Microscopes. Microscopes with digital imaging displays. Information provided to the user regarding imaging performance

2016 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 3587-3590
Author(s):  
Jin Chen

Based on the analysis of the characteristic of digital imaging and form, that digital image visual performance of rewriting the traditional visual aesthetic paradigm. The design and the integration of affective communication ability are for the creation of the two-dimensional plane advertisement design provides a new performance space. It has a positive guiding significance. Based on this, this article from is the perspective of plane advertisement design. Summed up the following practical digital imaging visual penetration performance patterns: direct application of deconstruction refactoring, heterogeneous combination, total quality replacement, space-time displacement, deformation and exaggeration and anthropomorphic and combined with the actual application case is analyzed to illustrate arguments. Finally, from the Angle of the audience to digital imaging and visual penetration cognition has carried on the investigation and analysis, combining with related data statistics to verify the digital imaging performance in plane advertisement design, the application of space is very big and worth further research. We are looking forward to digital imaging brings in the two-dimensional plane visual feast for us.


Author(s):  
W.A. Carrington ◽  
F.S. Fay ◽  
K.E. Fogarty ◽  
L. Lifshitz

Advances in digital imaging microscopy and in the synthesis of fluorescent dyes allow the determination of 3D distribution of specific proteins, ions, GNA or DNA in single living cells. Effective use of this technology requires a combination of optical and computer hardware and software for image restoration, feature extraction and computer graphics.The digital imaging microscope consists of a conventional epifluorescence microscope with computer controlled focus, excitation and emission wavelength and duration of excitation. Images are recorded with a cooled (-80°C) CCD. 3D images are obtained as a series of optical sections at .25 - .5 μm intervals.A conventional microscope has substantial blurring along its optical axis. Out of focus contributions to a single optical section cause low contrast and flare; details are poorly resolved along the optical axis. We have developed new computer algorithms for reversing these distortions. These image restoration techniques and scanning confocal microscopes yield significantly better images; the results from the two are comparable.


Author(s):  
John F. Mansfield

The current imaging trend in optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is to record all data digitally. Most manufacturers currently market digital acquisition systems with their microscope packages. The advantages of digital acquisition include: almost instant viewing of the data as a high-quaity positive image (a major benefit when compared to TEM images recorded onto film, where one must wait until after the microscope session to develop the images); the ability to readily quantify features in the images and measure intensities; and extremely compact storage (removable 5.25” storage devices which now can hold up to several gigabytes of data).The problem for many researchers, however, is that they have perfectly serviceable microscopes that they routinely use that have no digital imaging capabilities with little hope of purchasing a new instrument.


Author(s):  
Xiao Zhang

Polymer microscopy involves multiple imaging techniques. Speed, simplicity, and productivity are key factors in running an industrial polymer microscopy lab. In polymer science, the morphology of a multi-phase blend is often the link between process and properties. The extent to which the researcher can quantify the morphology determines the strength of the link. To aid the polymer microscopist in these tasks, digital imaging systems are becoming more prevalent. Advances in computers, digital imaging hardware and software, and network technologies have made it possible to implement digital imaging systems in industrial microscopy labs.


Author(s):  
C J R Sheppard

The confocal microscope is now widely used in both biomedical and industrial applications for imaging, in three dimensions, objects with appreciable depth. There are now a range of different microscopes on the market, which have adopted a variety of different designs. The aim of this paper is to explore the effects on imaging performance of design parameters including the method of scanning, the type of detector, and the size and shape of the confocal aperture.It is becoming apparent that there is no such thing as an ideal confocal microscope: all systems have limitations and the best compromise depends on what the microscope is used for and how it is used. The most important compromise at present is between image quality and speed of scanning, which is particularly apparent when imaging with very weak signals. If great speed is not of importance, then the fundamental limitation for fluorescence imaging is the detection of sufficient numbers of photons before the fluorochrome bleaches.


Author(s):  
M. T. Postek ◽  
A. E. Vladar

One of the major advancements applied to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) during the past 10 years has been the development and application of digital imaging technology. Advancements in technology, notably the availability of less expensive, high-density memory chips and the development of high speed analog-to-digital converters, mass storage and high performance central processing units have fostered this revolution. Today, most modern SEM instruments have digital electronics as a standard feature. These instruments, generally have 8 bit or 256 gray levels with, at least, 512 × 512 pixel density operating at TV rate. In addition, current slow-scan commercial frame-grabber cards, directly applicable to the SEM, can have upwards of 12-14 bit lateral resolution permitting image acquisition at 4096 × 4096 resolution or greater. The two major categories of SEM systems to which digital technology have been applied are:In the analog SEM system the scan generator is normally operated in an analog manner and the image is displayed in an analog or "slow scan" mode.


Author(s):  
R.P. Ferrier ◽  
S. McVitie

Type II magnetic contrast was first observed by Philibert and Tixier and relies on the change in the effective backscattering coefficient due to interaction of the scattered electrons within the specimen and the local magnetic induction (for a review see Tsuno). Depending on the tilt of the specimen and the position of the backscattered electron detector(s), contrast due to the presence of either or both domains and domain walls can be obtained; in the case of the latter, the standard geometry is for the specimen to be normal to the incident beam and the detectors are positioned above it and close to the optic axis. This is the geometry adopted in our studies, which used a JEOL 2000FX with a special split objective lens polepiece; this permitted the specimen to be in magnetic field-free space, the separate lens gaps above and below allowing good probe forming capabilities combined with excellent Lorentz imaging performance. A schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 1.


Author(s):  
H. Rose

The imaging performance of the light optical lens systems has reached such a degree of perfection that nowadays numerical apertures of about 1 can be utilized. Compared to this state of development the objective lenses of electron microscopes are rather poor allowing at most usable apertures somewhat smaller than 10-2 . This severe shortcoming is due to the unavoidable axial chromatic and spherical aberration of rotationally symmetric electron lenses employed so far in all electron microscopes.The resolution of such electron microscopes can only be improved by increasing the accelerating voltage which shortens the electron wave length. Unfortunately, this procedure is rather ineffective because the achievable gain in resolution is only proportional to λ1/4 for a fixed magnetic field strength determined by the magnetic saturation of the pole pieces. Moreover, increasing the acceleration voltage results in deleterious knock-on processes and in extreme difficulties to stabilize the high voltage. Last not least the cost increase exponentially with voltage.


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