Asian-Origin Approved COVID-19 Vaccines and Current Status of COVID-19 Vaccination Program in Asia: A Critical Analysis

COVID-19 vaccination has started throughout the globe. The vaccination program has also begun in most Asian countries. This paper analyzed the Asian-origin COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination program status in Asia till March 2021 under three sections. In the first section, we mapped the approved vaccines that originated from Asia, their technological platforms, collaborations during vaccine development, and regulatory approval from other countries. We found that a total of eight Asian COVID-19 vaccines originated and got approval from three countries: China, India, and Russia. In the second section, we critically evaluated the recent progress of COVID-19 vaccination programs. We analyzed the overall vaccination status across the Asian region. We also calculated the cumulative COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in different Asian countries, vaccine rolling in 7-day average in various Asian countries, and COVID-19 vaccine per day doses administrated in several Asian countries. We found that China and India vaccinated the maximum number of people. Finally, we evaluated the factors affecting the COVID-19 vaccination program in Asia, such as vaccine hesitancy, basic reproduction numbers (R0) and vaccination campaigns, and the cost of the vaccines. Our analysis will assist the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program successfully in Asia.

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COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in a Representative Education Sector Population in Qatar

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9060665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 665

Author(s):

Reem Al-Mulla ◽

Marawan Abu-Madi ◽

Qusai M. Talafha ◽

Reema F. Tayyem ◽

Atiyeh M. Abdallah

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

International Travel ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Health Campaigns ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccination Programs

Even though vaccination programs have now started in earnest across the globe and in Qatar, vaccine hesitancy remains a barrier to effectively tackling the pandemic. Many factors influence willingness to take vaccines including safety, efficacy, and side effects. Given their proximity to research and education, university students and employees represent an interesting cohort in which to investigate vaccine hesitancy. The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of Qatar University employees and students towards the COVID-19 vaccine. In total, 231 employees and 231 students participated in an online cross-sectional study in February 2021. Of the sample, 62.6% were willing to take a vaccine against COVID-19. Participants with or taking postgraduate degrees were more willing to take the vaccine compared to participants with or taking a diploma or bachelor’s degree (p < 0.001). Males had a higher rate of vaccine acceptance (p < 0.001). In the group that regarded flu vaccination as important, 13% were unwilling to take COVID-19 vaccine. There were no associations between willingness to vaccinate and vaccine/virus knowledge and social media use. Participants showed a high level of concern regarding vaccine side effects in themselves or their children. Two-thirds agreed or strongly agreed that they would take the vaccine if it was mandatory for international travel. Our participants were neutral to the origin of vaccine development. These findings, which represent data collected after the start of the national vaccination program, show that vaccine hesitancy persists in the Qatari population and that some groups, such as undergraduate students, could benefit from specific, targeted public health campaigns.

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Cost-effective policy option in launching a community-based pneumococcal vaccination program among the elderly in Japan

Ageing Research ◽

10.4081/ar.2012.e8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Shu-Ling Hoshi ◽

Masahide Kondo ◽

Ichiro Okubo

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Incremental Cost ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The Elderly ◽

Policy Option ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Markov Modelling ◽

Vaccination Programs

In Japan, some municipalities introduced a publicly funded pneumococcal vaccination program for the elderly. The expansion of such program has become one of the current topics in the health policy arena. We aim to appraise the value for money of expanding such programs, or starting one in a municipality without a program. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis with Markov modelling and calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio value of starting such a program with 36 different design options, 3 minimum age criteria for the entitlement to the subsidy and 12 levels of co-payment. We found that the introduction of vaccination programs costs more and gains more regardless of targeting ages and co-payment levels. Estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios range from ¥ 8,263,340 per year-of-life-saved (targeting age 65 or over, setting co-payment level at ¥ 0) to ¥ 10,351,324 per year-of-lifesaved (targeting age 75 or over, setting co-payment level at ¥ 5000). According to cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, the probability that a vaccination program is less than ¥ 10,000,000 (US $ 1 = ¥ 100) per life-year gained ranges from 28.5% to 57.5%. By adopting the threshold of the Committee to Study Priority for Vaccine Development in the US, US $ 100,000 per quality adjusted life year gain, all the programs are almost certainly judged cost-effective as vaccination strategies.

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The cost-effectiveness of typhoid Vi vaccination programs: Calculations for four urban sites in four Asian countries

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.040 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (50) ◽

pp. 6305-6316 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Joseph Cook ◽

Marc Jeuland ◽

Dale Whittington ◽

Christine Poulos ◽

John Clemens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

The Cost ◽

Urban Sites

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Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Nurses Need To Know

OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing ◽

10.3912/ojin.vol26no02man05 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Blima Marcus ◽

Lindsey Danielson ◽

Tamar Frenkel

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Frontline Workers ◽

History Of ◽

Vaccine Information ◽

One Year ◽

Collaborative Efforts

In late 2019 a new virus emerged from China which would become the worst pandemic the world had experienced since the flu pandemic of 1918. Over one year later, the virus has infected over 100 million people and claimed the lives of over 2 million people. In this article, we first offer a brief overview about the COVID-19 pandemic. We review efforts to slow the spread and flatten the curve to contain the disease such as mask-wearing, hand hygiene, and testing. Unprecedented funding and collaborative efforts have resulted in highly effective and safe vaccines, rolled out in December 2020. We also briefly discuss the history of vaccine development and previous outbreaks and lessons learned, followed by new vaccine technologies; barriers related to vaccination; vaccine hesitancy; successful vaccination programs; and vaccine hesitancy in healthcare providers. We conclude with implications for nurses to consider as they serve as trusted sources of vaccine information in their roles as frontline workers.

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Maximization of Livestock Anthrax Vaccination Coverage in Bangladesh: An Alternative Approach

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8030435 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 435

Author(s):

M. Shahjahan A. Sarker ◽

Mohamed E. El Zowalaty ◽

M. Ahosanul Haque Shahid ◽

M. Asaduzzaman Sarker ◽

M. Bahanur Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Cattle Population ◽

Focus Group Discussions ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Vaccination Campaigns ◽

Livestock Census

Low vaccination coverage of livestock is one of the major challenges to control anthrax in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to assess an alternate approach to maximize vaccination coverage. The method included traditional vaccination campaigns, livestock census, interviews, focus group discussions of cattle farmers, vaccination and livestock personnel, and validation workshops. It was observed that a mass vaccination program covered only 44% of the cattle population. It was found that 54.1% of the respondents did not bring their cattle to mass vaccination programs due to the difficulties of handling cattle and that there was no male member in the household. Only 12.5% of respondents acknowledged that they were not aware of the vaccine, and 3% of the respondents claimed that they ignored vaccination due to cost. All of the respondents from livestock personnel agreed that manpower was not enough to cover the total area. Further, 20% of vaccinators mentioned that they did not get enough vaccines. For an effective vaccination program, 58.33% of respondents recommended door-to-door service, and 54.16% of respondents suggested to arrange regular vaccination campaigns in six-month intervals. Thus, regular campaigns with door-to-door vaccination services are suggested to control anthrax outbreaks in Bangladesh.

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Equine Influenza Virus in Asia: Phylogeographic Pattern and Molecular Features Reveal Circulation of an Autochthonous Lineage

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00116-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 93 (13) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Samuel Miño ◽

Laura Mojsiejczuk ◽

Wei Guo ◽

Haili Zhang ◽

Ting Qi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Molecular Features ◽

Middle East Countries

ABSTRACT Equine influenza virus (EIV) causes severe acute respiratory disease in horses. Currently, the strains belonging to the H3N8 subtype are divided into two clades, Florida clade 1 (FC1) and Florida clade 2 (FC2), which emerged in 2002. Both FC1 and FC2 clades were reported in Asian and Middle East countries in the last decade. In this study, we described the evolution, epidemiology, and molecular characteristic of the EIV lineages, with focus on those detected in Asia from 2007 to 2017. The full genome phylogeny showed that FC1 and FC2 constituted separate and divergent lineages, without evidence of reassortment between the clades. While FC1 evolved as a single lineage, FC2 showed a divergent event around 2004 giving rise to two well-supported and coexisting sublineages, European and Asian. Furthermore, two different spread patterns of EIV in Asian countries were identified. The FC1 outbreaks were caused by independent introductions of EIV from the Americas, with the Asian isolates genetically similar to the contemporary American lineages. On the other hand, the FC2 strains detected in Asian mainland countries conformed to an autochthonous monophyletic group with a common ancestor dated in 2006 and showed evidence of an endemic circulation in a local host. Characteristic aminoacidic signature patterns were detected in all viral proteins in both Asian-FC1 and FC2 populations. Several changes were located at the top of the HA1 protein, inside or near antigenic sites. Further studies are needed to assess the potential impact of these antigenic changes in vaccination programs. IMPORTANCE The complex and continuous antigenic evolution of equine influenza viruses (EIVs) remains a major hurdle for vaccine development and the design of effective immunization programs. The present study provides a comprehensive analysis showing the EIV evolutionary dynamics, including the spread and circulation within the Asian continent and its relationship to global EIV populations over a 10-year period. Moreover, we provide a better understanding of EIV molecular evolution in Asian countries and its consequences on the antigenicity. The study underscores the association between the global horse movement and the circulation of EIV in this region. Understanding EIV evolution is imperative in order to mitigate the risk of outbreaks affecting the horse industry and to help with the selection of the viral strains to be included in the formulation of future vaccines.

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Optimal Control Problem of Vacination for The Spread of Measles Diseases Model

Jurnal Riset dan Aplikasi Matematika (JRAM) ◽

10.26740/jram.v2n2.p76-83 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Dani Suandi

Keyword(s):

Optimal Control ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Equation System ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Control Analysis ◽

Differential Equation System ◽

Third Order ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

The Cost ◽

Very High

Measles is a disease in humans that is very contagious. Before the vaccine was known, the incidence of measles was very high, even the measles mortality rate reached 2.6 million every year. With the introduction of vaccines, the mortality rate in 2000-2016 can be reduced to 20.4 million deaths. Therefore, vaccination programs are very useful in reducing the incidence of measles. Unfortunately, we cannot know the optimal conditions for administering vaccines. The study of optimal control analysis of vaccination is needed in optimizing the prevention of the spread of measles. In this paper, a mathematical model which is a third-order differential equation system is constructed based on characteristic information on measles. The existence and locally stability of the equilibrium point are analyzed here. In addition, optimal control of the vaccination program also occurred. The results of our analysis suggest that the incidence of measles can decrease as the effectiveness of vaccination increases. But the effectiveness of vaccination is directly proportional to the costs incurred. If the cost incurred for the vaccination program more significant, the incidence of measles will decrease.

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Analysis of Measles Vaccination Refusal on Social Media (Facebook) among Anti-Vaccine Communities in Indonesia

Kesmas National Public Health Journal ◽

10.21109/kesmas.v16i1.3478 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dwi Meilani ◽

Evi Martha ◽

Hadi Pratomo ◽

Indah Jamiatun Hasanah ◽

Somporn Rungreangkulkij

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Health Workers ◽

Rapid Assessment ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Communication Techniques ◽

Effective Program ◽

Assessment Procedures ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

Measles is one of the main causes of global mortality in the under-fives. The existence of groups that reject immunization caused a decrease in immunization coverage. Anti-vaccine messages are widely delivered on social media. Identification of vaccine rejection behavior can be used as the basis to formulate effective program strategies. The design of this study used rapid assessment procedures (RAP). The informants were from two anti-vaccine communities in the Facebook group. In-depth interviews and observations were done for data collection, and data analysis was performed using the Framework Method. The results found that determinants, such as knowledge, beliefs in health behavior and disease prevention, religion, culture, and government policies play a role in shaping informants’ perceptions of vaccines and disease risks. The design factors of vaccination programs and the reliability of vaccine producing sources were found to be inhibiting factors for informants to receive vaccines. Also, experience with vaccines, health workers' role, and lobbying by anti vaccine groups strengthened informants' attitude who initially doubted vaccines, causing them to reject vaccines ultimately. It is suggested to the Ministry of Health to improve vaccination campaigns through social media, conduct vaccine development study, and increase health workers' knowledge related to vaccines and make their communication techniques more effective.

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Hesitancy towards COVID-19 Vaccination and Neutralization of False Perceptions among the Communities

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v11i2.780 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 56-61

Author(s):

P.S.H. Weerawarna ◽

Murad Habib ◽

Muhammad Abbas

Keyword(s):

Web Of Science ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Economic Status ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Educational Background ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Empirical Literature ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Cost

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which has invaded every continent very rapidly, has already been a pandemic. The best solution only seems to be the vaccination rather than simple preventive measures such as wearing masks, frequent hand washing, and social distancing. In this article, we analyze the factors affecting hesitancy, delay, and refusal of Covid-19 vaccines and suggest how to take steps to overcome the vaccine hesitancy, thus increasing acceptance and eliminating the pandemic as soon as possible. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify empirical literature published in English until April 2021. Several countries and pharmaceutical companies have come up with different vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Since several strains are emerging, more new vaccines will come to the market. The cost, facilities available, and convenience need to be considered in choosing an option for vaccination. Although the world is looking at the positives of vaccines and getting out of this threat, some more factors might slow down that effort. Vaccine hesitancy, delay, or refusal should be discussed extensively as that influences the vaccination process remarkably. The demographic features of several communities, educational background, socio-economic status, and trust in healthcare services are factors leading to vaccine hesitancy or acceptance. The governments, experts, and healthcare professionals should have an excellent understanding of the factors influencing hesitancy and acceptance and should take necessary steps to encourage the population's vaccination.

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Exergoeconomic analysis of renewable multi-generation system

WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy ◽

10.32438/wpe.1920 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 99-111

Author(s):

Vontas Alfenny Nahan ◽

Audrius Bagdanavicius ◽

Andrew McMullan

Keyword(s):

Capital Investment ◽

Combined Cycle ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Generation System ◽

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Integrated Gasification ◽

Exergoeconomic Analysis ◽

Main Components ◽

The Cost

In this study a new multi-generation system which generates power (electricity), thermal energy (heating and cooling) and ash for agricultural needs has been developed and analysed. The system consists of a Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC) and an absorption chiller system. The system generates about 3.4 MW electricity, 4.9 MW of heat, 88 kW of cooling and 90 kg/h of ash. The multi-generation system has been modelled using Cycle Tempo and EES. Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of this system had been conducted and exergy costs have been calculated. The exergoeconomic study shows that gasifier, combustor, and Heat Recovery Steam Generator are the main components where the total cost rates are the highest. Exergoeconomic variables such as relative cost difference (r) and exergoeconomic factor (f) have also been calculated. Exergoeconomic factor of evaporator, combustor and condenser are 1.3%, 0.7% and 0.9%, respectively, which is considered very low, indicates that the capital cost rates are much lower than the exergy destruction cost rates. It implies that the improvement of these components could be achieved by increasing the capital investment. The exergy cost of electricity produced in the gas turbine and steam turbine is 0.1050 £/kWh and 0.1627 £/kWh, respectively. The cost of ash is 0.0031 £/kg. In some Asian countries, such as Indonesia, ash could be used as fertilizer for agriculture. Heat exergy cost is 0.0619 £/kWh for gasifier and 0.3972 £/kWh for condenser in the BIGCC system. In the AC system, the exergy cost of the heat in the condenser and absorber is about 0.2956 £/kWh and 0.5636 £/kWh, respectively. The exergy cost of cooling in the AC system is 0.4706 £/kWh. This study shows that exergoeconomic analysis is powerful tool for assessing the costs of products.

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