scholarly journals Dengue and Recent Mosquito-borne Viral Fever Outbreak in Bangladesh: Concern, Causes and Control

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Division ◽  
Great Public Health

Bangladesh is struggling with dreadful outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases for the past few years. Disease Control Division of Directorate General (DG) of Health Service considered the capital of Bangladesh as the breeding ground for mosquitos. Recent incidence of Dengue and Chikungunya outbreaks have surpassed all past records of outbreak. Thus, the country is witnessing an elevated rate of viral fever incidence alarmingly. Though symptoms of mosquito-borne viral infection are very typical, the recent incidence of fatalities is growing great public health concern. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends practical control measures to minimize the breeding within the community of Bangladesh. The actions of Kolkata City Corporation to control Dengue are also suggestive for Bangladesh. There is no medication to treat Dengue, and Chikungunya infection, but initial recognition and apposite medical care can reduce the death threat.

scholarly journals TUBERCULOSIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e2014070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Sulis ◽  
Alberto Roggi ◽  
Alberto Matteelli ◽  
Mario C. Raviglione
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Tuberculosis Epidemiology ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide: despite a regular, although slow, decline in incidence over the last decade, as many as 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2012. TB is by all means a poverty-related disease, mainly affecting the most vulnerable populations in the poorest countries. The presence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis in most countries, with some where prevalence is high, is among the major challenges for TB control, which may hinder recent achievements especially in some settings. Early TB case detection especially in resource-constrained settings and in marginalized groups remains a challenge, and about 3 million people are estimated to remain undiagnosed or not notified and untreated. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched the new global TB strategy for the “post-2015 era” aimed at “ending the global TB epidemic” by 2035, based on the three pillars that emphasize patient-centred TB care and prevention, bold policies and supportive systems, and intensified research and innovation.This paper aims to provide an overview of the global TB epidemiology as well as of the main challenges that must be faced to eliminate the disease as a public health problem everywhere.

scholarly journals Universal Epidemiology of Insidious Meningococcal Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Gjovalin Valsa ◽  
Enkelejda Shkurti
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Neisseria meningitidis is one of the principal sources of bacterial meningitis worldwide and can as well cause sepsis, pneumonia, and further expressions. In states with elevated widespread rates, the illness load puts a huge tension on the public health structure. The universal epidemiology of persistent meningococcal disease (IMD) diverges distinctly by area and in due course. This appraisal summarizes the burden of IMD in diverse states and recognizes the highest-incidence countries where habitual preventive programs aligned with Neisseria meningitidis would be essentially profitable in offering security. Accessible epidemiological figures from the past 20 years in World Health Organization and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control assortments and available articles are comprised in this review, in addition to straight statements with important specialists in the area. The nations were clustered into high-, moderate-, and low-occurrence states. The mainstream of countries in the elevated-occurrence set are located in the African meningitis belt; several reasonable-occurrence states are located in the European and African areas, and Australia, whereas low-occurrence countries comprise numerous from Europe and the Americas. Precedence nations for vaccine involvement are high- and restrained-incidence nations where vaccine-avoidable serogroups prevail. Epidemiological records on burden of IMD are required in nations where this is not distinguished, predominantly in South- East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean areas, so evidence-based assessments concerning the application of meningococcal vaccines can be created.

scholarly journals Community grid management is an important measure to contain the spread of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Ling ◽  
Xianjie Wen
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Grid Management

Abstract The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), declared as a ‘global pandemic’ by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The outbreak in multiple locations shows a trend of accelerating spread around the world. China has taken a series of powerful measures to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to actively finding effective treatment drugs and developing vaccines, it is more important to identify the source of infection at the community level as soon as possible to block the transmission path of the virus to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The implementation of grid management in the community and the adoption of precise management and control measures to reduce unnecessary personnel movement can effectively reduce the risk of pandemic spread. This paper mainly describes that the grid management mode can promote the refinement and comprehensiveness of community management. As a management system with potential to improve the governance ability of community affairs, it may be helpful to strengthen the prevention and control of the epidemic in the community.

Clinical Linkage of COVID-19 with Hypertension, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1034-1041
Author(s):  
Bimal Chhajer ◽  
Vikram Singh ◽  
Girija Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

The coronavirus outbreak caused by the pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is heart-rending millions live around the globe, and it is the foremost major human tragedy in history. World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a pandemic and global outbreak with a severe public health concern. This outbreak caused by a novel infectious coronavirus of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequences leading to an emergent crisis with significant loss of health and global economy. COVID-19 is more prone to exacerbate health concerns in hypertensive, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease patients, however, COVID-19 incidence outcomes are inconsistent. Prevention and control of the outbreak are very challenging due to the complex nature of the virus and its pathogenesis. WHO, CDC, and every national health authority are taking necessary actions to combat the contagious novel infection. The purpose of the review is to discuss potential mechanisms and clinical linkages between high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and SARS-CoV-2. We hope that we can identify information deficiencies that need more review and clinical evidence of the COVID-19 for hypertension and cardiovascular problems in patients with diabetes. This article will provide a comprehensive integrative strategy to control and manage of current outbreak and related mortality around the world.

COVID-19 Vaccination Efficacy and Safety Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Halim
Keyword(s):  
Active Immunization ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Roll Out

Since the emergency of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that is caused by SARS-Cov-2 in 2019, researchers have been on the move to find solutions to mitigate the spread of the virus. Various control measures have been put in place by governments under guidelines and recommendations of key global agencies with the world health organization (WHO) leading in providing information to help fight the pandemic. Multi-agency research efforts have been geared towards developing vaccines for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 infection. This paper is geared towards providing a detailed review and analysis of developments of the current vaccines in terms of safety and efficacy. Approaches that have been taken by different researchers and their findings are the subject of this work. Based on the mechanism by which a vaccine protects an individual against COVID-19 infection, it has been found that the already rolled out vaccines are mRNA (Pfizer and Moderna) and vector (Astrazeneca) vaccine structured. There is also China's Sinovac vaccine which has been in place for the past few years. The four vaccines reviewed here are administered in two doses some days apart. Currently, no vaccine has a safety threat and the efficacies are 95% for COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer), 94.1% for mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna), 70.4%forChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine / AZD1222 (AstraZeneca) vaccine and 78% for sinovac respectively. Findings of this paper show that other vaccines are awaiting clinical roll out for trials. Even though these efficacies imply that the vaccines offer significant protection against the infection, further research and evaluation should go on to achieve higher efficacies while addressing any safety concerns that may go beyond local and systemic reactions that occur on patients after vaccination. This study concludes that even with the protection of the present vaccines, individuals must continue wearing personal protective equipment (PPEs) such as masks.

Identification, assessment, and control of hazards in water supply: experiences from Water Safety Plan implementations in Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1307-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-J. Mälzer ◽  
N. Staben ◽  
A. Hein ◽  
W. Merkel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for Water Safety Plans (WSP), a Technical Risk Management was developed, which considers standard demands in drinking water treatment in Germany. It was already implemented at several drinking water treatment plants of different size and treatment processes in Germany. Hazards affecting water quality, continuity, and the reliability of supply from catchment to treatment and distribution could be identified by a systematic approach, and suitable control measures were defined. Experiences are presented by detailed examples covering methods, practical consequences, and further outcomes. The method and the benefits for the water suppliers are discussed and an outlook on the future role of WSPs in German water supply is given.

scholarly journals Zika Virus: A Basic Overview of an Emerging Arboviral Infection in the Western Hemisphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly G. Vest
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Zika Virus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

AbstractSince February 2015, Zika virus has spread throughout the Western Hemisphere, starting in Brazil. As of March 2016, autochthonous transmission has been reported in at least 31 countries or territories. For countries in the Americas, the spread of Zika virus, a previously unfamiliar disease, follows similar emerging infection introductions of West Nile virus and Chikungunya virus and their spread throughout the American continents and the Caribbean nations. The Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization have issued alerts and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern announcement related to the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders in Brazil that are temporally associated with Zika virus, which highlights the possible adverse impact of viral infection. This article provides an overview of the Zika virus infection and presents the historical background of the virus, a description of the pathogen, the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of Zika virus infection, diagnosis and treatment approaches, and prevention and control measures. Understanding what is known about the virus and its clinical presentation will assist in prevention, detection, and response measures to reduce and control the spread of the virus throughout the Western Hemisphere. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 6)

scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak and control in Kenya- Insights from a mathematical model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Waema Mbogo ◽  
Titus Okello Orwa
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reached Kenya in March 2020 with the initial cases reported in the capital city Nairobi and in the coastal area Mombasa. As reported by the World Health Organization, the outbreak of COVID-19 has spread across the world, killed many, collapsed economies and changed the way people live since it was first reported in Wuhan, China, in the end of 2019. As of May 25,2020 It had led to over 100,000 confirmed cases in Africa with over 3000 deaths. The trend poses a huge threat to global public health. Understanding the early transmission dynamics of the infection and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures is crucial for assessing the potential for sustained transmission to occur in new areas.We employed a SEIHCRD mathematical transmission model with reported Kenyan data on cases of COVID-19 to estimate how transmission varies over time. The model is concise in structure, and successfully captures the course of the COVID-19 outbreak, and thus sheds light on understanding the trends of the outbreak. The next generation matrix approach was adopted to calculate the basic reproduction number (R0) from the model to assess the factors driving the infection . The results from the model analysis shows that non-pharmaceutical interventions over a relatively long period is needed to effectively get rid of the COVID-19 epidemic otherwise the rate of infection will continue to increase despite the increased rate of recovery.

scholarly journals Onchodermatitis: Where Are We Now?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele E. Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disease ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Onchocerciasis causes debilitating pruritus and rashes as well as visual impairment and blindness . Prior to control measures, eye disease was particularly prominent in savanna areas of sub-Saharan Africa whilst skin disease was more common across rainforest regions of tropical Africa. Mass drug distribution with ivermectin is changing the global scene of onchocerciasis. There has been successful progressive elimination in Central and Southern American countries and the World Health Organization has set a target for elimination in Africa of 2025. This literature review was conducted to examine progress regarding onchocercal skin disease. PubMed searches were performed using keywords "onchocerciasis", "onchodermatitis" and "onchocercal skin disease" over the past eight years. Articles in English, or with an English abstract, were assessed for relevance, including any pertinent references within the articles. Recent progress in awareness of, understanding and treatment of onchocercal skin disease is reviewed with particular emphasis on publications within the past 5 years. The global burden of onchodermatitis is progressively reducing and is no longer seen in children in many formerly endemic foci.

scholarly journals Repercussions of the COVID-19 Health Crisis In the Peruvian Informal Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Vilma Andia-Choquepuma ◽  
Daniza Juana Leon-Escobedo ◽  
Himer Avila-George ◽  
orge Sánchez-Garcés ◽  
Ruth Elizabeth Villafuerte-Alcántara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

After the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) a pandemic, the Peruvian government took preventive measures to counteract the spread of the virus by issuing Supreme Decree No. 008-2020-SA. This decree contains prevention and control measures aimed at ports, airports, land entry points, educational centers, transportation and workplaces.

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