scholarly journals Economic and Ecological Comparison of Airship and Other Modes of Transport

2020 ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
Edina Jenčová ◽  
Iveta Vajdová ◽  
Jozef Galanda ◽  
Monika Blišťanová ◽  
Lucia Lučanská
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
Ecological Aspect ◽  
Transport Time ◽  
Model Situation ◽  
Sufficient Distance ◽  
Total Price

The article deals with the comparison of airship, air, road, rail and ship transportation from the economic and environmental point of view. The economic aspect is represented by calculations of the transport time and the total price for the fuel consumed. The ecological aspect is expressed in terms of the amount of released CO2 into the atmosphere. The comparison is carried out on a selected route, specifically from Brest in France to Hamburg, Germany. These two points were chosen because they are located at a sufficient distance from each other, close to the airport and the port. The model situation does not take into account the various airport, road or other similar transport charges. Only the distance calculated on suitable roads and routes and the fuel consumption of the means of transport during transport are be taken into account.

Navigation of the S.S.T.

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
J. Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimum Trajectory ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Actual Position

As a general rule the navigational function is aimed at determining the position of the aircraft in order to resolve three types of problem:(1) To subject the aircraft's flight path to an optimum trajectory calculated before departure or progressively adapted in course of flight to the circumstances encountered.(2) To choose at each point of the selected flight path the flight system best adapted to the safety and economy of the flight.(3) Taking into account the presence of other aircraft in the airspace, to know and make known the actual position and the information allowing provision to be made for future positions, so as to permit effective air traffic control.Departures of the actual from the chosen flight path penalize the flight by a lowering of economy (in flying time or fuel consumption). It does not seem, however, that the problems raised from this point of view by S.S.T. are by nature or in difficulty any different from those which affect conventional aircraft. Taking into account the present-day precision of navigational aids there is every reason to believe that departures of the actual flight path from the optimum flight path will introduce a penalization which it is possible to ignore when compared with the penalization due to the inaccuracy of the knowledge of the elements (winds, temperatures, pressures) which have, in fact, served to determine this optimum flight path.

Polish-Jewish Relations and the January Uprising: The Polish Perspective

2004 ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Opalska
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Positive Evaluation

This chapter focuses on Polish–Jewish relations and the January uprising. The memory of the pro-Polish orientation of the Jews in the January uprising remained alive throughout the 19th and in the early 20th centuries. The legend of patriotic ‘Poles of Mosaic faith’, which crystallized in the 1860s as a part of a broader romantic myth, gained a lasting place in literary tradition. The positive evaluation of the Jewish role generally remained artistically and ideologically rooted in the traditional romantic worldview. From that point of view, many later works can be seen as fossils of Polish romanticism. As the character of Polish–Jewish relations deteriorated, the Jewish legend of 1863 was continually revised in retrospect and it evolved in an increasingly negative fashion. Projecting new problems upon the past, Polish literature of the realist and modernist periods emphasized the economic aspect of Polish–Jewish relations and portrayed Jewish political loyalties with growing ambivalence. Echoing complex structural changes in post-insurrectionary Polish society as a whole, changes which brought about the revision of the larger myth of 1863, the evolution of its Jewish aspect followed closely the course of the debate on the so-called ‘Jewish question’.

scholarly journals Ecological aspect of mobile systems operated in terrain conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
A. Janeček ◽  
M. Mikleš
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Operating Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Ecological Aspect ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
System Point

In this paper is evaluated an optimal constructional and operating performance of the mobil terrain system, that works in forest ecosystems from point of view of volume of processed biomass and total amount of logging transport erosion. A monitored terrain system, working in forestry, is considered as a production system, with its material and energy flow. The determination value, that optimizes the production system, is the operating and constructional performance. In this paper is evaluated the amount erosion in dependence of cutting mass, by means of mathematics and from system point of view. The conditions for the mobile terrain system work, that insure optimal, i.e. minimal value of erosion will be determined. The theoretical results are verified. The optimal values of soil erosion are determined by experimental measurements. The principles of the paper are based on theses of ecological synthesis that determine coupling between dissipative energy of a production system and its ecological cleanliness of work.

scholarly journals EVALUATING WORKING QUALITY OF TRACTORS BY THEIR HARMFUL IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT/TRAKTORIŲ DARBO KOKYBĖS VERTINIMAS PAGAL JŲ ŽALINGĄ POVEIKĮ APLINKAI/ОЦЕНКА РАБОЧЕГО КАЧЕСТВА ТРАКТОРОВ ПО ИХ ВРЕДНОМУ ВЛИЯНИЮ НА ОКРУЖАЮЩУЮ СРЕДУ

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antanas Juostas ◽  
Algirdas Janulevičius
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Performance Quality ◽  
High Torque ◽  
Working Quality ◽  
Engine Power

The paper presents tractor working data and their engine conditions from economical and ecological point of view. Overlooked results presented in literature have a straight relation with reduction of tractor fuel consumption and unfriendly impact on the environment. The results of measurements show that for investigation of tractor performance quality during its working life, information collected in its microprocessors can be used. Investigation results of engine speed and torque aspects of different Deutz Fahr Agrotron tractor models with different working output are presented in the paper. Investigation results show that a tractor on average worked from 37% to 52% of the total working hours at a high torque (>50% Mmax ) and at medium (1000–2000 rpm) and high (>2000 rpm) engine speed. The investigation results show that almost half of tractor working time is unreasonable. The paper presents big improvement possibilities for tractor operating technologies by using a wider range of engine power, decreasing fuel consumption and unfriendly impact on the environment. Santrauka Tirta traktorių degalų sąnaudų ir žalingo poveikio aplinkai mažinimo galimybės. Matavimų rezultatais pagrindžiama, kad traktorių darbo kokybei per eksploatavimo laikotarpį tirti galima naudoti jų mikroprocesoriuose sukauptą informaciją. Pateikiami įvairių modelių ir įvairaus išdirbio Deutz Fahr Agrotron traktorių darbo kokybės (variklio sūkių dažnio ir apkrovos aspektais) per eksploatavimo laikotarpį tyrimų rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad didele apkrova (>50 % Mmax) vidutiniais (1000–2000 min–1) ir dideliais (>2000 min–1) variklio sūkiais traktoriai vidutiniškai dirba 37–52 % eksploatacijos laikotarpio, ir apie pusę eksploatacijos trukmės traktorių darbas neracionalus. Daroma išvada, kad visą traktorių eksploatavimo laiką galima tobulinti technologijas, parenkant tinkamesnius variklių darbo režimus, mažinti degalų sąnaudas ir žalingą poveikį aplinkai. Резюме Целью исследований было уменьшение потребления горючего в тракторных двигателях и их вредного влияния на окружающую среду. Проанализированы качественные характеристики (обороты и нагрузка двигателя ) разных моделей тракторов фирмы Deutz Fahr Agrotron, с разной наработкой моточасов за весь период эксплуатации. Исследованиями выявлено, что время работы тракторов с большой нагрузкой (>50% Mmax) при средних (1000– 2000 мин–1) и больших (>2000 мин–1) оборотах двигателя составляет 37–52% всего периода эксплуатации. Около половины всего времени в период эксплуатации тракторы работают нерационально. Делается вывод, что в период эксплуатации тракторов существует возможность совершенствовать технологии, шире применять лучшие режимы работы двигателей, снижать потребление горючего и вредное влияние на окружающую среду.

scholarly journals Ecological conditions for the implementation of the european modular systems in road transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 351 ◽  
pp. 01022
Author(s):  
Anna Dzioba ◽  
Marietta Markiewicz ◽  
Jan Gutsche ◽  
Adam Talaśka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Main Aspect ◽  
Ecological Aspect ◽  
Modular Systems ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Standard Sets

This article focuses on the challenges and problems facing road transport nowadays. The main aspect discussed in the paper is the ecological aspect. As the demand for transport services has been constantly growing for the last 20 years, solving the problem has become a great challenge. In the further part of the study, an attempt was made to indicate solutions applied in the European Union. Another solution is presented in this paper, which is the introduction of European Modular Systems to road transport. Their characteristics were presented and countries in which such solutions are used were indicated. Based the analysis of studies in the field of the discussed issues, a comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 and NOx emissions of standard sets with EMS sets was carried out.

Novel Cycles Deployment Study for a Silent Aircraft

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Nettis ◽  
F. De Bellis ◽  
A. Javed ◽  
G. Doulgeris ◽  
S. O. T. Ogaji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Noise Shielding ◽  
The Given

Aircraft noise is nowadays considered a pollutant like exhaust gases. Moreover, future requirements for aircraft certification impose a remarkable reduction in noise emission in the next 20 years. Since current technologies are insufficient to achieve the target, new technologies have to be developed, both for engines and airframes. In this paper, three novel engine cycles have been studied from a preliminary and theoretical point of view, considering noise and fuel consumption reduction as key design drivers. The innovative cycles analysed are: Variable Fan Nozzle Area (VFNA), Constant Volume Combustor (CVC) and Inter Cooled Recuperated (ICR). A parametric analysis has been performed for each one of them in order to select the best cycle; then, the three optimums have been compared. The designed VFNA engine provides the largest reduction in jet noise (64%) in comparison to the baseline, whilst the CVC has the lowest fuel consumption. However, both use two fans per engine, with weight and drag penalties. A further noise reduction is obtained installing the engines upon the wings, and not beneath them as in conventional designs. Obtained results show that noise shielding technique is responsible for a 20 dB decrease in OASPL, leading to a noise level, perceived on the ground, lower than 60 dB. This value implies a full satisfaction of the new environmental laws. Finally, the three propulsion systems have been installed on a medium range, twin engine aircraft and its flight performance has been evaluated. Simulations establish the superiority of the novel cycles against the baseline, in terms of reduced fuel consumption for the given mission.

Variable Cycle Powerplants for a Mach 2.7 Supersonic Civil Transport

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louay Aleid ◽  
Pericles Pilidis
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Variable Geometry ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Variable Stator ◽  
Size Variable

The aim of the work outlined in this paper is to compare three different variable cycle jet engine concepts for future SSTs. These engines are: the Turbofan-Turbojet, the Mid-Tandem Fan engine and the Double Bypass Engine. The comparison is carried out on a basis of performance, handling and sizing issues. This preliminary analysis compares S.F.C., size, variable geometry and cycle changes, and the effect of variable stator on the running lines of each compressor for each engine. The fuel bill, for two standard missions, is estimated as well. These preliminary results indicate that the three engines are quite similar in terms of general suitability. The Mid Tandem Fan appears to be an attractive proposition from the point of view of sizing, however this comes with a small penalty in fuel consumption.

A Life-cycle Cost Analysis of the Application of a Hull Vane to an Offshore Patrol Vessel

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bouckaert ◽  
Kasper Uithof ◽  
Perry van Oossanen ◽  
Niels Moerke ◽  
Bart Nienhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Speed Profile ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Head Waves ◽  
Small Craft ◽  
Total Fuel Consumption ◽  
Vertical Accelerations

The consequences of applying a Hull Vane to a Holland Class 108 m Oceangoing Patrol Vessel of the Royal Netherlands Navy were studied by means of a Computational Fluid Dynamics study using Fine/Marine. The effect on the annual fuel consumption was determined by linking the savings percentages at several speeds to the operational speed profile. This paper demonstrates that - from propulsion point of view - a reduction in total fuel consumption can be achieved of 12.5% if a Hull Vane is installed, along with a small modification to the ship’s hull. At the speed at which most fuel is consumed annually (17.5 knots), the total resistance is reduced by 15.3%. Further operational benefits were quantified, such as a reduction of the vertical accelerations at the helicopter deck when sailing in head waves (-13%), a reduction of the turbulent zone just behind the slipway enabling small craft launch and recovery (from 5 to 2.5 meters), an increased range (from 5,000 nautical miles to 5,850 nautical miles at 15 knots) and an increased top speed (from 21.5 knots to 22.1 knots).

scholarly journals Environmental Assessment of the Vehicle Operation Process

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Mrozik ◽  
Agnieszka Merkisz-Guranowska
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car

The environmental safety of a car is currently one of the most important indicators of vehicle competitiveness and quality in the consumer market. Currently, assessment of the ecological properties of vehicles is based on various criteria. In the case of combustion-powered cars, most attention is usually paid to the values characterizing their use, and in terms of environmental assessment, pollutant emissions, and operational fuel consumption are key factors. The current article considers the possibility of using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to analyze the ecological properties of a passenger car during its operation. A simplified LCA method for vehicles, which, in strictly defined cases, can be used for the analysis of environmental impact and assessment of the energy analysis related to its operation, is presented. For this purpose, a vehicle life cycle model is developed. Data on the operation of 33 passenger cars from different manufacturers with similar operational characteristics, coming from different production periods, are analyzed in detail. The vehicle use model takes into account the environmental load due to fuel consumption and pollutant emissions from the internal combustion engine, as well as processes related to the maintenance of the car. The obtained results show that, from the point of view of a car’s impact on the environment throughout its life cycle, the phase of its operation plays the most important role. For the annual operation period, the results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that, in the assessment of energy inputs and related emissions throughout the life cycle of a passenger car, the mileage of the car, which is determined by both the periodicity of replacement of elements and materials subject to normal wear and the length of the adopted period, is of key importance. For the tested vehicles, both the energy input resulting from fuel consumption as well as CO2 and SO2 emissions constitute about 94% to 96% of the total input during the annual operation of the vehicle.

scholarly journals Driving Behaviour Analysis Using Machine and Deep Learning Methods for Continuous Streams of Vehicular Data

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4704
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Peppes ◽  
Theodoros Alexakis ◽  
Evgenia Adamopoulou ◽  
Konstantinos Demestichas
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Driving Behaviour ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
The Given

In the last few decades, vehicles are equipped with a plethora of sensors which can provide useful measurements and diagnostics for both the vehicle’s condition as well as the driver’s behaviour. Furthermore, the rapid increase for transportation needs of people and goods together with the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) push the transportation domain towards a new more intelligent and efficient era. The reduction of CO2 emissions and the minimization of the environmental footprint is, undeniably, of utmost importance for the protection of the environment. In this light, it is widely acceptable that the driving behaviour is directly associated with the vehicle’s fuel consumption and gas emissions. Thus, given the fact that, nowadays, vehicles are equipped with sensors that can collect a variety of data, such as speed, acceleration, fuel consumption, direction, etc. is more feasible than ever to put forward solutions which aim not only to monitor but also improve the drivers’ behaviour from an environmental point of view. The approach presented in this paper describes a holistic integrated platform which combines well-known machine and deep learning algorithms together with open-source-based tools in order to gather, store, process, analyze and correlate different data flows originating from vehicles. Particularly, data streamed from different vehicles are processed and analyzed with the utilization of clustering techniques in order to classify the driver’s behaviour as eco-friendly or not, followed by a comparative analysis of supervised machine and deep learning algorithms in the given labelled dataset.

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