact, the prebiotic potential decreased throughout the different stages.

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Malus baccata var. gracilis and Malus toringoides Bark Polyphenol Studies and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8030283 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hosam O. Elansary ◽

Agnieszka Szopa ◽

Paweł Kubica ◽

Diaa O. El-Ansary ◽

Halina Ekiert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Jurkat Cells ◽

Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽

Array Detector ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Antioxidant Power

Exploring new sources of polyphenols with biological activities that work against human diseases is the target of natural product studies. This study determined the polyphenol composition of the bark of Malus species M. baccata var. gracilis (Rehder) T.C.Ku and M. toringoides (Rehder) Hughes, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The antiproliferative, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial applications of these extracts, as well as the identified phenol, were studied. The HPLC-DAD analysis confirmed three polyphenols in the extracts out of the 21 screened compounds: protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, and catechin. The major constituents in M. baccata and M. toringoides were protocatechuic acid, at 3.16 and 7.15 mg 100 g−1 dry weight (DW), respectively, and catechin, at 5.55 and 6.80 mg 100 g−1 DW, respectively. M. baccata and M. toringoides bark extracts showed antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, which were attributed to the dominance of protocatechuic acid. The highest antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects were against Jurkat cells. Against MCF-7 and Hela cells, there was necrotic cell accumulation in the early apoptotic as well as the late apoptotic phase. The bark extracts showed noticeable antibacterial effects against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. Protocatechuic acid showed comparable results to bark extracts. There were antifungal effects against Aspergillus ochraceus, A. niger, and Candida albicans, and the activities were higher than the commercial reagent. M. baccata and M. toringoides could be considered as a new source of phenolic acids, including protocatechuic acid with anticancer, antibacterial antifungal, and antioxidant-promising effects.

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Comparison of Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eight Selaginella Species

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14010016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Bára Křížkovská ◽

Rohitesh Kumar ◽

Kateřina Řehořová ◽

David Sýkora ◽

Simona Dobiasová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Cancer Cell ◽

High Performance ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Cancer Cell Lines ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Half Maximal Effective Concentration

Selaginella P. Beauv. is a group of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae Willk., found worldwide and numbering more than 700 species, with some used as foods and medicines. The aim of this paper was to compare methanolic (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of eight Selaginella species on the basis of their composition and biological activities. Six of these Selaginella species are underinvestigated. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS) analysis, we identified a total of 193 compounds among the tested Selaginella species, with flavonoids predominating. MeOH extracts recovered more constituents that were detected, including selaginellins, the occurrence of which is only typical for this plant genus. Of all the tested species, Selaginellaapoda contained the highest number of identified selaginellins. The majority of the compounds were identified in S. apoda, the fewest compounds in Selaginellacupressina. All the tested species demonstrated antioxidant activity using oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assay, which showed that MeOH extracts had higher antioxidant capacity, with the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) ranging from 12 ± 1 (Selaginellamyosuroides) to 124 ± 2 (Selaginellacupressina) mg/L. The antioxidant capacity was presumed to be correlated with the content of flavonoids, (neo)lignans, and selaginellins. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was mostly discerned in DCM extracts and was only exhibited in S. myosuroides, S. cupressina, Selaginellabiformis, and S. apoda extracts with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the range of 19 ± 3 to 62 ± 1 mg/L. Substantial cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines was demonstrated by the MeOH extract of S. apoda, where the ratio of the IC50 HEK (human embryonic kidney) to IC50 HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) was 7.9 ± 0.2. MeOH extracts inhibited the production of nitrate oxide and cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, S. biformis halved the production of NO, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 at the following concentrations: 105 ± 9, 11 ± 1, and 10 ± 1 mg/L, respectively. Our data confirmed that extracts from Selaginella species exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines and AChE inhibition. The activity observed in S. apoda was the most promising and is worth further exploration.

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Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of 30 Chinese Teas

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8060180 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 180 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Guo-Yi Tang ◽

Cai-Ning Zhao ◽

Xiao-Yu Xu ◽

Ren-You Gan ◽

Shi-Yu Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

High Performance ◽

Food Additives ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Phenolic Contents ◽

Trolox Equivalent

Tea has been reported to prevent and manage many chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, and the antioxidant capacity of tea may be responsible for these health benefits. In this study, the antioxidant capacities of fat-soluble, water-soluble, and bound-insoluble fractions of 30 Chinese teas belonging to six categories, namely green, black, oolong, dark, white, and yellow teas, were systematically evaluated, applying ferric-reducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays. In addition, total phenolic contents of teas were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the contents of 18 main phytochemical compounds in teas were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results found that several teas possessed very strong antioxidant capacity, and caffeine, theaflavine, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, as well as eight catechins, were the main antioxidant compounds in them. Thus, these teas could be good natural sources of dietary antioxidants, and their extracts might be developed as food additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

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A New Macrolactone, Racemolide Along With Seven Known Compounds With Biological Activities From Mangrove Plant,Lumnitzera racemosa

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x19861255 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1986125

Author(s):

Ahmed Gomaa Gomaa Darwish ◽

Mamdouh Nabil Samy ◽

Sachiko Sugimoto ◽

Hideaki Otsuka ◽

Katsuyoshi Matsunami

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Dpph Radical ◽

Mangrove Plant ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Dpph Radical Scavenging ◽

Lumnitzera Racemosa

One new macrolide, racemolide (1), was isolated from an MeOH extract of the leaves of Lumnitzera racemosa with 7 known compounds (2-8) by various chromatographic techniques via silica gel, octadecylsilyl column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the new compound was determined through a combination of spectroscopic and chemical analyses. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antileishmanial, hepatoprotective, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Compound 1 showed potent antileishmanial activity at inhibition % value of 67.6 ± 1.24% compared with the clinical drug miltefosine (93.3 ± 4.39%). Compounds 1 and 5 possessed moderate hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity using human HepG2 cells at protection % value of 21.70 ± 1.97% and 27.5 ± 1.41%, respectively, compared with the standard glycyrrhizin (69.50 ± 3.53%). Compounds 4, 6, 7, and 8 had high DPPH radical scavenging activity (91.10 ± 4.25, 91.53 ± 0.05, 91.91 ± 0.09, and 86.48 ± 2.87%, respectively), while compounds 3 and 5 showed moderate (45.38 ± 3.62% and 62.20 ± 1.47%, respectively), comparable with the standard trolox (89.21 ± 5.88%). These results suggest that the new compound, racemolide (1), and known compounds (3-8) are valuable as promising antileishmanial, hepatoprotective, and anti-oxidant agents.

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