scholarly journals River Channel Relocation: Problems and Prospects

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa Flatley ◽  
Ian Rutherfurd ◽  
Ross Hardie
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Channel Change ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Vegetation Loss

River relocation is the diversion of a river into an entirely new channel for part of their length (often called river diversions). Relocations have been common through history and have been carried out for a wide range of purposes, but most commonly to construct infrastructure and for mining. However, they have not been considered as a specific category of anthropogenic channel change. Relocated channels present a consistent set of physical and ecological challenges, often related to accelerated erosion and deposition. We present a new classification of river relocation, and present a series of case studies that highlight some of the key issues with river relocation construction and performance. Primary changes to the channel dimensions and materials, alongside changes to flow velocity or channel capacity, can lead to a consistent set of problems, and lead to further secondary and tertiary issues, such as heightened erosion or deposition, hanging tributaries, vegetation loss, water quality issues, and associated ecological impacts. Occasionally, relocated channels can suffer engineering failure, such as overtopping or complete channel collapse during floods. Older river relocation channels were constructed to minimise cost and carry large floods, and were straight and trapezoidal. In some countries, modern relocated channels represent an exciting new challenge in that they are now designed to replicate natural rivers, the success of which depends on understanding the characteristics, heterogeneity, and mechanisms at work within the natural channel. We discuss shortcomings in current practice for river relocation and highlight areas for future research for successful rehabilitation of relocated rivers.

scholarly journals Towards the best kidney failure prediction tool: a systematic review and selection aid

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1527-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chava L Ramspek ◽  
Ype de Jong ◽  
Friedo W Dekker ◽  
Merel van Diepen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Kidney Failure ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prediction Tool ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background Prediction tools that identify chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients at a high risk of developing kidney failure have the potential for great clinical value, but limited uptake. The aim of the current study is to systematically review all available models predicting kidney failure in CKD patients, organize empirical evidence on their validity and ultimately provide guidance in the interpretation and uptake of these tools. Methods PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant articles. Titles, abstracts and full-text articles were sequentially screened for inclusion by two independent researchers. Data on study design, model development and performance were extracted. The risk of bias and clinical usefulness were assessed and combined in order to provide recommendations on which models to use. Results Of 2183 screened studies, a total of 42 studies were included in the current review. Most studies showed high discriminatory capacity and the included predictors had large overlap. Overall, the risk of bias was high. Slightly less than half the studies (48%) presented enough detail for the use of their prediction tool in practice and few models were externally validated. Conclusions The current systematic review may be used as a tool to select the most appropriate and robust prognostic model for various settings. Although some models showed great potential, many lacked clinical relevance due to being developed in a prevalent patient population with a wide range of disease severity. Future research efforts should focus on external validation and impact assessment in clinically relevant patient populations.

scholarly journals Find New RoadsTM? A Systematic Review on the Impacts of Off-Road Vehicle Activity on Soil, Vegetation, and Wildlife

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura W. Ploughe ◽  
Lauchlan H. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Desert Ecosystems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vehicle Activity

The global use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) in natural environments has accelerated rapidly over the last few decades, resulting in significant social and environmental consequences. As the demand, use, and promotion of light-duty ORVs like all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), motorcycles, four-wheel drive trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) increases in remote wilderness, the landscape is becoming fragmented into disorganized and destructive networks of trails and roads. Substantial ecological impacts to a wide range of ecosystem structures and functions will likely result from ORV activity. Applying a global systematic review, we examine 105 publications about plant, soil, and wildlife responses to ORV traffic in different habitats to help guide the direction of future research, monitoring programs, and mitigation efforts. Most studies investigated impacts to animals, followed by soils, then vegetative responses. Soil studies primarily focused on physical impacts to the soil (i.e., compaction, erosion, rut depth), but some studies suggest that soil chemical and biological properties may also be impacted by ORV traffic. The literature on plant responses to ORV activities primarily explored vegetation loss, although impacts on the plant community were also investigated. Animal studies investigated impacts of ORV use on invertebrates, mammals, birds, and to a lesser extent reptiles/amphibians, including population-level, community-level, and behavioral responses. Overall, research on environmental impacts of ORV traffic is biased to coastal and desert ecosystems in the northern hemisphere (primarily in the US), often does not address mechanisms that may produce ecological impacts (e.g., intensity of vehicular disturbance and ecosystem- or species-specific sensitivity to ORV activities), and frequently focused on short-term responses. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms that cause the different responses of soil, plant, and animals to ORVs over the long-term in a broad range of ecosystems to support real-time management and conservation efforts.

scholarly journals The role of communicative failures in the creation of Internet memes

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-174
Author(s):  
Iryna Sapozhnyk ◽  
Nataliia Tsygan
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Successful Communication ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
The Creation

The article deals with the notion of communicative failure as one of the key issues in communicative linguistics. The types of communicative failures are examined and the main causes that become a catalyst for the creation of Internet memes are analyzed. Scientists in communicative linguistics mainly explore the processes that help to create the images of a "perfect speaker" or a "perfect listener", since the factors which contribute to successful communication are certainly one of the most important tasks in this field. However, taking into account all the key factors that may influence a communicative act when using a language in the process of real communication, there is always a place for linguistic asymmetry. Therefore, it is not surprising that one of the main issues in communicative linguistics is the phenomenon of communicative failure, its causes and consequences. Having analyzed a certain number of memes according to the generalized classification of F. S. Batsevych in order to identify the main reasons for the Internet memes formation, we conclude that communicative failure is a very popular phenomenon, which occurs constantly and everywhere, where interaction takes place. All types of communicative failures can serve as a background for Internet memes. In our future research, we intend to focus on exploring the strategies and tactics of the communicative act based on English-language Internet memes.

Suitability of Reduced Part Count Multilevel Inverter Topologies for Grid Interfacing

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (07) ◽  
pp. 1650081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha Agrawal ◽  
Shailendra Jain
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Circuit Complexity ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multilevel Inverters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Input Source ◽  
And Performance

Reduced part count multilevel inverters (RPC-MLIs), an emerging technology for grid interfacing applications of renewable energy sources. RPC-MLIs overcome the limitations of conventional two-level and classical multilevel inverters (NPC, FC and CHB) by the use of reduced part counts for generation of same number of levels in the output. Focus of this paper is on to present review of the RPC-MLIs for researchers and engineers and classification of all the topologies. RPC-MLIs are compared considering its circuit complexity and performance. The comparison exposes advantages and disadvantages of topologies, as well as a wide spectrum for future research. This paper also draws the most potential topology in the field of grid integrated applications. Promising topology is simulated here under the same load and input source condition using real time simulator.

scholarly journals АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ РОЗВИТКУ ВИСОТНИХ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Тамара Павловна Цепляева ◽  
Антон Юрьевич Мигунов
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions

The development of unmanned aerial vehicles, at this time, is of great interest, both of the largest aircraft building companies and design enthusiasts, and among the total amount of development, the volume of high-altitude unmanned vehicles occupies one of the leading positions. In this regard, a very topical issue is the analysis of existing developments and the determination of the vector of future research in this direction. High-altitude unmanned vehicles have a wide range of functions, both in the field of military and civilian use. The work collected and analyzed statistical data of high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles to determine advances in the design of high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The current classification of UAVs was considered, as a result of the analysis of statistical data, options for its expansion were proposed. The flight characteristics of high-altitude UAVs are described. There are charts and tables showing the place of highaltitude UAVs in their total number. Also, flight performance, aerodynamic schemes and engine type, which are the most rational for high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles according to their purpose and class, are defined.

A Study On The Growth And Performance Of Service Sector In Kerala-With Special Refeernce To Kollam.

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Manu V
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Personal Services ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Unorganized Sector

This study attempts to review, the growth and performance of service sector in Kerala. The service sector usually covers a wide range activities from the most sophisticated information technology (IT) to simple services provided by the unorganized sector like the services of the plumber, mason, barber etc. National Accounts classification of the services sector incorporates trade, hotels, and restaurants; transport, storage and communication, financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social and personal services. In World Trade Organization (WTO) and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) classification, construction is also included in services sector.

Neuron Types, Intrinsic Circuits, and Plasticity in the Inferior Colliculus

2018 ◽  
pp. 502-526
Author(s):  
Tetsufumi Ito ◽  
Munenori Ono ◽  
Douglas L. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neuronal Types ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
Local Connection

The inferior colliculus is a critical auditory center in the midbrain which virtually acts as a hub of all ascending and descending auditory information flows. Wide variety of neuronal responses to sound is found in the IC, and this variety emerges not only from the wide range of extrinsic afferent inputs, but also from the complex features of the local circuits in the IC, for example, the mosaic pattern of extrinsic fiber termination, the various neuronal types each of which compose different patterns of local connection, and the unique forms of synaptic plasticity de novo. This chapter reviews the recent progress in understanding these features, and identifies the key issues for future research.

A Travel Blog as a Space for Creation and Communication of Travel Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (0) ◽  
pp. 119-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Travel Blog ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to present the variety of travel models which are conveyed and promoted by amateur travel blogs. Methods. The research sample was constituted on the bases of selected Polish travel blogs which promote travel models. The basic criteria for the selection of these particular blogs was the representativeness and popularity among readers. The testing method was content analysis of selected blogs. Findings. The present study suggests a classification of travel blogs. The research hypothesis claiming that the authors of travel blogs publicize travel models was confirmed. Research and conclusions limitations. The study is focused only on amateur travel blogs which are written in Polish. During the process of research, the author focused on a range of topics of the posts as well as on the publication genres. The present study includes blogs about world travels, travelling with children as well asdogs and low-cost travels. Practical implications. The results of this study indicate a wide range of possible future research studies regarding travel blogs from different perspectives. Originality. This article attempts to establish the definition of a travel model and the main characteristics of a travel blogger which aspire to become a travelebrity. A classification of travel blogs using the 'travel model' key is also provided. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research conducted by the author.

scholarly journals It is getting hotter in here: determining and projecting the impacts of global environmental change on drylands

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1606) ◽  
pp. 3062-3075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando T. Maestre ◽  
Roberto Salguero-Gómez ◽  
José L. Quero
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Global Environmental Change ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Key Issues

Drylands occupy large portions of the Earth, and are a key terrestrial biome from the socio-ecological point of view. In spite of their extent and importance, the impacts of global environmental change on them remain poorly understood. In this introduction, we review some of the main expected impacts of global change in drylands, quantify research efforts on the topic, and highlight how the articles included in this theme issue contribute to fill current gaps in our knowledge. Our literature analyses identify key under-studied areas that need more research (e.g. countries such as Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad and Somalia, and deserts such as the Thar, Kavir and Taklamakan), and indicate that most global change research carried out to date in drylands has been done on a unidisciplinary basis. The contributions included here use a wide array of organisms (from micro-organisms to humans), spatial scales (from local to global) and topics (from plant demography to poverty alleviation) to examine key issues to the socio-ecological impacts of global change in drylands. These papers highlight the complexities and difficulties associated with the prediction of such impacts. They also identify the increased use of long-term experiments and multidisciplinary approaches as priority areas for future dryland research. Major advances in our ability to predict and understand global change impacts on drylands can be achieved by explicitly considering how the responses of individuals, populations and communities will in turn affect ecosystem services. Future research should explore linkages between these responses and their effects on water and climate, as well as the provisioning of services for human development and well-being.

Current Trends in Neuropathic Pain Treatments with Special Reference to Fibromyalgia

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Offenbaecher ◽  
Manfred Ackenheil
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Individual

AbstractNeuropathic pain and fibromyalgia are prevalent diseases which have major consequences on healthcare resources and the individual. From the clinical point of view neuropathic pains represent a heterogeneous group of aetiologically different diseases ranging from cancer to diabetes. Patients with fibromyalgia also display clinical features common in neuropathic pain suggesting that there might be some overlap. The mechanisms responsible for symptoms and signs in both diseases are still unknown. Recently, there have been numerous reports of various pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia with often disappointing results. Most of the studies were of short duration, had high attrition rates, and displayed other methodological problems. Some compounds had high rates of adverse effects which makes it often difficult for the patients to tolerate the treatment, especially in the long-term. At present, the best options for medication treatment are tricyclic antidepressants in lower dosage than usual in psychiatric disorders and a wide range of anticonvulsants. Opioids are sometimes recommended but have been found to have minor efficacy. Recently, there have been more controlled trials, which are reported here if they had been published between 2002 and 2004. Various compounds have been tested in different studies. Treatment of fibromyalgia, which has many features in common with depressive symptoms, became the focus of interest. New promising studies with dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine and milnacipram) and a newer antiepileptic drug (pregabalin) are in progress. Future research will have to apply new approaches (eg, using a mechanism based classification of neuropathic pain and carrying out studies in populations with the same symptom but not necessarily the same disease) in order to find effective treatments for these common and often debilitating diseases.

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