scholarly journals CLOTHING AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THE PERSONNEL OF ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING UNITS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Benda
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
New Device ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
Diffi Cult ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Made In

Since the early 18th century, signifi cant changes had been made in the military organisation of Russia, after which it received, in almost all respects, a new device, borrowed, in many cases, from European states. To maintain high combat readiness and combativity of the regular army being established, it was necessary to provide it with all necessary types of allowances, including fi nances, uniforms and other belongings. The article considers some problems of organisation of providing the personnel of the Russian army, including the artillery and engineering corps, with such types of allowances as clothing and fi nances, on the basis of previously unknown archival documents stored in the Archive of the Militaryhistorical Museum of artillery, engineering troops and signal troops and other sources. Special attention is paid to the issues of providing with monetary allowances, necessary uniforms and other belongings of employees, privates, non-commissioned offi cers and offi cers of artillery and engineering units. It is concluded that the existing order of proportional formation of the annual budget of the Department of artillery at the expense of one or another part of the income of various provinces and from other places led to chronic underfunding of Artillery Department, which, in turn, made it diffi cult to allocate funds in full for keeping and maintenance of daily life of the artillery and engineering corps. Some archival and other sources are for the fi rst time introduced in the study into scientifi c circulation.

Конница тюрко-монгольских народов Великой степи в российской армии XVIII – начала XIX в. Часть 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-97
Author(s):  
Utash B. Ochirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Previous Issue ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Traditional Structures ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The article examines activities of Turko-Mongols to have inhabited the Great Steppe and adjacent territories in the military service of Russia throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The period witnessed the employment of ethnic military units of irregular cavalries Russian army recruited from the Mongolian-speaking Kalmyks and Buryats, Turkic-speaking Bashkirs, Teptyars, Mishar and Tatars. The work focuses on the largest ethnic military forces ― those of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs. Despite Russian forces were reorganized to from a regular army in the early 18th century, the latter still contained significant irregular components, including ones recruited from Turko-Mongols. Initially, the ethnic groups had served as independent military contingents with traditional structures, tactics, and weapons, but by the late 18th century all ethnic forces were clustered into Don Cossack-type regiments. In the first part of the article, published in the previous issue, the features of military service of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs in their usual habitat ― in the Great Steppe were considered. The second part of the article analyzes the actions of the Turkic-Mongol cavalry in the three largest wars of Russia in the XVIII-early XX century. XIX centuries. (The Northern, Seven-Year War, the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814). Rational approaches and command of the ethnic units would yield good results ― both in Eurasian plains and European battlefields. The use of ethnic forces within the Russian army not only saved essential financial and physical resources for the defense of large territories and dramatically long frontiers but also facilitated further integration of their elites into the Empire’s community.

scholarly journals Конница тюрко-монгольских народов Великой степи в российской армии XVIII – начала XIX в. Часть 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-39
Author(s):  
Utash B. Ochirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Traditional Structures ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The article examines activities of Turko-Mongols to have inhabited the Great Steppe and adjacent territories in the military service of Russia throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The period witnessed the employment of ethnic military units of irregular cavalries Russian army recruited from the Mongolian-speaking Kalmyks and Buryats, Turkic-speaking Bashkirs, Teptyars, Mishar and Tatars. The work focuses on the largest ethnic military forces ― those of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs. Despite Russian forces were reorganized to from a regular army in the early 18th century, the latter still contained significant irregular components, including ones recruited from Turko-Mongols. Initially, the ethnic groups had served as independent military contingents with traditional structures, tactics, and weapons, but by the late 18th century all ethnic forces were clustered into Don Cossack-type regiments. The first part of the article deals with the features of military service of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs in their usual habitat ― in the Great Steppe. The second part of the article, which will be published in the next issue, analyzes the actions of the Turkic-Mongol cavalry in the three largest wars of Russia in the XVIII – early XIX centuries. (The Northern, Seven-Year War, the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814). Rational approaches and command of the ethnic units would yield good results ― both in Eurasian plains and European battlefields. The use of ethnic forces within the Russian army not only saved essential financial and physical resources for the defense of large territories and dramatically long frontiers but also facilitated further integration of their elites into the Empire’s community.

The Starry Universe of Jacques Cassini: Century-old Echoes of Kepler

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Graney
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
Apparent Diameter ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Made In

This paper discusses measurements of the apparent diameter and parallax of the star Sirius, made in the early 18th century by Jacques Cassini, and how those measurements were discussed by other writers. Of particular interest is how other writers accepted Cassini’s measurements, but then discussed Sirius and other stars as though they were all the same size as the sun. Cassini’s measurements, by contrast, required Sirius and other stars to dwarf the sun—something Cassini explicitly noted, and something that echoed the ideas of Johannes Kepler more than a century earlier.

Icon-Painting Workshop of the Solovetsky Monastery. 17th - Early 20th Century

Secreta Artis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 50-75
Author(s):  
Tatiana Mikhailovna Koltsova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
The North ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Solovetsky Monastery ◽  
Made In

Founded in 1429, the Solovetsky Monastery has throughout several centuries preserved and maintained the traditions of Russian icon painting in the North. In its iconpainting chamber (the building was constructed in 1615), new iconostases were created and icons from the churches of the monastery and patrimonial lands in Pomorie were repaired. In the 17th century, 45 icon painters worked on Solovki in different years, among them were monks, monastery servants, and “trudniks” (lay workers). In the 18th century, the artists of the Pomor patrimonial lands underwent their initial training at the monastery school of icon painting. Families of hereditary icon painters Chalkovs and Savins from Sumsky Posad are particularly well-known. The monastery sent the most gifted students to St. Petersburg and Moscow to improve their art. In 1880, the Solovetsky painting school was inaugurated, where many northern icon painters acquired basic painting skills. Copying and painting from life formed the basis of the educational process; students were offered paintings from the Academy of Arts as samples. The icons and paintings made in the workshop are distinguished by their characteristic stylistic, technical and technological features. The most prominent graduates of the school (A. A. Borisov, N. G. Bekryashev) contributed significantly to the history of Russian art. The article contains new archival documents and rare photographs.

ARMORIAL IMAGES ON PORTRAITS OF THE MILITARY ATAMAN OF THE DON ARMY D. E. EFREMOV AND FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE SOUTHERN RUSSIAN NOBILITY IN THE 18th CENTURY. PART 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Anatoly I. Agafonov
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The Social ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Senior Officers ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
The Military

The article examines the main heraldic concepts and categories that affect the controversial issues of the topic. Considerable attention is paid to the reasons and conditions for the origin and placement of heraldic and non-heraldic figures on the coat of arms of D.E. Efremov, the nature and content of the heraldic images and their symbolism are considered. The author traces the ideological and heraldic continuity between the family coats of arms of different generations of the Efremovs family, their influence on the formation of region-al noble heraldry. The article analyzes the process of formation of the Don nobility from the first highest awards to individuals to the formation of the ranks and awards of the social corporation of officials through seniority, and its transformation as a result of the policy of Emperor Paul I into the highest estate of the Russian Empire. The article examines the legal framework for the acquisition of the rights and privileges of the hereditary nobility by the Don elders, identifies common and emphasizes different processes from those in the Malorussian and Russian provinces. The article describes new phenomena in the military, political and social life of the Don army in connection with the awards of the ranks of the Russian regular army to the senior officers - this is the restriction of military (ordinary) law and the formation of subordination on the basis of imperial legislation, as well as the creation of a new social hierarchy and military management.

Inanimate interrogatives and settlement patterns in Francophone Louisiana

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEVIN J. ROTTET
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Differential Settlement ◽  
Settlement History ◽  
Strong Case ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Made In

In the light of the extensive dialect leveling found in Francophone Louisiana, the suggestion made in Byers (1988) is a particularly interesting one, that the geographical distribution of qui and quoi, both meaning ‘what’, reflects the differential settlement histories of early 18th century Creoles, and Acadians, respectively. In this article I document these two interrogative patterns as to form and locales of attestation, and I explore the evidence for Byer's claim, showing that a strong case can be made by considering not only settlement history but also the interrogatives of Louisiana Creole, the origins of which arguably predate the arrival of the Acadians in Louisiana.

scholarly journals OSSETIANS – CAVALIERS OF THE PERSIAN ORDER OF THE LION AND THE SUN

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 72-86
Author(s):  
И.Т. МАРЗОЕВ
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
The Military

Актуальность исследования историко-культурных отношений народов Осетии и Ирана в наши дни во многом обусловлена историческим развитием взаимоотношений этих этносов на протяжении предшествующих веков и особенно активизировавшихся в XIX – начале XX вв. Основное внимание в работе уделено анализу опубликованных исторических источников и архивных материалов, в которых нашли отражение факты награждения персидским орденом Льва и Солнца представителей военной интеллигенции осетинского народа. Научная новизна работы заключается в выявлении максимально полной информации о фактах награждения персидским орденом Льва и Солнца представителей Осетии, принимавших участие в формировании основ иранской регулярной армии. Целью данной работы было синтезирование материалов, полученных из опубликованных исторических источников и архивных документов, касающихся награждения персидским орденом Льва и Солнца представителей Осетии – военнослужащих Российской императорской армии. Для достижения обозначенной цели нами использовались общенаучные методы анализа и синтеза: описательно-повествовательный, историко-биографический, историко-сравнительный, историко-типологический и сравнительно-исторический. В результате проведенного исследования делается следующий вывод: ряд представителей осетинской военной интеллигенции в XIX – начале XX вв. за заслуги на военном поприще был представлен к высокой награде Персидского государства – ордену Льва и Солнца. Это говорит не только о социально-политических отношениях, этнокультурных и экономических связях, складывавшихся в указанный хронологический период между представителями осетинского и иранского народов, но и об участии осетин в процессе становления регулярной армии Персидского государства. The relevance of the study of the historical and cultural relations of the peoples of Ossetia and Iran today is largely due to the historical development of the relationship of these ethnic groups during the previous centuries and especially intensified in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The main attention in the work is paid to the analysis of published historical sources and archival materials, which reflect the facts of awarding representatives of the military intelligentsia of the Ossetian people with the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun. The scientific novelty of the work lies in revealing the most comprehensive information on the facts of awarding the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun to the representatives of Ossetia who took part in the formation of the foundations of the Iranian regular army. The purpose of this work was to synthesize materials obtained from published historical sources and archival documents concerning the awarding of the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun to the representatives of Ossetia – servicemen of the Russian Imperial Army. To achieve this goal, we used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis: descriptive-narrative, historical-biographical, historical-comparative, historical-typological and comparative-historical. As a result of the study, the following conclusion is made: a number of representatives of the Ossetian military intelligentsia in the 19th – early 20th centuries for merits in the military field, were distinguished by the high award of the Persian state – the Order of the Lion and the Sun. This speaks not only of the socio-political relations, ethnocultural and economic ties that developed in the indicated chronological period between representatives of the Ossetian and Iranian peoples, but also of the contribution of Ossetians into the process of the formation of a regular army of the Persian state.

Auto Markets in the World and Strategy of Japan’s Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1003-1008
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Matsuoka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Auto Industry ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Automatic Driving ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

In the world auto market, top three companies are VW(Volkswagen), Runault-Nissan-Mistubishi, and Toyota. About some selected countries and areas, China, England, Italy, Australia, Germany, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, USA, Brazil, UAE, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand are more competitive. However, the situation is different. Seeing monopolistic market countries and areas, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, France, India, and Pakistan, in particular, the influence of Japan to Taiwan, India, and Pakistan is very big. But in Korea and France, their own companies’ brands occupy the market. In Japan domestic market, the overall situation is competitive. Almost all vehicles made in Japan are Japanese brand. From now on, we have to note the development of electric vehicle (EV) and other new technologies such as automatic driving and connected car. That is because they will give a great impact on the auto industry and market of Japan. Now Japan’s auto industry is going to be consolidated into three groups, Honda, Toyota group, and Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi group for seeking the scale merit of economy. Therefore, I will pay attention to the worldwide development of EV and other new technologies and the reorganization of auto companies groups.

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