scholarly journals Evaluation of political actors (Satirical Shows)

10.34778/3g ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cordula Nitsch ◽  
Dennis Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tv Shows ◽  
Depiction Of Politics

The variable “evaluation of political actors” examines which criteria are addressed in satirical shows to evaluate political actors. Evaluations can be based on role-specific criteria of political actors or on jokes that are related to politically irrelevant aspects such as personal traits, self-deprecation, and stereotypes (Emde & Scherer, 2016; Lichtenstein & Nitsch, 2018). The variable is an indicator for a show’s humor conventions as well as for the way the show deals with political content. The unit of analysis is the joke, which targets a political actor.   Field of application/theoretical foundation: This variable is used to analyze the extent of substantial political information in satirical shows. It is also used to compare different types of satirical shows (e.g., Late Night Comedy news satire) or to assess the depiction of different political actors and whether or not they are embedded into different types of jokes.   References/combination with other methods of data collection –   Example study: Lichtenstein & Nitsch (2018)   Information on Lichtenstein & Nitsch, 2018 Authors: Dennis Lichtenstein, Cordula Nitsch  Research question/research interest: Depiction of politics in satirical shows Object of analysis: Three popular German satirical TV-shows (Die Anstalt, heute show, Neo Magazin Royale) Timeframe of analysis: 2014-2016   Information about variable Variable name/definition: Criticism   V29     KRITIK Kritik am Akteur Hier wird codiert, auf welche Weise der Akteur in dem angesprochenen Themenkontext bewertet wird. Es wird festgehalten, ob die Bewertung positiv oder negativ ausfällt und ob sie sich auf Sachaspekte oder Persönlichkeitsmerkmale bezieht.   It is coded, in which way the actor is evaluated in the addressed topic context. It is coded whether the evaluation is positive or negative and whether it refers to role specific criteria or personality traits.       Nur Personen-aspekte V.a. Personen-aspekte Gleichermaßen Sach- und Personen-aspekte V.a. Sachaspekte Nur Sachaspekte Weder Sach- noch  Personen-aspekte     1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 9x Nur positive Bewertung x1             V.a. positive Bewertung x2             Ambivalent x3             V.a. negativ Bewertung x4             Nur negative Bewertung x5             Keine Bewertung x0               References Lichtenstein, D. & Nitsch, C. (2018). Informativ und kritisch? Die Politikdarstellung in deutschen Satiresendungen. [Informative and critical? The presentation of politics in German satirical programmes.] Medien und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 66(1), 5-21.

The Unit of Analysis and Variables

2015 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Deductive Research

In this chapter, students will learn how to identify the unit of analysis of a deductive research question. In addition, the concept of variables is discussed. Three different types of variables are presented. By the end of this chapter, students will be able to identify and define the dependent, independent, and extraneous variables related to a given research question. Numerous examples are presented throughout.

scholarly journals Targets of jokes (Satirical Shows)

10.34778/3i ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cordula Nitsch ◽  
Dennis Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Collective Actors ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
Individual Actor ◽  
Depiction Of Politics ◽  
Harald Schmidt

With the variable “targets of jokes” it is analyzed which actors are evaluated in satirical shows (either by criticism or as a target of a joke). Targets of jokes can be celebrities and societal actors, however, the greatest attention is given to political actors. Political actors can either be collective actors such as parties and other political organizations or individual politicians. Due to cultural specifics in the U.S., the coding of political actors as targets of jokes is often expanded to the family and staff of presidential candidates and other high-ranking politicians in American studies (Lichter, et al., 2015).   Field of application/theoretical foundation: The variable is used to analyze balance in jokes (e.g., distribution of jokes on political actors) and is an indicator for political plurality.   References/combination with other methods of data collection: The variable is used in content analysis that have been combined with experimental studies that analyze priming effects (Matthes & Rauchfleisch, 2013)   Example study: Nitsch & Lichtenstein (2013)   Information on Nitsch & Lichtenstein, 2013 Authors: Cordula Nitsch, Dennis Lichtenstein Research question/ research interest: Depiction of politics (topics and actors) in satirical shows vs. news shows Object of analysis: Satirical Show (Harald Schmidt Show), news show (Tagesschau) Timeframe of analysis: 2009-2010   Information about variable Variable name/definition: Akteure [actors] Gewertet werden nur politisch relevante Akteure, die in der Sendung angesprochen werden oder selbst sprechen. Ein Akteur gilt als politischer Akteur, wenn es sich dabei entweder um eine politische Institution (z.B. EU, Nato, UNO, Parlament) oder um einen demokratisch legitimierten Individualakteur (z.B Bundespräsident, Politiker unterschiedlicher Parteien) handelt Pro Thema wird jeder Akteur nur einmal codiert. Enthält ein Thema keinen Akteur, so wird die Variable nicht ausgefüllt [Only politically relevant actors who are addressed in the satirical shows or who speak on their own behalf are considered. An actor is considered a political actor if it is either a political institution (e.g. EU, NATO, UN, parliament) or a democratically legitimated individual actor (e.g. Federal President, politicians from different parties). If a topic contains no actor, the variable is not coded.] Level of analysis: Beitragsebene Scale level: Nominal Reliability: Identifikation der Akteure: .82, Akteursvariablen: .81 D national D regional EU Ausland   Bereich 1xxx 2xxx 3xxx 4xxx 100 Politiker Land/EU als Ganzes z.B. „die USA haben entschieden“, „Griechenland ist pleite“, „die EU sagt…“         110 Präsident z.B. Bundespräsident         111 Regierungschef z.B. Bundeskanzler         112 Regierung Als Gesamtheit oder einzelne Minister auf nationaler Ebene; für EU: Kommission und Rat         113 Die Opposition Nur als Gesamtheit, auf nationaler Ebene         114 Parlament         115 Partei z.B. „die SPD hat sich mit der CDU darauf geeinigt…“         116 Spitzenfunktionär in Partei z.B. Parteichef, Generalsekretär         117 Sonstiges Parteimitglied/Parlamentarier         118 Ehemaliger Politiker         119 Ehemalige Regierung         199 Politischer Akteur, nicht näher zuzuordnen Weitere Akteure: 5101 Nato 5102 UNI 5103 G8-Staaten 5999 Anderer internationaler politischer Akteur   References Nitsch, C. & Lichtenstein, D. (2013). Politik mal anders: Die Politikdarstellung in „Harald Schmidt“ im Kontrast zur „Tagesschau“ [A different serving of politics: the depiction of

The Alevi Diaspora – Its emergence as a political actor and its impact on the homeland

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-353
Author(s):  
Zeynep Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Historical Trauma ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
Political Agency ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Official Recognition

Through comparative literature research and qualitative analysis, this article considers the development of Alevi identity and political agency among the diaspora living in a European democratic context. This affects the Alevi emergence as political actors in Turkey, where they have no official recognition as a distinct religious identity. New questions regarding their identity and their aspiration to be seen as a political actor confront this ethno-religious group defined by common historical trauma, displacement, massacre, and finally emigration.

Unbiased Learning to Rank

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Qingyao Ai ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Huazheng Wang ◽  
Jiaxin Mao
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Learning To Rank ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
User Interactions ◽  
Empirical Performance ◽  
Search Data ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Important Research Question

How to obtain an unbiased ranking model by learning to rank with biased user feedback is an important research question for IR. Existing work on unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) can be broadly categorized into two groups—the studies on unbiased learning algorithms with logged data, namely, the offline unbiased learning, and the studies on unbiased parameters estimation with real-time user interactions, namely, the online learning to rank. While their definitions of unbiasness are different, these two types of ULTR algorithms share the same goal—to find the best models that rank documents based on their intrinsic relevance or utility. However, most studies on offline and online unbiased learning to rank are carried in parallel without detailed comparisons on their background theories and empirical performance. In this article, we formalize the task of unbiased learning to rank and show that existing algorithms for offline unbiased learning and online learning to rank are just the two sides of the same coin. We evaluate eight state-of-the-art ULTR algorithms and find that many of them can be used in both offline settings and online environments with or without minor modifications. Further, we analyze how different offline and online learning paradigms would affect the theoretical foundation and empirical effectiveness of each algorithm on both synthetic and real search data. Our findings provide important insights and guidelines for choosing and deploying ULTR algorithms in practice.

scholarly journals What do territory owners defend against?

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1849) ◽  
pp. 20162356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hinsch ◽  
Jan Komdeur
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Territorial Conflicts ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects ◽  
Modelling Approach

Theoretical research on evolutionary aspects of territoriality has a long history. Existing studies, however, differ widely in modelling approach and research question. A generalized view on the evolution of territoriality is accordingly still missing. In this review, we show that territorial conflicts can be classified into qualitatively distinct types according to what mode of access to a territory which competitor attempts to gain. We argue that many of the inconsistencies between existing studies can be traced back to the fact that, while using the same terminology, different instances of these types of conflicts have been investigated. We discuss the connections of each type of conflict to existing research within the wider area of animal conflicts. We conclude that a clear conceptual separation of different types of territorial conflicts is helpful but that a more general theory of territoriality has to account for interdependencies between them and that a more mechanistic approach to modelling territoriality is needed.

scholarly journals Telewizja jako aktor polityczny w ocenie społecznej Polaków

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Maciejewska-Mieszkowska
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Audiovisual Media ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Scene

Television as a political actor in the social assessment by Poles Television, treated as one of political actors, is subject to social evaluation in terms of its credibility and trust. In the case of Polish audiovisual media, many years of surveys in the field show that in the last few years there have been fundamental changes in the perception of television broadcasts by Poles. This tendency should be associated with the dynamic transformations of the Polish political scene and the shaping of political preferences of the public. This publication aims to show changes in the assessment of television, taking into account the attitude of Poles towards political reality and their preferences in the use of specific sources of information.

Initiatives, Referenda and Socialism in Switzerland

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Libbey
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
British Labour

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN DEMOCRATIC STATES HAVE USUALLY COME into existence as the manifestation of a principle of political philosophy or as the result of a compromise among forces with different aspirations for the polity. Often both factors have been involved. Certainly the consequences for political behaviour of introducing any particular structure have been of concern to its architects, but many of these consequences are unforeseeable and the actual impact of an institutional change or the character of a formal role may in time become quite different from that intended.For a political actor, such as an individual, an interest group or a party, formal structures are given attributes of the political environment. Along with the more diffuse qualities of the political culture, they constitute the framework within which political actors must compete for influence over public policy. This framework, both formal and informal, is uneven in its effects on the fortunes of the various political forces. It favours some approaches and some groups more and in different ways than it favours others. The British Labour Party, with its concentrated voting strength, is disadvantaged by the single-member district/plurality electoral system, while its counterpart in Germany is able to maximize its strength in a system of proportional representation.

Populism and Identification

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Panizza
Keyword(s):  
Political Order ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Political Identities ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Ernesto Laclau ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
Political Identification ◽  
The People ◽  
Discursive Approach

This chapter discusses relations between populism, identity, and identification, defining populism as a mode of political identification that constructs and gives meaning to “the people” as a political actor. It critically adopts a discursive approach to populism represented, among others, by the works of Ernesto Laclau, as well as the socio-cultural approach of Pierre Ostiguy, in order to show how populist identities are created and how populist interventions shape politics differently in different political contexts. It argues that political identities are complex, relational, and incomplete, challenging binary classifications of political actors as either populists or not, and introducing the notion of populist interventions as a political appeal to be used alongside other political appeals. The notion of incomplete and permanently dislocated institutions is then used to show how populist interventions can be employed in highly institutionalized political settings to change the boundaries of what is sayable and hence doable in a given political order.

5. Finding Answers: Theories and How to Apply Them

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-158
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter shows how to develop an answer to a particular research question. It first considers the requirements and components of an answer to a research question before discussing the role of ‘theory’ in social science research, what a ‘theoretical framework’ is, and what a hypothesis is. It then explores the three components of a hypothesis: an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a proposition (a statement about the relationship between the variables). It also looks at the different types of hypotheses and how they guide various kinds of research. It also explains why conceptual and operational definitions of key terms are important and how they are formulated. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to answer normative questions.

Das Chamäleon-Modell als Erklärungsmuster für die Organisationsstrukturen von Unternehmerfamilien

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rena Haftlmeier-Seiffert ◽  
Sven Cravotta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Family Organization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Case

Zusammenfassung Offensichtlich sind es die Unternehmerfamilien, die ihrem Familienunternehmen eine besondere wirtschaftliche Stabilität verleihen. Dies ist allerdings nur möglich, wenn sie sicherstellen, dass sie stets handlungs- und entscheidungsfähig sind. Die hier verfolgte Forschungsfrage lautet deshalb: Wie organisieren Unternehmerfamilien ihre Entscheidungsfähigkeit? Das Chamäleon-Modell zeigt, dass bei Unternehmerfamilien verschiedene Organisationsformen latent vorhanden sind. Diese werden flexibel eingesetzt, je nachdem, was zielführend ist, um schnell zu tragfähigen Entscheidungen zu gelangen. D.h. die Unternehmerfamilienorganisation wechselt also ihre explizite Organisationsform wie ein Chamäleon die Farbe. Das Chamäleon-Modell wurde aus einer multiplen Fallstudie entwickelt, bei der vier traditionsreiche Unternehmerfamilien intensiv untersucht wurden. Abstract Apparently, it is the family that grants outstanding economic stability to the family business. However, this is only possible, if the family ensures to be always capable of acting and of making decisions. This leads us to the following research question: How do entrepreneurial families organize their decision-making ability? The Chameleon Model shows, that there are different types of organization latent available for entrepreneurial families. These are used flexibly, depending on what is leading to quick and stable decisions. That is to say, the entrepreneurial family organization changes the explicit organization form like a chameleon the colour. The Chameleon Model was developed from a multiple case study, analyzing four traditional entrepreneurial families in depth.

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