scholarly journals Development of a Hamster Natural Transmission Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2251
Author(s):  
Stuart Dowall ◽  
Francisco J. Salguero ◽  
Nathan Wiblin ◽  
Susan Fotheringham ◽  
Graham Hatch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Set Up

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an international thrust to study pathogenesis and evaluate interventions. Experimental infection of hamsters and the resulting respiratory disease is one of the preferred animal models since clinical signs of disease and virus shedding are similar to more severe cases of human COVID-19. The main route of challenge has been direct inoculation of the virus via the intranasal route. To resemble the natural infection, we designed a bespoke natural transmission cage system to assess whether recipient animals housed in physically separate adjacent cages could become infected from a challenged donor animal in a central cage, with equal airflow across the two side cages. To optimise viral shedding in the donor animals, a low and moderate challenge dose were compared after direct intranasal challenge, but similar viral shedding responses were observed and no discernible difference in kinetics. The results from our natural transmission set-up demonstrate that most recipient hamsters are infected within the system developed, with variation in the kinetics and levels of disease between individual animals. Common clinical outputs used for the assessment in directly-challenged hamsters, such as weight loss, are less obvious in hamsters who become infected from naturally acquiring the infection. The results demonstrate the utility of a natural transmission model for further work on assessing the differences between virus strains and evaluating interventions using a challenge system which more closely resembles human infection.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (42) ◽  
pp. 26382-26388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Bosco-Lauth ◽  
Airn E. Hartwig ◽  
Stephanie M. Porter ◽  
Paul W. Gordy ◽  
Mary Nehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Infection Resistance

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has reached nearly every country in the world with extraordinary person-to-person transmission. The most likely original source of the virus was spillover from an animal reservoir and subsequent adaptation to humans sometime during the winter of 2019 in Wuhan Province, China. Because of its genetic similarity to SARS-CoV-1, it is probable that this novel virus has a similar host range and receptor specificity. Due to concern for human–pet transmission, we investigated the susceptibility of domestic cats and dogs to infection and potential for infected cats to transmit to naive cats. We report that cats are highly susceptible to infection, with a prolonged period of oral and nasal viral shedding that is not accompanied by clinical signs, and are capable of direct contact transmission to other cats. These studies confirm that cats are susceptible to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection, but are unlikely to develop clinical disease. Further, we document that cats developed a robust neutralizing antibody response that prevented reinfection following a second viral challenge. Conversely, we found that dogs do not shed virus following infection but do seroconvert and mount an antiviral neutralizing antibody response. There is currently no evidence that cats or dogs play a significant role in human infection; however, reverse zoonosis is possible if infected owners expose their domestic pets to the virus during acute infection. Resistance to reinfection holds promise that a vaccine strategy may protect cats and, by extension, humans.

Variation in Viral Shedding Patterns between Domestic and Wild Terrestrial Birds Infected Experimentally with Reassortant Avian Influenza Virus (H9N2)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajid Umar ◽  
Sajjad Asif ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Muhammad Atif ◽  
Shahzad Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
The Novel ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Viral Shedding

Avian influenza (H9N2) virus infection is an emerging respiratory problem and its prevalence varies significantly among different species of birds. The current knowledge about virus shedding parameters in terrestrial birds is limited. With this in mind, the present study was conducted in different domestic and wild terrestrial birds to investigate species-related differences in infectivity and pattern of viral shedding associated with H9N2 AI virus. Groups of terrestrial birds (domestic Guinea Fowl Numida meleagridis, Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, House Sparrows Passer domesticus, House Crows Corvus splendens and Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus) were inoculated intra-nasally with A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) AI virus (106 EID50) and then examined for infectivity and virus shedding patterns. With the exception of House Crows, all infected birds showed clinical signs of different severity, showing the most prominent disease signs in Japanese Quail. All infected birds showed positive results for virus shedding, however, the pattern of virus shedding was different among wild terrestrial birds. Japanese Quail showed the highest levels of virus shedding while samples collected from House Crows revealed only very low levels. Interestingly, virus shedding was observed predominantly via the gastrointestinal tract in House Sparrows and Bank Myna and via the buccal cavity route in Guinea Fowl and Japanese Quail. Here we investigated that the novel genotype of H9N2 AI virus circulating in Pakistan causes clinical disease signs in domestic and wild terrestrial birds. The results of this study suggest that virus shedding varies between different related avian species and highlights the potential role of Guinea Fowl, Japanese Quail, House Sparrows and Bank Myna as mixing bowls for the transmission and maintenance of H9N2 AI viruses between premises.

scholarly journals Viral dynamic modeling of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Gonçalves ◽  
Pauline Maisonnasse ◽  
Flora Donati ◽  
Mélanie Albert ◽  
Sylvie Behillil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Basic Number ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Viral Dynamics ◽  
Viral Production ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Cynomolgus Macaques ◽  
Peak Viral Load ◽  
Infected Cells

Abstract Non-human primates infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit mild clinical signs. Here we used a mathematical model to characterize in detail the viral dynamics in 31 cynomolgus macaques infected with 106 pfu of SARS-CoV-2 for which nasopharyngeal and tracheal viral load were frequently assessed. We identified that infected cells had a large daily viral production (>104 virus) and a within-host reproductive basic number of 6 and 4 in nasopharyngeal and tracheal compartment, respectively. After peak viral load, infected cells were rapidly cleared with a half-life of 9 hours, with no significant association between cytokine elevation and clearance. Translating our model to the context of human-to-human infection, human mild infection may be characterized by a peak occurring 4 days after infection, a viral shedding of ~11 days and a generation time of 4 days. These results improve the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and better understand the infection to SARS-CoV-2 in humans.

scholarly journals Licorice: A Potential Herb in Overcoming SARS-CoV-2 Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 2515690X2199666
Author(s):  
Swee Li Ng ◽  
Kooi-Yeong Khaw ◽  
Yong Sze Ong ◽  
Hui Poh Goh ◽  
Nurolaini Kifli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Active Immunisation ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Surprising Fact ◽  
Epidemic Diseases ◽  
Roll Out

The management of the global pandemic outbreak due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been challenging with no exact dedicated treatment nor established vaccines at the beginning of the pandemic. Nonetheless, the situation seems to be better controlled with the recent COVID-19 vaccines roll-out globally as active immunisation to prevent COVID-19. The extensive usage and trials done in recent outbreak in China has shown the effectiveness of traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) in improving the wellbeing of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment guidelines has listed a number of recommended concoctions meant for COVID-19 patients. Licorice, more commonly known as Gancao in Chinese Pinyin, is known as one of the most frequently used ingredients in TCM prescriptions for treatment of epidemic diseases. Interestingly, it is deemed as food ingredient as well, where it is normally used in Western cuisines’ desserts and sweets. The surprising fact that licorice appeared in the top 10 main ingredients used in TCM prescriptions in COVID-19 has drawn great attention from researchers in revealing its biological potential in overcoming this disease. To date, there are no comprehensive review on licorice and its benefits when used in COVID-19. Thus, in this current review, the possible benefits, mechanism of actions, safety and limitations of licorice were explored in hope to provide a quick reference guide for its preclinical and clinical experimental set-up in this very critical moment of pandemic.

scholarly journals Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Sylvia Reemers ◽  
Sander van Bommel ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
David Sutton ◽  
Saskia van de Zande
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

scholarly journals Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Chao-Nan Lin ◽  
Kuan Rong Chan ◽  
Eng Eong Ooi ◽  
Ming-Tang Chiou ◽  
Minh Hoang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Organization ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912. Despite over a century of documented coronaviruses in animals, the global animal industry still suffers from outbreaks. Knowledge and experience handling animal coronaviruses provide a valuable tool to complement our understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we present an overview of coronaviruses, clinical signs, COVID-19 in animals, genome organization and recombination, immunopathogenesis, transmission, viral shedding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By drawing parallels between COVID-19 in animals and humans, we provide perspectives on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which coronaviruses cause diseases in both animals and humans, providing a critical basis for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against these deadly viruses.

scholarly journals Fecal viral DNA shedding following clinical panleukopenia virus infection in shelter kittens: a prospective, observational study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110230
Author(s):  
Kyrsten J Janke ◽  
Linda S Jacobson ◽  
Jolene A Giacinti ◽  
J Scott Weese
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Feline Panleukopenia Virus ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Point Of Care Test

Objectives The aims of this study were to determine the magnitude and duration of fecal viral DNA shedding after diagnosis of feline panleukopenia (FP) in a group of shelter cats using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); to assess the utility of a negative point-of-care test or the resolution of diarrhea and systemic signs as proxy measures for qPCR positivity; and to investigate patterns of additional enteric pathogens in relation to feline panleukopenia viral shedding duration. Methods Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection in clinically affected shelter cats was confirmed by a commercial qPCR test. Observations were made on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-diagnosis. Fecal flotation, FPV qPCR and the canine parvovirus IDEXX SNAP Parvo ELISA (SNAP) test were performed on fecal samples. Results Forty cats and kittens with confirmed panleukopenia were initially enrolled. Sixteen kittens were sampled until day 14, and 12 were followed to day 21. Median DNA viral copy numbers fell below the diagnostic cut-off by day 7, with 13/16, 6/16, 1/16 and 0/12 testing PCR-positive on days 3, 7, 14 and 21, respectively. The SNAP test was positive in 12/16 kittens on day 0 and only 3/16 on day 3. SNAP test results, diarrhea and systemic signs were inconsistent in relation to qPCR positivity post-diagnosis. Additional enteric pathogens were common. The presence of additional pathogen types was suggestive of a longer PCR shedding duration, but this was not tested statistically owing to the small sample size. Conclusions and relevance These findings suggest that cats should be isolated for at least 14 days after a diagnosis of FP, but that release from isolation after this point is reasonable, in association with a multifaceted infection control strategy. The study findings did not support using SNAP test results, diarrhea or systemic signs as proxy measures for virus shedding.

Children With Influenza A Infection: Treatment With Rimantadine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-282
Author(s):  
Caroline Breese Hall ◽  
Raphael Dolin ◽  
Christine L. Gala ◽  
David M. Markovitz ◽  
Yu Qin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Treatment with rimantadine of influenza in children and the potential development of resistance in clinical isolates associated with therapy have not been previously studied. We compared rimantadine to acetaminophen therapy in a controlled, double-blind study of 91 children with influenza-like illness. Of 69 children with proven influenza A/H3N2 infection, 37 received rimantadine and 32 received acetaminophen for five days. Children receiving rimantadine showed significantly greater reduction in fever and improvement in daily scores for symptoms and severity of illness during the first three days. Viral shedding also diminished significantly during the first two days but subsequently increased such that by days 6 and 7 the proportion of children shedding virus, as well as the quantity of virus shed, was significantly greater in the rimantadine group. During the seven-day study, of the 22 children in the rimantadine group with serial isolates tested, ten (45.5%) had resistant isolates compared with two (12.5%) of those with serial isolates in the acetaminophen group (P < .03). Thus, of the total 37 children in the rimantadine group, 27% were found to have resistant isolated compared with 6% in the total group receiving acetaminophen (P < .04). Furthermore, the mean inhibitory concentration of rimantadine increased with time in the rimantadine group (r = .4, P = .002) but not in the acetaminophen group. Rimantadine therapy, thus, appears to be significantly more effective than acetaminophen in ameliorating the clinical signs and symptoms of influenza in children. Treatment with rimantadine was also associated with increased viral shedding after the medication was discontinued and with the development of resistance in the clinical isolates, the significance of which is unknown.

scholarly journals First report of Trypanosoma cruziinfection in naturally infected dogs from southern Bahia, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilo Fernandes Leça Júnior ◽  
Valter dos Anjos Almeida ◽  
Fábio Santos Carvalho ◽  
George Rego Albuquerque ◽  
Fabiana Lessa Silva
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Area ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
First Report ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Southern Bahia ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Cruzi Infection

In order to verify the Trypanosoma cruzi infection in domestic domiciled dogs in a rural endemic area from the south region of the State of Bahia, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were performed using S35 and S36 primers in 272 dogs living in the district of Vila Operaria, in the municipality of Buerarema. All animals were clinically evaluated; 2.5 mL of blood were collected through venipuncture for the performance of molecular tests. None of these animals showed clinical signs of the illness and only two were identified with the DNA parasite. This result is the first report of natural infection by T. cruzi in domestic dogs in southern Bahia.

scholarly journals Safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein E gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus 1 strain as a candidate vaccine strain

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074
Author(s):  
Marcelo Weiss ◽  
◽  
Deniz Anziliero ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Rudi Weiblen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Glycoprotein E ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Group I ◽  
Virus Dose ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

ABSTRACT: A glycoprotein E-deleted Brazilian bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1gEΔ) was tested regarding to safety and immunogenicity. Intramuscular inoculation of young calves with a high virus dose did not result in clinical signs or virus shedding during acute infection or after dexamethasone administration. Calves vaccinated once IM (group I) or subcutaneously (group II) with live BoHV-1gEΔ or twice with inactivated virus plus aluminum hydroxide (group IV) or Montanide™ (group V) developed VN titers of 2 to 8 (GMT:2); 2 to 4 (GMT:1.65); 2 to 16 (GMT:2.45) and 2 to 128 (GMT:3.9), respectively. All BoHV-1gEΔ vaccinated calves remained negative in an anti-gE ELISA. Lastly, six young calves vaccinated with live BoHV-1gEΔ and subsequently challenged with a virulent BoHV-1 strain shed less virus and developed only mild and transient nasal signs comparing to unvaccinated calves. Thus, the recombinant BoHV-1gEΔ is safe and immunogenic for calves and allows for serological differentiation by a gE-ELISA test.

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