scholarly journals Low Cost Activated Carbon for Removal of NOM and DBPs: Optimization and Comparison

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2244
Author(s):  
Hoda Tafvizi ◽  
Shakhawat Chowdhury ◽  
Tahir Husain
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Paper Company ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Small Water Systems

Higher concentrations of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in small water systems have been a challenge. Adsorption by tailored activated carbon (AC), developed from waste materials of a pulp and paper company using optimization of chemical activation by nitric acid followed by physical activation and metal coating, was tested for the removal of natural organic matter from water using synthetic and natural water. AC was coated with aluminum and iron salts in a ratio of 0.25 to 10.0% of metal: AC (wt: wt%). The optimization of dosage, pH, and time was performed to achieve the highest adsorption capacity. The modified AC of 0.75% Fe-AC and 1.0% Al-AC showed 35–44% improvement in DOC removal from natural water. An enhancement of 40.7% in THMs removal and 77.1% in HAAs removal, compared to non-modified, AC were achieved. The pseudo-second order was the best fitted kinetic model for DOC removal, representing a physiochemical mechanism of adsorption.

Comparative studies on adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions by biosorbent, bio-char and activated carbon obtained from low cost agro-residue

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çisem Kırbıyık ◽  
Ayşe Eren Pütün ◽  
Ersan Pütün
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Standard Entropy ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

In this study, Fe(III) and Cr(III) metal ion adsorption processes were carried out with three adsorbents in batch experiments and their adsorption performance was compared. These adsorbents were sesame stalk without pretreatment, bio-char derived from thermal decomposition of biomass, and activated carbon which was obtained from chemical activation of biomass. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform–infrared techniques were used for characterization of adsorbents. The optimum conditions for the adsorption process were obtained by observing the influences of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial solution concentration, contact time and temperature. The optimum adsorption efficiencies were determined at pH 2.8 and pH 4.0 for Fe(III) and Cr(III) metal ion solutions, respectively. The experimental data were modelled by different isotherm models and the equilibriums were well described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order kinetic, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich models were applied to analyze the kinetic data and to evaluate rate constants. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave a better fit than the others. The thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs free energy change ΔG°, standard enthalpy change ΔH° and standard entropy change ΔS° were evaluated. The thermodynamic study showed the adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process.

Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Reactive Black 5 by Activated Carbon Derived from Tamarind Seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zaniah Ishak ◽  
Sa’diah Salim ◽  
Dilip Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Reactive Black 5 ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Tamarind Seed ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

One of the most environmentally friendly methods to treat wastewater, especially synthetic dyes, is the production of activated carbon from agricultural waste. Tamarind seeds were transformed from negative-value waste into activated carbon in order to study the removal of synthetic dyes. The particular agro waste was soaked in ZnCl2 for chemical activation to increase its surface area and enhance its porosity. Physical activation of tamarind seeds was done by the carbonization process by burning at a temperature of 300 °C for 1 hour and cooling for 24 hours before washing with HCL to activate a pore surface for the tamarind seeds' carbon. The effects of parameters related to the adsorption of the dyes by tamarind seed activated carbon, such as contact time, initial concentration, absorbance dosage, and pH, were studied. The experimental data found that adsorption on both synthetic dyes exhibited a Langmuir isotherm in which the correlation value, R2, was 0.9227 (methylene blue) and 0.6117 (Reactive black 5). Meanwhile, the rate of adsorption for methylene blue (MB) and Reactive black 5 (RB5) by tamarind seed activated carbon was found to be well fitted in a pseudo-second-order model. More research is needed to meet the standard effluent of dyeing wastewater from the industrial sector.

Reduksi Ion Cu(II) Menggunakan Karbon Aktif dari Sekam Padi Teraktivasi Fisika dan Kimia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Purnawan ◽  
Abrar Muslim ◽  
Nasrullah Razali ◽  
Muhammad Zaki ◽  
Hesti Meilina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Carbonation Process ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

This research proposed a method to produce activated carbon from rice husk by carbonation process, physical activation and chemical activation using NaOH. The performance of activated carbon was tested by batch experiments in which the adsorption system contained 1 g of rice husk activated carbon in 100 mL of artificial wastewater with initial concentration of Cu(II) ion being 148.26 mg/L, initial pH 6, at 27 oC and 1 atm to determine the efficiency of reducing Cu(II) ion over the contact time and presence of stirring on chemical activation. The results showed that the efficiency of reducing Cu(II) ion by rice husk activated carbon increased exponentially with increasing contact time with a maximum value of 74.33% at 90 minutes of contact time. The results also showed that stirring on chemical activation increased the efficiency of Cu(II) ion reduction by 14.94%. Adsorption kinetics studies showed that Cu(II) ion reduction followed the pseudo-second order adsorption equation with the adsorption capacity of 10.18 mg/g and  adsorption rate constant of 0.0013 g/mg.min for rice husk activated carbon without stirring in the chemical activation. Stirring in the chemical activation.increased the capacity and rate of adsorption constant to 12.07 mg/g and 0.0052 g/mg.min, respectively.

Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Daya Serap Arang Aktif Tandan Aren (Arenga Pinnata Merr) Dengan Agen Aktivasi Potassium Silicate(K2SiO3)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Muhammad Anas ◽  
Erniwati Erniwati
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Reactor

This study aims to determine the effect of variation of activation temperature of activated carbon from sugar palm bunches of chemically activatied with the activation agent of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) on the adsorption capacity of iodine and methylene blue. Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palmacquired in four steps: preparationsteps, carbonizationstepsusing the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300 oC - 400 oC for 8 hours and chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 and physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of600 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. The iodine and methyleneblue adsorption testedby Titrimetric method and Spectrophotometry methodrespectively. The results of the adsorption of iodine and methylene blue activated carbon from sugar palm bunches increased from 240.55 mg/g and 63.14 mg/g at a temperature of 600 oC to achieve the highest adsorption capacity of 325.80 mg/g and 73.59 mg/g at temperature of 700 oC and decreased by 257.54 mg/g and 52.03 mg/g at a temperature of 800 oCrespectively.However, it does not meet to Indonesia standard (Standard Nasional Indonesia/SNI), which is 750 mg/g and 120 mg/g respectively.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterisation of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid as Activating Agent in Rubber Seed Shell Activated Carbon Production for CO2 Capture

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Nawwarah Mokti ◽  
Azry Borhan ◽  
Siti Nur Azella Zaine ◽  
Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Activating Agent

The use of an activating agent in chemical activation of activated carbon (AC) production is very important as it will help to open the pore structure of AC as adsorbents and could enhance its performance for adsorption capacity. In this study, a pyridinium-based ionic liquid (IL), 1-butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [C4Py][Tf2N] has been synthesized by using anion exchange reaction and was characterized using few analyses such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FTIR. Low-cost AC was synthesized by chemical activation process in which rubber seed shell (RSS) and ionic liquid [C4Py][Tf2N] were employed as the precursor and activating agent, respectively. AC has been prepared with different IL concentration (1% and 10%) at 500°C and 800°C for 2 hours. Sample AC2 shows the highest SBET and VT which are 392.8927 m2/g and 0.2059 cm3/g respectively. The surface morphology of synthesized AC can be clearly seen through FESEM analysis. A high concentration of IL in sample AC10 contributed to blockage of pores by the IL. On the other hand, the performance of synthesized AC for CO2 adsorption capacity also studied by using static volumetric technique at 1 bar and 25°C. Sample AC2 contributed the highest CO2 uptakes which is 50.783 cm3/g. This current work shows that the use of low concentration IL as an activating agent has the potential to produce porous AC, which offers low-cost, green technology as well as promising application towards CO2 capture.

Adsorptive Removal of Pb(II) Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Faisal Taha ◽  
Ahmad S. Rosman ◽  
Maizatul S. Shaharun
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Adsorption Studies ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Equilibrium Data

The potential of rice husk-based activated carbon as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution was investigated. Rice husk-based activated carbon was preparedviachemical activation process using NaOH followed by the carbonization process at 500°C. Morphological analysis was conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscope /energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM/EDX) on three samples, i.e. raw rice husk, rice husk treated with NaOH and rice husk-based activated carbon. These three samples were also analyzed for their C, H, N, O and Si contents using CHN elemental analyzer and FESEM/EDX. The textural properties of rice husk-based activated carbon, i.e. surface area (253 m2/g) and pore volume (0.17 cm2/g), were determined by N2adsorption. The adsorption studies using rice husk-based activated carbon as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution were carried out at a fixed initial concentration of Pb (II) ion (150 ppm) with varying adsorbent dose as a function of contact time at room temperature. The concentration of Pb (II) ion was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution increased from 35 % to 82 % when the amount of rice husk-based activated carbon was increased from 0.05 g to 0.30 g. The equilibrium data obtained from adsorption studies was found to fit both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste Rubber Tires: A Comparison between Physical and Chemical Activation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin Glen Joseph ◽  
Duduku Krishniah ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ◽  
Masnah Massuanna ◽  
Jessica William
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Waste tires, which are an abundant waste product of the automobile industry, were used to prepare activated carbon by means of physical and chemical activation. A two-stage process was used, with a semi-carbonization stage as the first stage, followed by an activation stage as the second stage.All experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale muffle furnace under static conditions in a self-generated atmosphere. During this process, the effects of the parametric variables of semi-carbonization time (for the physical activation process), activation time and temperature and impregnation ratios (for the chemical activation process) on the percentage yield were studied and compared. Varying these parametric variables yielded interesting results, which in turn affected the adsorption process of 2,4-DCP, which was the simulated pollutant in aqueous form. The optimized percentage yields of activated carbon that were obtained were 41.55% and 44.88% ofthe physical and chemical activation treatment processes respectively.Keywords: Physical activation, chemical activation, waste rubber tires, 2,4-dichlorophenol, activated carbon.

AKTIVASI KIMIA-FISIK LIMBAH SERUTAN ROTAN MENJADI KARBON AKTIF

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-98
Author(s):  
Andy Mizwar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Limbah rotan dari industri kerajinan dan mebel berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan karbon aktif karena memiliki kandungan holoselulosa dan kadar karbon yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas dari aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan natrium klorida (NaCl) yang dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi fisik dalam pembuatan karbon aktif berbahan dasar  limbah serutan rotan. Pembuatan karbon aktif diawali dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 250°C selama 1 jam. Selanjutnya aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan NaCl dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20% serta waktu perendaman selama 10, 15 dan 20 jam. Aktivasi fisik dilakukan dengan pembakaran pada suhu 700°C selama 30 menit. Analisis karakteristik fisik-kimia karbon aktif mengacu pada SNI 06-3730-95, meliputi kadar air, fixed carbon, dan iodine number, sedangkan perhitungan luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dilakukan dengan Metode Sears. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum aktivasi kimia terjadi pada konsentrasi NaCl 10% dan lama perendaman 10 jam dengan hasil analisis kadar air 2.90%, fixed carbon 72.70%, iodine number 994.59 mg/g dan luas permukaan 1587.67 m²/g. Peningkatan fixed carbon, iodine number dan luas permukaan karbon aktif berbanding terbalik dengan peningkatan konsentrasi NaCl dan lama waktu perendaman, sedangkan peningkatan kadar air pada karbon aktif berlaku sebaliknya. Rattan waste from handicraft and furniture industry could potentially be used as raw material of activated carbon due to high content of holoselulosa and carbon. This paper investigates the effectiveness of chemical activation using sodium chloride (NaCl) followed by physical activation in the making of activated carbon-based on rattan shavings waste. Preparation of the activated carbon began with the carbonization process at 250°C for 1 hour. Furthermore chemical activation using a variation of NaCl concentrations 10%, 15% and 20% as well as the time of immersion 10, 15 and 20 hours. Physical activation was done by burning at 700°C for 30 minutes. Analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon was referred to the SNI 06-3730-95, including of moisture content, fixed carbon and iodine number, while the calculation of the specific surface area was done by the Sears’s method. The results of this study showed that the optimum conditions of chemical activation occurred in impregnation by NaCl 10% for 10 hours. The water content, fixed carbon, iodine number and surface area of activated carbon was 2.90%, 72.70%, 994.59 mg/g and 1587.67 m²/g  respectively. The increase values of fixed carbon, iodine number, and surface area was inversely proportional to the increase of NaCl concentration and the length of impregnation time, while the increase of water content applied vice versa.

Preparation of Activated Carbon Monolith Electrodes from Sugarcane Bagasse by Physical and Physical-Chemical Activation Process for Supercapacitor Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erman Taer ◽  
Iwantono ◽  
Saidul Tua Manik ◽  
R. Taslim ◽  
D. Dahlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Supercapacitor Application ◽  
Carbon Monolith ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Activated Carbon Monoliths

Binderless activated carbon monoliths (ACMs) for supercapacitor electrodes were prepared from sugarcane bagasse by two different methods of physical and combination of physical-chemical activation process. The CO2 gas was used as physical activation agent and 0.3 M KOH was chosen as chemical activation agent. The ACMs were tested as electrodes in two-electrode systems of the coin tape cell supercapacitor that consists of stainless steel as current collectors and 1 M H2SO4 as an electrolyte. The improving of resistive, capacitive and energy properties of combination of physical-chemical ACMs electrodes were shown by an impedance spectroscopy, a cyclic voltammetry and a galvanostatic charge-discharge method. The improving of resistive, capacitive and energy properties as high as 1 to 0.6 Ω, 146 to 178 F g-1, 3.83 to 4.72 W h kg-1, respectively. The X-ray diffraction analysis and field emission scanning electron microscope were performed to characterize the crystallite and morphology characteristics. The results showed that the combination of physical-chemical activation process have given a good improving in performance of the bagasse based ACMs electrodes in supercapacitor application.

scholarly journals Orthophosphoric Acid Activated Babul Seed Carbon as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sujatha ◽  
A. Geetha ◽  
P. Sivakumar ◽  
P. N. Palanisamy
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Kinetics ◽  
Orthophosphoric Acid ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

An Experimental and theoretical study has been conducted on the adsorption of methylene blue dye using activated carbon prepared from babul seed by chemical activation with orthophosphoric acid. BET surface area of the activated carbon was determined as 1060 m2/g. Adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics were investigated as a function of initial dye concentration, temperature and pH. First order Lagergren, pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models were used to test the adsorption kinetics. Results were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Based on regression coefficient, the equilibrium data found fitted well to the Langmuir equilibrium model than other models. The characteristics of the prepared activated carbon were found comparable to the commercial activated carbon. It is found that the babul seed activated carbon is very effective for the removal of colouring matter.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document