Preparation of Activated Carbon Monolith Electrodes from Sugarcane Bagasse by Physical and Physical-Chemical Activation Process for Supercapacitor Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erman Taer ◽  
Iwantono ◽  
Saidul Tua Manik ◽  
R. Taslim ◽  
D. Dahlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Supercapacitor Application ◽  
Carbon Monolith ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Activated Carbon Monoliths

Binderless activated carbon monoliths (ACMs) for supercapacitor electrodes were prepared from sugarcane bagasse by two different methods of physical and combination of physical-chemical activation process. The CO2 gas was used as physical activation agent and 0.3 M KOH was chosen as chemical activation agent. The ACMs were tested as electrodes in two-electrode systems of the coin tape cell supercapacitor that consists of stainless steel as current collectors and 1 M H2SO4 as an electrolyte. The improving of resistive, capacitive and energy properties of combination of physical-chemical ACMs electrodes were shown by an impedance spectroscopy, a cyclic voltammetry and a galvanostatic charge-discharge method. The improving of resistive, capacitive and energy properties as high as 1 to 0.6 Ω, 146 to 178 F g-1, 3.83 to 4.72 W h kg-1, respectively. The X-ray diffraction analysis and field emission scanning electron microscope were performed to characterize the crystallite and morphology characteristics. The results showed that the combination of physical-chemical activation process have given a good improving in performance of the bagasse based ACMs electrodes in supercapacitor application.

Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Limbah Plastik PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) Menggunakan Aktivator KOH

METANA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Syarifuddin Oko ◽  
Mustafa Mustafa ◽  
Andri Kurniawan ◽  
Lintang Norfitria
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Constituent Elements

 Pengunaan plastik setiap hari mengakibatkan terjadinya penumpukan sampah plastik yang dapat mencemari lingkungan dan menjadi salah satu masalah serius yang harus ditangani karena plastik tidak dapat terdegradasi. Plastik merupakan senyawa yang unsur penyusun utamanya adalah karbon dan hidrogen. Sehingga limbah plastik berpotensi sebagai pembuatan karbon aktif dan akan membuat limbah plastik menjadi lebih bermanfaat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi aktivator dan waktu aktivasi terhadap proses aktivasi fisika kimia sehingga menghasilkan produk karbon aktif yang sesuai dengan SNI 06-3730-1995. Plastik PET terlebih dahulu dikarbonasi pada temperatur 480oC selama 2 jam menggunakan furnace hingga membentuk arang. Lalu, direndam dalam aseton selama 24 jam. Setelah itu disaring dan dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada temperatur 110oC selama 3 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan proses aktivasi fisika pada temperatur 750oC selama 2 jam. Karbon yang telah teraktivasi fisika selanjutnya diaktivasi secara kimia dengan menggunakan KOH konsentrasi 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, dan 4M dengan variasi waktu  2 jam dan 4 jam. Diperoleh hasil terbaik yaitu pada karbon aktif dengan konsentrasi KOH 4 M dan waktu aktivasi 2 jam dengan nilai daya serap iod sebesar 980,17 mg/g, kadar abu 0,28%, kadar air 7,55%, dan kadar volatile matter 3,47%. Karbon aktif yang diperoleh telah memenuhi SNI 06-3730-1995.The use of plastic every day results in the accumulation of plastic waste that can pollute the environment and was a serious problem that must be addressed because plastic cannot be degraded. Plastic was a compound whose main constituent elements were carbon and hydrogen. So that plastic waste has the potential to produce activated carbon and will make plastic waste more useful. This study aims to determine the effect of activator concentration and activation time on the physical-chemical activation process so as to produce activated carbon products in accordance with SNI 06-3730-1995. PET plastik was first carbonated at a temperature of 480oC for 2 hours using a furnace to form charcoal. Then, soaked in acetone for 24 hours. After that it was filtered and dried using an oven at a temperature of 110oC for 3 hours and continued with the physical activation process at a temperature of 750oC for 2 hours. The physically activated carbon was then chemically activated using KOH concentrations of 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, and 4 M with time variations of 2 hours and 4 hours. The best results were obtained on activated carbon with a concentration of KOH 4 M and an activation time of 2 hours with an iodine absorption value of 980.17 mg/g, 0.28% ash content, 7.55% water content, and volatile matter levels 3,47%. Activated carbon obtained has complied with SNI 06-3730-1995.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste Rubber Tires: A Comparison between Physical and Chemical Activation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin Glen Joseph ◽  
Duduku Krishniah ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ◽  
Masnah Massuanna ◽  
Jessica William
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Waste tires, which are an abundant waste product of the automobile industry, were used to prepare activated carbon by means of physical and chemical activation. A two-stage process was used, with a semi-carbonization stage as the first stage, followed by an activation stage as the second stage.All experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale muffle furnace under static conditions in a self-generated atmosphere. During this process, the effects of the parametric variables of semi-carbonization time (for the physical activation process), activation time and temperature and impregnation ratios (for the chemical activation process) on the percentage yield were studied and compared. Varying these parametric variables yielded interesting results, which in turn affected the adsorption process of 2,4-DCP, which was the simulated pollutant in aqueous form. The optimized percentage yields of activated carbon that were obtained were 41.55% and 44.88% ofthe physical and chemical activation treatment processes respectively.Keywords: Physical activation, chemical activation, waste rubber tires, 2,4-dichlorophenol, activated carbon.

scholarly journals Karakteristik luas permukaan karbon aktif dari ampas tebu dengan aktivasi kimia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Mahmud Sudibandriyo ◽  
L Lydia
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

Surface area characterization of activated carbon from sugarcane baggase by chemical activationAdsorption is one the process with many applications in the industries such as in a separation or in gas storage. In this adsorption, adsorbent selection is the most important thing. One of the adsorbent most suitable for this process is activated carbon. Previous studies show that high surface area of activated carbon can be produced from sugarcane bagasse using activator ZnCl2. The research’s goal is to produce activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse and determine the effects of activator on the surface area of activated carbon produced. Activators used in this research are KOH and ZnCl2 with the mass ratio of activator/carbon are 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1. The results show that The highest surface area, 938,2 m2/g, is obtained by activation using KOH with mass ratio of activator/carbon 3/1, whereas the highest surface area by activation using ZnCl2 is 632 m2/g with mass ratio of activator/carbon 2/1. For comparison, preparation of activated carbon by physical activation is also done and the surface area is 293 m2/g.Keywords: Activated carbon, chemical activation, sugarcane bagasse, KOH, ZnCl2 Abstrak Adsorpsi merupakan salah satu proses yang banyak digunakan dalam industri baik dalam pemisahan maupun untuk penyimpanan gas. Pada proses adsorpsi ini, pemilihan adsorben merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Salah satu jenis adsorben yang sangat cocok untuk proses ini adalah karbon aktif. Penelusuran studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif dengan luas permukaan yang cukup tinggi dapat dibuat dari ampas tebu dengan menggunakan aktivator ZnCl2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif dari ampas tebu dengan aktivasi kimia serta mengetahui pengaruh aktivator terhadap luas permukaan karbon aktif yang dihasilkan. Aktivator yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah KOH dan ZnCl2 dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa karbon 1/1, 2/1, dan 3/1. Aktivasi dilakukan pada temperatur 700 oC selama 1 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa luas permukaan tertinggi sebesar 938,2 m2/g diperoleh dengan aktivasi menggunakan KOH dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa arang 3/1, sedangkan aktivasi dengan menggunakan ZnCl2 diperoleh luas permukaan tertinggi sebesar 632 m2/g dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa arang 2/1. Sebagai pembanding, pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan pembuatan karbon aktif dengan metode aktivasi fisika dan diperoleh luas permukaan karbon aktif sebesar 293 m2/g.Kata kunci: Aktivasi kimia, ampas tebu, karbon aktif, KOH, ZnCl2

scholarly journals The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Electrodes from Pineapple Leaf Fibers for Supercapacitor Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Agustino Agustino ◽  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Erman Taer
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Average Pore Radius ◽  
Supercapacitor Application

Elektroda karbon aktif berbasis serat daun nanas (SDN) telah berhasil diproduksi dengan proses tiga langkah berikut ini, yaitu: (i) aktivasi kimia, (ii) karbonisasi, dan (iii) aktivasi fisika. Aktivasi kimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan agen pengaktif KOH dengan konsetrasi 0,3 M. Karbonisasi dilakukan dalam lingkungan gas N2 pada temperatur 600oC dan diikuti oleh aktivasi fisika pada temperatur 850oC menggunakan gas CO2 selama 2,5 jam. Luas permukaan spesifik elektroda 512,211 m2×g-1 dengan volume total pori sebesar 0,093 cm3×g–1, dan jari-jari pori rata-rata 1,199 nm. Morfologi permukaan elektroda karbon aktif menunjukkan adanya serat karbon dengan diameter serat dalam kisaran 101 - 185 nm dan memliki kandungan karbon dengan massa atomik sebesar 84,33%. Elektroda karbon aktif memiliki struktur amorf, yang ditunjukkan oleh dua puncak difraksi yang lebar pada sudut hamburan 24,64 dan 43,77o yang bersesuaian dengan bidang (002) dan (100). Kapasitansi spesifik, energi spesifik dan daya spesifik sel superkapasitor yang dihasilkan masing-masing sebesar 110 F×g-1, 15,28 Wh×kg-1 dan 36,69 W×kg-1. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) based activated carbon electrode has been successfully produced using three-step process, i.e. (i) chemical activation, (ii) carbonization, and (iii) physical activation. The chemical activation was carried out using KOH activating agent with a concentration of 0.3 M. The carbonization process is conducted out in N2 gas environment at 600oC and followed by physical activation at a temperature of 850oC by using CO2 gas for 2.5 h. The specific surface area of the electrode is 512.211 m2×g-1 with a total pore volume of 0.093 cm3×g-1, and average pore radius of 1.199 nm. The surface morphology of the electrode shown the carbon fibers with diameter in the range of 101 - 185 nm and carbon content with 84.33% of atomic mass. The activated carbon electrode has an amorphous structure, which is shown by two wide diffraction peaks at scattering angles of 24.64 and 43.77o which correspond to the plane (002) and (100), respectively. The specific capacitance, energy and power of the electrode are 110 F×g-1, 15.28 Wh×kg-1 and 36.69 W×kg-1, respectively.Keywords: Serat daun nanas, Kalium hidroksida, Elektroda karbon aktif, Kapasitansi spesifik, Superkapasitor 

scholarly journals The Adsorption Mechanism of Activated Carbon and Its Application - A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Muhammad S. Muzarpar ◽  
A. M. Leman
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Production Face

Activated carbon (AC) was recognized by many researchers as useful substance in adsorption of impurities. Several processes involved in the production of AC which were carbonization, crushing, and activation process. Carbonization of carbon required high temperature up to 900oC. Then the carbon will be crush to a desired size for activation process. Activation of carbon can be either chemical activation, physical activation or combination of chemical and physical activation which called physiochemical activation. The mechanism adsorption of AC commonly due to its micropore present in the carbon or the weak vander waals forces which can attract the impurities. Activated carbon have multiple function in human daily life. This study will be discuss the function of AC in the production face mask, water filtration and air filtration.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Waste Wood and Straw for Potential Wastewater Adsorption

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Maciej Klein ◽  
Dariusz Kardaś ◽  
Justyna Łuczak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Carbon Production

Pyrolysis of straw pellets and wood strips was performed in a fixed bed reactor. The chars, solid products of thermal degradation, were used as potential materials for activated carbon production. Chemical and physical activation processes were used to compare properties of the products. The chemical activation agent KOH was chosen and the physical activation was conducted with steam and carbon dioxide as oxidising gases. The effect of the activation process on the surface area, pore volume, structure and composition of the biochar was examined. The samples with the highest surface area (1349.6 and 1194.4 m2/g for straw and wood activated carbons, respectively) were obtained when the chemical activation with KOH solution was applied. The sample with the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for model wastewater contamination removal.

scholarly journals Effect of Activator Type on Activated Carbon Characters from Teak Wood and The Bleaching Test for Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Shabrina Herawati ◽  
Icha Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Cooking Oil

The starting material for activated carbon was biomass from teak woodcutting, which consists of 47.5% cellulose, 14.4% hemicellulose, and 29.9% lignin. The surface area and iodine number of activated carbons are the factors determining the adsorption ability. This study aims to determine the effect of the activator type on activated carbon characters and test the absorption ability for waste cooking oil. The synthesis stages include carbonization, chemical activation, and then physics activation. The activation process consists of two steps. Firstly, the chemical activation via adding H2SO4, and H3PO4 at room temperature for 24 hours, the second, physical activation by heating at various temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C for two hours. The characterizations of activated carbon include water content, ash content, iodine number, functional groups, and surface area. Furthermore, the activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for waste cooking oil for 60 minutes at 100 °C with a stirring of 500 rpm. The results were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 403 nm. The iodine numbers of activated carbon ranged 481.1-1211.4 mg/g and 494.8-1204 mg/g for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively.Activated carbon with H3PO4 of 15% and an activation temperature of 400 °C has the highest surface area of 445.30 m2/g.  The H2SO4 dan H3PO4 activators can be used to improve the quality of activated carbon in absorbing dyes in waste cooking oil, where the optimum concentration is 10-15% (v/v). The H3PO4 activator tends to produce a higher bleaching percentage than H2SO4. 

scholarly journals Characterization of Active Carbon from Coconut Shell using X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) and SEM-EDX Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Andi Ikhtiar Bakti ◽  
Paulus Lobo Gareso ◽  
Nurlaela Rauf
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Sample ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Samples

Activated carbon is produced from the coconut shell through physical and chemical activation. The pyrolysis method was employed in this research for physical activation at an optimum temperature of 600oC and 1,000oC, for chemical activation immersed using 10% Na2CO3 activating agent. This research has produced two samples, namely the physical activation of 1,000oC and the physics-chemical activation of Na2CO3. The X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) spectrum of activated carbon in the samples 1,000oC and Na2CO3 contained silicate minerals, iron ore and quartz, respectively, and it showed the formation of carbon and graphite structures in the hkl (002) and (100) planes. Through Scherrer’s method, the average size of the Na2CO3 crystals sample is 15.03 nm and the sample crystal sample of 1,000oC is 54.53 nm; the size of the Nano-scale crystals was formed when the temperature increases ≥ 600° C. The X-RD resulted the percentage of elemental content carbon phase volume fraction (Fv) and impurity (I) in the 1,000oC sample of 75.61%, 24.39% and the Na2CO3 sample of 77.87%, 22.13% . These results indicate that the carbon content in chemical activation is much better than the physics activation. SEM results with magnification of 5,000x, it is very clear the porosity formed of the 10 μm picture size are 0.8 μm in Na2CO3 sample and 1.00 μm in 1,000oC sample.

scholarly journals Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Struktur Kristalin Arang Aktif Dari Tandan Aren (Arenga Pinnata Merr) Dengan Agen Aktivasi Potassium Silicate (K2SiO3)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Nurlia Nurlia ◽  
Muhammad Anas ◽  
Erniwati Erniwati
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Irregular Arrangement

This study aims to determine the effect of variations of  activation temperature of  activated carbon from sugar palm bunches of chemically activatied with the activation agent of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) on the crystalline structure. Activated carbon is the result of pyrolysis of carbonaceous raw materials at temperatures lower than  of 1000 oC. Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palm acquired in four steps: preparation steps, carbonization steps using the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300 oC - 400 oC for 8 hours and chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 and physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of 600 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. The crystalline structure tested by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method, the results yielded of 26,60o, 26,62o, 26,16o, 26,22o, 26,97o,  and 26,68o respectively. The highest crystalline structure yield was 22.26% at temperature of  600 oC and the lowest was 8.83% at temperature of 650 oC. The results obtained were amorphous  91.17% at the highest temperature of 650 oC and the lowest 77.74% at temperatur of  600 oC  which has a random and irregular arrangement pattern of atoms or molecules repeatedly or not periodically.

scholarly journals Highly Selective CO2 Capture on Waste Polyurethane Foam-Based Activated Carbon

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ge ◽  
Dandan Lian ◽  
Shaopeng Cui ◽  
Jie Gao ◽  
Jianjun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
High Co2

Low-cost activated carbons were prepared from waste polyurethane foam by physical activation with CO2 for the first time and chemical activation with Ca(OH)2, NaOH, or KOH. The activation conditions were optimized to produce microporous carbons with high CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2 selectivity. The sample prepared by physical activation showed CO2/N2 selectivity of up to 24, much higher than that of chemical activation. This is mainly due to the narrower microporosity and the rich N content produced during the physical activation process. However, physical activation samples showed inferior textural properties compared to chemical activation samples and led to a lower CO2 uptake of 3.37 mmol·g−1 at 273 K. Porous carbons obtained by chemical activation showed a high CO2 uptake of 5.85 mmol·g−1 at 273 K, comparable to the optimum activated carbon materials prepared from other wastes. This is mainly attributed to large volumes of ultra-micropores (<1 nm) up to 0.212 cm3·g−1 and a high surface area of 1360 m2·g−1. Furthermore, in consideration of the presence of fewer contaminants, lower weight losses of physical activation samples, and the excellent recyclability of both physical- and chemical-activated samples, the waste polyurethane foam-based carbon materials exhibited potential application prospects in CO2 capture.

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