scholarly journals OSSETIANS – CAVALIERS OF THE PERSIAN ORDER OF THE LION AND THE SUN

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 72-86
Author(s):  
И.Т. МАРЗОЕВ
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
The Military

Актуальность исследования историко-культурных отношений народов Осетии и Ирана в наши дни во многом обусловлена историческим развитием взаимоотношений этих этносов на протяжении предшествующих веков и особенно активизировавшихся в XIX – начале XX вв. Основное внимание в работе уделено анализу опубликованных исторических источников и архивных материалов, в которых нашли отражение факты награждения персидским орденом Льва и Солнца представителей военной интеллигенции осетинского народа. Научная новизна работы заключается в выявлении максимально полной информации о фактах награждения персидским орденом Льва и Солнца представителей Осетии, принимавших участие в формировании основ иранской регулярной армии. Целью данной работы было синтезирование материалов, полученных из опубликованных исторических источников и архивных документов, касающихся награждения персидским орденом Льва и Солнца представителей Осетии – военнослужащих Российской императорской армии. Для достижения обозначенной цели нами использовались общенаучные методы анализа и синтеза: описательно-повествовательный, историко-биографический, историко-сравнительный, историко-типологический и сравнительно-исторический. В результате проведенного исследования делается следующий вывод: ряд представителей осетинской военной интеллигенции в XIX – начале XX вв. за заслуги на военном поприще был представлен к высокой награде Персидского государства – ордену Льва и Солнца. Это говорит не только о социально-политических отношениях, этнокультурных и экономических связях, складывавшихся в указанный хронологический период между представителями осетинского и иранского народов, но и об участии осетин в процессе становления регулярной армии Персидского государства. The relevance of the study of the historical and cultural relations of the peoples of Ossetia and Iran today is largely due to the historical development of the relationship of these ethnic groups during the previous centuries and especially intensified in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The main attention in the work is paid to the analysis of published historical sources and archival materials, which reflect the facts of awarding representatives of the military intelligentsia of the Ossetian people with the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun. The scientific novelty of the work lies in revealing the most comprehensive information on the facts of awarding the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun to the representatives of Ossetia who took part in the formation of the foundations of the Iranian regular army. The purpose of this work was to synthesize materials obtained from published historical sources and archival documents concerning the awarding of the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun to the representatives of Ossetia – servicemen of the Russian Imperial Army. To achieve this goal, we used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis: descriptive-narrative, historical-biographical, historical-comparative, historical-typological and comparative-historical. As a result of the study, the following conclusion is made: a number of representatives of the Ossetian military intelligentsia in the 19th – early 20th centuries for merits in the military field, were distinguished by the high award of the Persian state – the Order of the Lion and the Sun. This speaks not only of the socio-political relations, ethnocultural and economic ties that developed in the indicated chronological period between representatives of the Ossetian and Iranian peoples, but also of the contribution of Ossetians into the process of the formation of a regular army of the Persian state.

scholarly journals OSSETIAN-PERSIAN SOCIAL-POLITICAL RELATIONS AND KINSHIP IN THE XIX - EARLY XXth CENTURIES

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.Т. МАРЗОЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Interests ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Interethnic Interaction ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Relationship Of

Актуальность исследования историко-культурных отношений народов Осетии и Ирана в наши дни во многом обусловлена историческим развитием взаимоотношений этих этносов на протяжении предшествующих веков. Хронологические рамки охватывают период с XIX века до начала XX века – время активного взаимодействия Осетии и Персии. Основное внимание в работе уделено анализу социально-политических, хозяйственно-экономических и этнокультурных контактов, складывавшихся в указанный хронологический период между представителями осетинского и иранского народов. Для достижения обозначенной цели нами использовались общенаучные методы анализа и синтеза: историко-генетический, описательно-повествовательный, историко-сравнительный, историко-типологический, сравнительно-исторический и историко-биографический. В результате проведенного исследования делается следующий вывод: в рассматриваемый период Осетия, занимавшая стратегически важное географическое положение на Кавказе, была вовлечена в сферу политических и экономических интересов Персидского государства в регионе. Как правило, главными и активными участниками межэтнического взаимодействия являются этнические элиты. Национальная элита Осетии в отношениях с Персией также играла ведущую роль, следствием чего явились тесные политические и экономические контакты, а также браки, заключаемые в исследуемый период осетинскими привилегированными фамилиями с персидско-подданными. В работе синтезируются материалы, полученные из исторических документов, произведений устного народного творчества и генеалогических источников. The relevance of the study of historical and cultural relations between the peoples of Ossetia and Iran today is largely due to the historical development of the relationship of these ethnic groups over the past centuries. The chronological framework covers the period from the XIXth century to the beginning of the XXth century - the time of active interaction between Ossetia and Persia. The main attention is paid to the analysis of socio-political, economic and ethno-cultural contacts that developed during the specified chronological period between representatives of the Ossetian and Iranian peoples. To achieve the stated goal, we used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis: historical-genetic, descriptive-narrative, historical-comparative, historical-typological, comparative-historical and historical-biographical methods. As a result of the study, the following conclusion is made: during the period under review, Ossetia, which occupied a strategically important geographical position in the Caucasus, was involved in the sphere of political and economic interests of the Persian state in the region. As a rule, the main and active participants in interethnic interaction are ethnic elites. The national elite of Ossetia in relations with Persia also played a leading role, which resulted in close political and economic contacts, as well as marriages concluded during the study period by Ossetian privileged surnames with Persian subjects. The work synthesizes materials obtained from historical documents, works of folklore and genealogical sources.

scholarly journals Review of the book: Gavrilov S.V. Representative authority of Kamchatka (1917–1977)(1977–1993).

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-304
Author(s):  
Nikolay F. Bugay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Effective Activity ◽  
Kamchatka Region ◽  
Social Technologies ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Work Done

In the proposed review of scientific research, set out in 2 books, in a chronological framework: 1917–1977. and 1977–1993, the analysis of social technologies associated with the forms of organization of councils as state authorities, its political basis in the USSR / Russia, their capabilities, which had transformations during the periods of their formation and development, as well as other types – executive committees, revolutionary committees (revolutionary committees). The process of the emergence of the system of these authorities on the territory of the Kamchatka province / region is considered. The attitude of the researcher to the study of aspects of the topic is shown. His knowledge of both the essence of the existing assessments of their role, and the contribution to the development of the system itself. The content of directions for improving the management and regulation of social processes is analyzed. Attention is drawn to the direction of solutions to the problems of strengthening statehood, achieving effective activity of structural units, from lower to higher authorities. The author identified about 2000 portraits of political and public figures, representatives of this system in the Kamchatka region, disclosed the forms and methods of their work in different areas of management, development of the community of peoples on the territory of the multinational region. Materials and methods. In the writing of a review, the appeal to such methods as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological, which allows, in aggregate, to trace the differences of the process, events that reflect the essence of the phenomenon that characterize the interaction, prevails. Along with this, a comparison of the processes of development of society and the management system at different stages of the period under study in 1917–1977, the military situation on the eve of the war, the war period of 1941–1945, post-war reconstruction, 1977–1993, the degree of generalization by the author of the material presented, revealing by him the essence of the transformations that took place. It is also obvious that there was every reason for attracting the prosopographic method of research, which allows not only to fully cognize the person (who represents power), but also to show the background of events. As for the materials directly, http://www.hist-edu.ru Историческая и социально-образовательная мысль. Toм 13 №2, 2021 Historical and Social-Educational Idea. Volume 13 #2, 2021 295 the researcher evaluates those that are used by him in the narrative – "living sources" (archival documents, press, memoirs) Due to the lack of analysis of the historiography of the problem under study, it is possible to present not only an assessment of the work done by the author. They mention, with rare exceptions, for example, the works of the famous writer of the Kamchatka Territory A.A. Smyshlyaev, as well as a collection of documents. The author identifies in the course of his work a large corps of workers' deputies employed in the past or in modern conditions in the work of government bodies (since 1917), of whom about 2 thousand people are mentioned.

scholarly journals Income of the Russian Treasury on Materials of the Lower Corps of the Derbent Garrison

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-171
Author(s):  
Sharafetdin Magaramov ◽  
◽  
Elena Inozemtseva ◽  
Nikolay Chekulaev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Central State ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military ◽  
Foreign Merchants

Introduction. The paper deals with one of the aspects of the economic policy of the Russian Empire in its Peri-Caspian provinces, annexed as a result of the Persian campaign of Peter the Great. The aim of the study is to analyze the main income items of the imperial treasury based on the materials of the Derbent garrison of the Lower Corps, to establish the share of income received in Derbent in the structure of all income of the Lower Corps. Tasks: to characterize all income sources of the Derbent garrison, to show the activities of commandants and other military leaders in streamlining the income structure, in replenishing the imperial treasury, to consider the interaction of the Russian authorities of Derbent with foreign merchants and domestic salesmen, to describe the daily life of the garrison in Derbent. Methods and materials. The study is based on the archival documents from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan, mainly from fond 18 “Derbent commandant”, most of which are introduced for the first time. Additionally, the modern achievements of historical science on the subject have also been considered. The methods of the study are the following: the principles of historicism and objectivity, an integrated approach, a systematic method, methods of criticizing historical sources. Based on the analysis of the documentary material, it was possible to restore the picture characterizing the everyday life of the military personnel in the Derbent garrison of the imperial army. Analysis. The fiscal activity inside the Derbend garrison was controlled by the commandant, whose duties, in addition to military-political ones, included collecting taxes and fees, reporting on them to the central imperial authorities and administration. The amount of incomes for the reporting periods are described in detail, the role of Derbent customs in replenishing the Russian treasury and the trade of the Derbent administration with foreign merchants are shown. Considerable emphasis is put to the activities of the military leadership of the Lower Corps and the Derbent Garrison, directly aimed at increasing financial revenues of the imperial treasury. Results. As a result of the study, valuable archival documents were introduced into the scientific circulation, reconstructing the daily life of the Derbent garrison, the main sources of income in this garrison were identified. It was established that the revenues of the imperial treasury in the Derbent garrison were clearly differentiated and structured. Customs duties accounted for more than half of the revenue in Derbent, while the other part was collected from the sale of wine, vegetables, oil, and court fines. The “Persian” incomes were spent on salaries and remuneration to the Caucasian political elite loyal to the Russians, to keep the amanates (hostages) from Caucasian rulers, to pay wages to masters for the repair and reconstruction of fortresses, to maintain postal communications, etc. Despite the emperor’s ambitious plans for the economic development of the “newly conquered” former Persian provinces, many of the projects he started were not completed and scraped after his death. A pressing example of it would be the abandonment of the construction of the Derbent port enclosed from sea storms.

scholarly journals The Traditional Ranks in the Petrine Epoch: Between Afterlife and Innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Zakharov
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Traditional Service ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Great Northern War

The ranks and awards of Russian service elites and nobility have been a historiographical issue since the eighteenth century. G. F. Miller reflected on the psychology of the Tsar’s subjects, who asked Peter the Great to keep some of the old ranks during the introduction of new ones and described two such cases. Soviet historians of the 1980s discovered several appointments to the old ranks made in the early eighteenth century and registered in archival documents. These curious cases were interpreted by researchers as isolated exceptions or the result of the inertia of old practices. The study of mass historical sources has since led to the discovery of more than 1100 cases of this kind and provided different contexts in which these awards were granted. It was previously thought that Tsar Peter ridiculed the old ranks, giving them only to his jesters. Modern research on Peter’s innovations leads to a different view. For example, the introduction of the Hungarian dress and beard shaving was carried out in several steps, with backtracking. There has also been some oversimplification of the comparative pairs of epithets, such as “Muscovite-Imperial”, “old-new”, “ and “boyars-nobility”, which reflects nothing but the didactic attitudes of historians themselves. This article demonstrates that there was no dearth of official awards or withdrawal of the Duma ranks until the 1710s, at least. The introduction of The Table of Ranks did not abolish the ranks of “courtiers” (tsaredvortsy), as the earlier Muscovite ranks were called, which became the basis of the nobility. Peter I introduced several innovations to the traditional service hierarchy. Before the beginning of the Great Northern War, hundreds of the Tsarina’s stol’niki and court servitors were transferred to the Muscovite ranks, following which the Zhiletsky List continued being replenished for some years afterwards. The drama of ranks was aggravated by the enhanced status of the regular army ranks, which were outside the Moskovsky Spisok (the hierarchy of traditional ranks). The course of events was accelerated by the Tsar’s intention to implement European analogues of court and civil titles. Nevertheless, the popularity of the traditional ranks outside the army remained high. According to many sources, the traditional ranks of Muscovy were kept in check and re-registered throughout Peter’s reign. The Tsar’s decrees raised the status of military service. He sometimes approved petitions for the Duma ranks by several of his subjects and had his unique way of indicating the prospects for advancement to other petitioners. The low-level Muscovite ranks within the traditional hierarchy proved to be more stable than previously assumed. Muscovite ranks were not included in The Table of Ranks because the only rank of mass appointments by the early 1720s was that of a d’iak.

scholarly journals CLOTHING AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THE PERSONNEL OF ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING UNITS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Benda
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
New Device ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
Diffi Cult ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Made In

Since the early 18th century, signifi cant changes had been made in the military organisation of Russia, after which it received, in almost all respects, a new device, borrowed, in many cases, from European states. To maintain high combat readiness and combativity of the regular army being established, it was necessary to provide it with all necessary types of allowances, including fi nances, uniforms and other belongings. The article considers some problems of organisation of providing the personnel of the Russian army, including the artillery and engineering corps, with such types of allowances as clothing and fi nances, on the basis of previously unknown archival documents stored in the Archive of the Militaryhistorical Museum of artillery, engineering troops and signal troops and other sources. Special attention is paid to the issues of providing with monetary allowances, necessary uniforms and other belongings of employees, privates, non-commissioned offi cers and offi cers of artillery and engineering units. It is concluded that the existing order of proportional formation of the annual budget of the Department of artillery at the expense of one or another part of the income of various provinces and from other places led to chronic underfunding of Artillery Department, which, in turn, made it diffi cult to allocate funds in full for keeping and maintenance of daily life of the artillery and engineering corps. Some archival and other sources are for the fi rst time introduced in the study into scientifi c circulation.

scholarly journals COSSACK-POLISH WARS OF 1652–1653 IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE POLISH HISTORIANS OF THE LATE 19th CENTURY TILL 1939

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Ihor Chava
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Polish People ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Military

Summary. The purpose of the research is to study the depiction of the events of the Cossack-Polish war of 1652–1653 in the works of the Polish historians of the late 19th century till 1939, and in particular, the battles of Batoh, Zhvanets and Zhvanets Peace Treaty; to find out the peculiarities of scientific approaches and interpretations by researchers of historical events and the influences on them of the intellectual discourse of the epoch in which scientists lived and worked; to identify the specifics of scientists’ interpretations of the facts of the past through the prism of their political sympathies and belonging to various historical schools and trends; to analyze the diversity of scientists’ approaches to the causes and consequences of battles and attempts to establish understanding between the parties to the conflict; to consider general historians’ assessments of the significance of the events of 1652–1653 in the fate of the Polish and Ukrainian peoples. The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific principles of objectivity, historicism, objectivism, scientific pluralism, systematics and reliance on historical sources. Both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison) and special-historical methods were used in the work: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, problem-chronological, historical-systematic ones etc. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it was the first to study the image of the events of the Polish-Cossack wars of 1652–1653 in Polish historiography of the late 19th century till 1939 on the basis of a significant set of historiographical sources. The peculiarities of ideological influences of political concepts and historical schools on the assessments of Polish scientists of the battles near Batoh and Zhvanets, Zhvanets Peace Treaty were studied in the research as well. Conclusions. Polish historians of the late 19th century – 1939 saw the cause of the new Polish-Cossack war of 1652 in the unresolved conflict during the Brest campaign, when the military victory of the crown armies was lost due to aristocratic anarchy and the flexibility of Polish commanders during negotiations at Bila Tserkva. Researchers believed that the difficult situation of B. Khmelnytsky after the defeat in 1651 pushed him to start a new round of war. Scholars exposed the Battle of Batoh itself as one of the greatest national tragedies of the Polish people and described these events in mythologized images. Special emphasis was placed on the depiction of the execution of captured Polish soldiers by Cossacks and Tatars, which emphasized the barbaric nature of the Cossacks. Scholars saw the very defeat of the crown troops as evidence of the problems of the society of the Commonwealth, which was ruled by aristocratic anarchy. For Polish scholars, the battle of Batoh became a symbol of the transition of the Polish-Ukrainian confrontation to a new stage, characterized by a special intransigence of the parties, and was a cornerstone in the destruction of the ancient brotherhood of both peoples. In the bloody finale of the campaign of 1652, scholars saw the reason for the conclusion of the Ukrainian-Moscow Agreement of 1654, because after the Battle of Batoh a peaceful settlement of relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossacks was no longer possible. The campaign of Zhvanets of 1653 was studied by many Polish historians in the context of the Moldavian campaigns of the crown and Cossack troops and it was considered to have been their finale. In assessing the significance of the Battle of Zhvanets, Polish researchers tended to define it as a hopeless forced confrontation between the hostile parties, who were aware of their futile chances for a final victory in this armed confrontation. Thus, scholars saw the campaign of Zhvanets as a failure for both sides of the conflict, which only exacerbated the depletion of their human and material resources. Similarly, scholars viewed Zhvanets Peace Treaty as a mere temporary agreement that was to suspend the military campaign of 1653 and had no prospect of continuing it to truly resolve the differences between the Ukrainian and Polish peoples. According to scholars, the treaty was forced by agreements with the Tatars for King John Casimir, while for B. Khmelnytsky it was fictitious because of his already reached agreement with Moscow. Historians have paid attention to the gradual strengthening of the role of the Crimean Khan as an arbiter in relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks during 1652–1653, as well as the growth of his role in the geopolitical structure of Central and Eastern Europe.

scholarly journals NAMES OF THE ALAGIRIAN SOCIETY OF NORTH OSSETIA IN DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS OF THE XIX CENTURY

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
И.Т. Марзоев
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
Personal Rights ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
North Ossetia

Предлагаемая статья посвящена происхождению фамилий Алагирского общества Северной Осетии. Согласно народным преданиям, множество фамилий этого общества происходит от общего родоначальника – осетинского царя Ос-Багатара. Целью данной работы является определение с помощью архивных документов XIX в. происхождения фамилий Алагирского общества – потомков Ос-Багатара, воссоздание их генеалогического древа, получение информации о представителях рассматриваемых фамилий, их браках, а также установление их социально-политической значимости в своем обществе и в Осетии в целом. Объектом исследования являются осетинские фамилии, происходящие от колен Сидамона, Царазона, Кусагона и Агуза, потомков Ос-Багатара. Для выполнения поставленных задач в научный оборот вводятся материалы не опубликованных архивных документов. Это документы «Комитета, учрежденного при Военно-Осетинском округе для разбора поземельных и личных прав туземцев этого округа», посемейные списки, составленные самими представителями фамилий в 1859-1860 гг. и 1871-1872 гг., родословные древа, разного рода прошения на имя чиновников Военно-Осетинского округа и Терской области и др. В работе были использованы общенаучные такие методы, как анализ, синтез, индукция, а также сопоставительный метод, применяемый к историческим источникам для определения степени их достоверности. В статье на основе архивных и опубликованных источников рассмотрены варианты происхождения фамилий Алагирского общества Северной Осетии, возводящих себя к четырем прародителям, сыновьям Ос-Багатара: Сидамону, Царазону, Кусагону и Агузу. Также был определен ряд фамилий Алагирского общества, претендовавших на дворянские привилегии и доказывавших свои права на основе народных преданий, грамот грузинских царей и документов Российской администрации на Кавказе. Материалы данного исследования могут служить дополнительным источником к изучению истории Северной Осетии. Они позволяют более глубоко и основательно исследовать генеалогию осетинских фамилий. The aim of this work is to determine the origin of the surnames of the Alagir society, originating from Os-Bagatar, using archival documents of the 19th century, to recreate their family tree, to obtain information about representatives of the surnames in question, their marriages, as well as to determine their socio-political significance in their society, and in Ossetia as a whole. The object of the study is the Ossetian surnames originating from the tribes of Sidamon, Tsarazon, Kusagon and Aguz, descendants of Os-Bagatar. To accomplish the tasks, materials of unpublished archival documents are introduced into scientific circulation. These are the documents of the “Committee established at the Military Ossetian District for the analysis of the land and personal rights of the natives of this district”, family lists compiled by the representatives of the surnames in 1859-1860. and 1871-1872, the family trees, various petitions addressed to the officials of the Military Ossetian district, Terek region, etc. In the work, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction) were used, as well as a comparative method applied to historical sources to determine the degree of their reliability. Based on archival and published sources, the article discusses the origin of the surnames of the Alagir society of North Ossetia, raising themselves to the four ancestors, the sons of Os-Bagatar: Sidamon, Tsarazon, Kusagon and Aguz. A number of surnames of the Alagir society were also identified, claiming noble privileges and proving their rights on the basis of folk traditions, letters of Georgian tsars and documents of the Russian administration in the Caucasus. Research materials can serve as an additional source for studying the history of Ossetia. They allow you to more deeply and thoroughly explore the genealogy of Ossetian families.

scholarly journals The Difficult alliance. Military cooperation between the ruthenian king Daniel and the Piasts of Mazovia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Michał Skoczyński
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Military Cooperation ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
The Military

Abstract The article presents the military cooperation between the King of Galician-Volhynian Ruthenia, Daniel Romanowicz, and the Dukes of Mazovia, Konrad and his son Siemowit. The alliance, based as a counterweight for the cooperation between the King of Hungary and the Piast princes of Lesser Poland, who were trying to conquer Ruthenia and dominate all Piast principalities in then fragmented Poland. It lasted for several decades from the 1220’s to the 1260’s and was primarly aimed at mutual protection against the invasions of the pagan Yotvingians and supporting each other in armed conflicts. The text contains an analysis of war expeditions, tactics and ways of support that were given by both sides of the allianace. It is a new point of view on this aspect of political strategy of both sides that in some ways defined the regional situation. Ruthenians granted masovian Piasts some mobile and political uncommited support in fight with their relatives in Poland, and also secured their border with the Yotvingians. On the other hand, masovian knights were an additional strike force in ruthenian plundering expeditions to Yotvingia. The research was based on the analysis of preserved historical sources and scientific literature using historical methodology.

scholarly journals When research met policy: a history of innovation and a complicated relationship in three Swedish development projects in mathematics education, 1960–2018

ZDM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Prytz
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
School Governance ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Major Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Contemporary Development

AbstractThis paper concerns the relationship between research and governance policy in three Swedish major development projects in mathematics education: the New Math project (1960–1975), the PUMP project (1970–1980), and the Boost for Mathematics project in (2012–2016). All three projects were driven or financed by the Swedish central school authorities. Using a historical comparative method, this study deepens the understanding of how research co-exists with governance policy when preparing innovations in mathematics education. The main historical sources are official reports and governmental decisions concerning the three projects. The analysis is focused on the nature of the innovations of each project and the role of researchers in the process of creating the innovations. The analysis highlights the theories and the methods involved in those processes. The three projects are also positioned in a context of school governance policy. In Sweden, the prevailing school governing policy changed from a highly centralised governance in the 1960s to a highly decentralised governance in the 2010s. The paper concludes by discussing to what degree the researchers adhered to principles of research or school governance; in particular, the Boost for Mathematics project is considered in this regard. The relevance of the paper in relation to the emerging field of implementation research in mathematics education concerns how historical studies can give new insights about contemporary development projects in mathematics education.

scholarly journals War and peace in liberated North Korea: Soviet military administration and the creation of North Korean police force in 1945

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Vasilii Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Administration ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Military

Abstract The North Korean police were arguably one of the most important organisations in liberated North Korea. It was instrumental in stabilising the North Korean society and eventually became one of the backbones for both the new North Korean regime and its military force. Scholars of different political orientation have attempted to reconstruct its early history leading to a set of views ranging from the “traditionalist” sovietisation concept to the more contemporary “revisionist” reconstruction that portrayed it as the cooperation of North Korean elites with the Soviet authorities in their bid for the control over the politics and the military, in which the Soviets merely played the supporting role. Drawing from the Soviet archival documents, this paper presents a third perspective, arguing that initially, the Soviet military administration in North Korea did not pursue any clear-cut political goals. On the contrary, the Soviet administration initially viewed North Koreans with distrust, making Soviets constantly conduct direct interventions to prevent North Korean radicals from using the police in their political struggle.

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