Faculty Opinions recommendation of Latent enhancers activated by stimulation in differentiated cells.

In Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia motility of lymphocytes is associated with dissemination of malignancy and establishment of metastatic foci. Normal and leukemic lymphocytes in circulation reach solid tissues where due to in adequate perfusion some cells get trapped among tissue spaces. Although normal lymphocytes reenter into circulation leukemic lymphocytes are thought to remain entrapped owing to reduced mobility and form secondary metastasis. Cell surface, transmembrane interactions, cytoskeleton and level of cell differentiation are implicated in lymphocyte mobility. An attempt has been made to correlate ultrastructural information with quantitative data obtained by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). TEM of normal & leukemic lymphocytes revealed heterogeneity in cell populations ranging from well differentiated (Fig. 1) to poorly differentiated cells (Fig. 2). Unlike other cells, surface extensions in differentiated lymphocytes appear to originate by extrusion of large vesicles in to extra cellular space (Fig. 3). This results in persistent unevenness on lymphocyte surface which occurs due to a phenomenon different from that producing surface extensions in other cells.

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Differentiated Cells in Aging Research

10.1016/s0074-7696(08)x6050-4 ◽

1961 ◽

Keyword(s):

Aging Research ◽

Differentiated Cells

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An approach to the understanding of the clinical-etiopathological aspect of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 862-869

Author(s):

Meena Kumari ◽

Monika Agrawal ◽

Rakesh Kumar Singh ◽

Parameswarappa S Byadgi

Keyword(s):

World Health ◽

Apical Surface ◽

Therapy Assessment ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

The World ◽

Polarized Epithelia ◽

Well Differentiated ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Currently, the world is facing a health and socioeconomic crisis caused by the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this disease as a pandemic. The condition (COVID-19) is an infectious disorder triggered by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2. Most of the COVID-19 infected patients will experience mild to moderate respiratory symptoms and recover without any unique therapy. Assessment of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 cases suggests the infected patients will not be contagious until the onset of severe symptoms and affects the other organs. Well-differentiated cells of apical airway epithelia communicating with ACE2 were promptly infected to SARS-CoV-2 virus. But the expression of ACE 2 in poorly differentiated epithelia facilitated SARS spike (S) protein-pseudo typed virus entry and it is replicated in polarized epithelia and especially exited via the apical surface. Limiting the transmission of COVID-19 infection & its prevention can be regarded as a hierarchy of controls. In this article, we briefly discuss the most recent advances in respect to aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical progression of the disease COVID-19.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Survival of mononuclear phagocytes depends on a lineage-specific growth factor that the differentiated cells selectively destroy.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718180381.793487126 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Kipnis

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Specific Growth Factor

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PC12 and THP-1 Cell Lines as Neuronal and Microglia Model in Neurobiological Research

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11093729 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 3729

Author(s):

Katarzyna Balon ◽

Benita Wiatrak

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Dna Damage ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Inflammatory Factor ◽

Research Model ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Undifferentiated Cells ◽

Primary Cell Lines ◽

Neurobiological Research ◽

The Impact

Models based on cell cultures have become a useful tool in modern scientific research. Since primary cell lines are difficult to obtain and handle, neoplasm-derived lines like PC12 and THP-1 offer a cheap and flexible solution for neurobiological studies but require prior differentiation to serve as a neuronal or microglia model. PC12 cells constitute a suitable research model only after differentiation by incubation with nerve growth factor (NGF) and THP-1 cells after administering a differentiation factor such as phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Still, quite often, studies are performed on these cancer cells without differentiation. The study aimed to assess the impact of PC12 or THP-1 cell differentiation on sensitivity to harmful factors such as Aβ25-35 (0.001–5 µM) (considered as one of the major detrimental factors in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease) or lipopolysaccharide (1–100 µM) (LPS; a pro-inflammatory factor of bacterial origin). Results showed that in most of the tests performed, the response of PC12 and THP-1 cells induced to differentiation varied significantly from the effect in undifferentiated cells. In general, differentiated cells showed greater sensitivity to harmful factors in terms of metabolic activity and DNA damage, while in the case of the free radicals, the results were heterogeneous. Obtained data emphasize the importance of proper differentiation of cell lines of neoplastic origin in neurobiological research and standardization of cell culture handling protocols to ensure reliable results.

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Crayfish hemocytes develop along the granular cell lineage

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92473-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fang Li ◽

Zaichao Zheng ◽

Hongyu Li ◽

Rongrong Fu ◽

Limei Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Cell Lineage ◽

Granular Cell ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Hematopoietic Tissue ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Almost All ◽

Relationship Of

AbstractDespite the central role of hemocytes in crustacean immunity, the process of hemocyte differentiation and maturation remains unclear. In some decapods, it has been proposed that the two main types of hemocytes, granular cells (GCs) and semigranular cells (SGCs), differentiate along separate lineages. However, our current findings challenge this model. By tracking newly produced hemocytes and transplanted cells, we demonstrate that almost all the circulating hemocytes of crayfish belong to the GC lineage. SGCs and GCs may represent hemocytes of different developmental stages rather than two types of fully differentiated cells. Hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) for 3 ~ 4 days. Immature hemocytes are released from HPT in the form of SGCs and take 1 ~ 3 months to mature in the circulation. GCs represent the terminal stage of development. They can survive for as long as 2 months. The changes in the expression pattern of marker genes during GC differentiation support our conclusions. Further analysis of hemocyte phagocytosis indicates the existence of functionally different subpopulations. These findings may reshape our understanding of crustacean hematopoiesis and may lead to reconsideration of the roles and relationship of circulating hemocytes.

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The Impact of Differentiation on Cytotoxicity and Insulin Sensitivity in Streptozotocin Treated SH-SY5Y Cells

Neurochemical Research ◽

10.1007/s11064-021-03269-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1350-1358

Author(s):

Fruzsina Bagaméry ◽

Kamilla Varga ◽

Kitti Kecsmár ◽

István Vincze ◽

Éva Szökő ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Insulin Signaling ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Insulin Metabolism ◽

Relative Significance ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Mature Neuron ◽

The Right ◽

The Impact

AbstractRecently neuronal insulin resistance was suggested playing a role in Alzheimer’s disease. Streptozotocin (STZ) is commonly used to induce impairment in insulin metabolism. In our previous work on undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells the compound exerted cytotoxicity without altering insulin sensitivity. Nevertheless, differentiation of the cells to a more mature neuron-like phenotype may considerably affect the significance of insulin signaling and its sensitivity to STZ. We aimed at studying the influence of STZ treatment on insulin signaling in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated by retinoic acid (RA). Cytotoxicity of STZ or low serum (LS) condition and protective effect of insulin were compared in RA differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The effect of insulin and an incretin analogue, exendin-4 on insulin signaling was also examined by assessing glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) phosphorylation. STZ was found less cytotoxic in the differentiated cells compared to our previous results in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The cytoprotective concentration of insulin was similar in the STZ and LS groups. However, the right-shifted concentration–response curve of insulin induced GSK-3 phosphorylation in STZ-treated differentiated cells is suggestive of the development of insulin resistance that was further confirmed by the insulin potentiating effect of exendin-4. Differentiation reduced the sensitivity of SH-SY5Y cells for the non-specific cytotoxicity of STZ and enhanced the relative significance of development of insulin resistance. The differentiated cells thus serve as a better model for studying the role of insulin signaling in neuronal survival. However, direct cytotoxicity of STZ also contributes to the cell death.

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Pathophysiological In Vitro Profile of Neuronal Differentiated Cells Derived from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C2 Patient-Specific iPSCs Carrying the NPC2 Mutations c.58G>T/c.140G>T

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22084009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 4009

Author(s):

Maik Liedtke ◽

Christin Völkner ◽

Alexandra V. Jürs ◽

Franziska Peter ◽

Michael Rabenstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Transmembrane Protein ◽

Hereditary Disease ◽

Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Npc1 Gene ◽

Niemann Pick

Niemann-Pick type C2 (NP-C2) disease is a rare hereditary disease caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene. NPC2 is a small, soluble protein consisting of 151 amino acids, primarily expressed in late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LY). Together with NPC1, a transmembrane protein found in these organelles, NPC2 accomplishes the exclusion of cholesterol; thus, both proteins are essential to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Consequently, mutations in the NPC2 or NPC1 gene result in pathophysiological accumulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids in LE/LY. The vast majority of Niemann-Pick type C disease patients, 95%, suffer from a mutation of NPC1, and only 5% display a mutation of NPC2. The biochemical phenotype of NP-C1 and NP-C2 appears to be indistinguishable, and both diseases share several commonalities in the clinical manifestation. Studies of the pathological mechanisms underlying NP-C2 are mostly based on NP-C2 animal models and NP-C2 patient-derived fibroblasts. Recently, we established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from a donor carrying the NPC2 mutations c.58G>T/c.140G>T. Here, we present a profile of pathophysiological in vitro features, shared by NP-C1 and NP-C2, of neural differentiated cells obtained from the patient specific iPSCs. Profiling comprised a determination of the NPC2 protein level, detection of cholesterol accumulation by filipin staining, analysis of oxidative stress, and determination of autophagy. As expected, the NPC2-deficient cells displayed a significantly reduced amount of NPC2 protein, and, accordingly, we observed a significantly increased amount of cholesterol. Most notably, NPC2-deficient cells displayed only a slight increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that they do not suffer from oxidative stress and express catalase at a high level. As a site note, comparable NPC1-deficient cells suffer from a lack of catalase and display an increased level of ROS. In summary, this cell line provides a valuable tool to gain deeper understanding, not only of the pathogenic mechanism of NP-C2, but also of NP-C1.

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Characterization of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Revealed Increased Susceptibility to Cell Death upon ER Stress

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9051078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1078

Author(s):

Tae Won Ha ◽

Ji Hun Jeong ◽

HyeonSeok Shin ◽

Hyun Kyu Kim ◽

Jeong Suk Im ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Er Stress ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Structural Features ◽

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Induced Apoptosis

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have a well-orchestrated program for differentiation and self-renewal. However, the structural features of unique proteostatic-maintaining mechanisms in hPSCs and their features, distinct from those of differentiated cells, in response to cellular stress remain unclear. We evaluated and compared the morphological features and stress response of hPSCs and fibroblasts. Compared to fibroblasts, electron microscopy showed simpler/fewer structures with fewer networks in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hPSCs, as well as lower expression of ER-related genes according to meta-analysis. As hPSCs contain low levels of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), an ER chaperone, thapsigargin treatment sharply increased the gene expression of the unfolded protein response. Thus, hPSCs with decreased chaperone function reacted sensitively to ER stress and entered apoptosis faster than fibroblasts. Such ER stress-induced apoptotic processes were abolished by tauroursodeoxycholic acid, an ER-stress reliever. Hence, our results revealed that as PSCs have an underdeveloped structure and express fewer BiP chaperone proteins than somatic cells, they are more susceptible to ER stress-induced apoptosis in response to stress.

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Wound-inducible ANAC071 and ANAC096 transcription factors promote cambial cell formation in incised Arabidopsis flowering stems

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-01895-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Keita Matsuoka ◽

Ryosuke Sato ◽

Yuki Matsukura ◽

Yoshiki Kawajiri ◽

Hiromi Iino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Culture System ◽

Cell Formation ◽

Related Gene ◽

Mesophyll Cells ◽

Cambial Cell ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Cell Induction ◽

Cambial Cells ◽

Wound Tissue

AbstractANAC071 and its homolog ANAC096 are plant-specific transcription factors required for the initiation of cell division during wound healing in incised Arabidopsis flowering stems and Arabidopsis hypocotyl grafts; however, the mechanism remains mostly unknown. In this study, we showed that wound-induced cambium formation involved cell proliferation and the promoter activity of TDR/PXY (cambium-related gene) in the incised stem. Prior to the wound-induced cambium formation, both ANAC071 and ANAC096 were expressed at these sites. anac-multiple mutants significantly decreased wound-induced cambium formation in the incised stems and suppressed the conversion from mesophyll cells to cambial cells in an ectopic vascular cell induction culture system (VISUAL). Our results suggest that ANAC071 and ANAC096 are redundantly involved in the process of “cambialization”, the conversion from differentiated cells to cambial cells, and these cambium-like cells proliferate and provide cells in wound tissue during the tissue-reunion process.

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