scholarly journals Impact of Diuretics on Metabolic Activity of Urogenital Tract Microbiota in Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Amar Balihodžić ◽  
◽  
Nadira Ibrišimović Mehmedinović ◽  
Suada Tinjić ◽  
Semira Galijašević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Urogenital Tract ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Dose Dependent

Limited knowledge exists about the effects of commonly used diuretic medications on the human normal flora. Thus, we investigated potential stimulatory effects of diuretic drug furosemide on urogenital tract microbiota in women. Three strains of E. coli and C. albicans with different biofilm forming capacities were obtained from female patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections. All tested strains were treated with two different concentrations of furosemide drug, in comparison to non-treated strains as the negative control. At specific time intervals, samples were obtained from growing culture and analyzed for their proliferation rate, aspartyl proteinase excretion and biofilm formation ability. E. coli and C. albicans strains significantly increased their aspartyl proteinase excretion under furosemide treatment. This effect was frequently observed after 16 hours of incubation at 37oC. This drug has also increased the biofilm forming capacities of E. coli and C. albicans strains. Interestingly, both E. coli and C. albicans non-biofilm former strains, gained the capacity of biofilm formation when treated with furosemide at certain concentrations. E. coli control became a weak biofilm former after 48 hours of incubation, while non-biofilm former C. albicans strain became a weak biofilm former in dose-dependent fashion, after 48 hours incubation with furosemide in concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and after 16 hours of incubation with furosemide in concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Loop diuretic drug furosemide is able to increase the microbial virulence and turn commensal microbes into opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, the results suggest that enzyme aspartyl proteinase might act as a signal molecule for the biofilm formation, leading to the increased microbial pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 is a potent thrombopoietic factor in vivo in mice

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1241-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ishibashi ◽  
H Kimura ◽  
Y Shikama ◽  
T Uchida ◽  
S Kariyone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Striking Increase ◽  
Biologic Activity ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract To determine the biologic activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis in vivo, the cytokine was administered intraperitoneally to mice every 12 hours at varying doses for five days or for varying time intervals, based on the kinetic analysis of IL-6 serum levels indicating the peak of 40 minutes following injection, with no detection at 150 minutes. A dose-response experiment showed that IL-6 increased platelet counts in a dose- dependent fashion at a plateau stimulation level of 5 micrograms. Administration of 5 micrograms of IL-6 reproducibly elevated platelet counts at five days by approximately 50% to 60% of increase. Moreover, a striking increase in megakaryocytic size in response to IL-6 was elicited by the treatment, but no change in megakaryocyte numbers; whereas IL-6 administration did not expand CFU-MK numbers. The in vivo studies in this manner had negligible effects on other hematologic parameters, with the minor exception of monocyte levels. These data show that IL-6 acts on maturational stages in megakaryocytopoiesis and promotes platelet production in vivo in mice, suggesting that IL-6 functions as thrombopoietin.

scholarly journals Detection of biofilm among uropathogenic Escherichia coli and its correlation with antibiotic resistance pattern

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 017-022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi M. Karigoudar ◽  
Mahesh H. Karigoudar ◽  
Sanjay M. Wavare ◽  
Smita S. Mangalgi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli accounts for 70%–95% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTI is a serious health problem with respect to antibiotic resistance and biofilms formation being the prime cause for the antibiotic resistance. Biofilm can restrict the diffusion of substances and binding of antimicrobials. In this context, the present study is aimed to perform in vitro detection of biofilm formation among E. coli strains isolated from urine and to correlate their susceptibility pattern with biofilm formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 E. coli strains isolated from patients suffering from UTI were included in the study. The identification of E. coli was performed by colony morphology, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. The detection of biofilm was carried out by Congo Red Agar (CRA) method, tube method (TM), and tissue culture plate (TCP) method. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller–Hinton agar plate. RESULTS: Of the 100 E. coli strains, 49 (49%) and 51 (51%) were from catheterized and noncatheterized patients, respectively. Biofilm production was positive by CRA, TM, and TCP method were 49 (49%), 55 (55%), and 69 (69%), respectively. Biofilm producers showed maximum resistance to co-trimoxazole (73.9%), gentamicin (94.2%), and imipenem (11.6%) when compared to nonbiofilm producers. Significant association was seen between resistance to antibiotic and biofilm formation with a P = 0.01 (<0.05). CONCLUSION: A greater understanding of biofilm detection in E. coli will help in the development of newer and more effective treatment. The detection of biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility pattern helps in choosing the correct antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals The UbiI (VisC) Aerobic Ubiquinone Synthase Is Required for Expression of Type 1 Pili, Biofilm Formation, and Pathogenesis in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

2016 ◽  
Vol 198 (19) ◽  
pp. 2662-2672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle A. Floyd ◽  
Courtney A. Mitchell ◽  
Allison R. Eberly ◽  
Spencer J. Colling ◽  
Ellisa W. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Type 1 Pili ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTUropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC), which causes the majority of urinary tract infections (UTI), uses pilus-mediated adherence to initiate biofilm formation in the urinary tract. Oxygen gradients withinE. colibiofilms regulate expression and localization of adhesive type 1 pili. A transposon mutant screen for strains defective in biofilm formation identified theubiI(formerlyvisC) aerobic ubiquinone synthase gene as critical for UPEC biofilm formation. In this study, we characterized a nonpolarubiIdeletion mutant and compared its behavior to that of wild-type bacteria grown under aerobic and anoxic conditions. Consistent with its function as an aerobic ubiquinone-8 synthase, deletion ofubiIin UPEC resulted in reduced membrane potential, diminished motility, and reduced expression of chaperone-usher pathway pili. Loss of aerobic respiration was previously shown to negatively impact expression of type 1 pili. To determine whether this reduction in type 1 pili was due to an energy deficit, wild-type UPEC and theubiImutant were compared for energy-dependent phenotypes under anoxic conditions, in which quinone synthesis is undertaken by anaerobic quinone synthases. Under anoxic conditions, the two strains exhibited wild-type levels of motility but produced diminished numbers of type 1 pili, suggesting that the reduction of type 1 pilus expression in the absence of oxygen is not due to a cellular energy deficit. Acute- and chronic-infection studies in a mouse model of UTI revealed a significant virulence deficit in theubiImutant, indicating that UPEC encounters enough oxygen in the bladder to induce aerobic ubiquinone synthesis during infection.IMPORTANCEThe majority of urinary tract infections are caused by uropathogenicE. coli, a bacterium that can respire in the presence and absence of oxygen. The bladder environment is hypoxic, with oxygen concentrations ranging from 4% to 7%, compared to 21% atmospheric oxygen. This work provides evidence that aerobic ubiquinone synthesis must be engaged during bladder infection, indicating that UPEC bacteria sense and use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in the bladder and that this ability drives infection potential despite the fact that UPEC is a facultative anaerobe.

scholarly journals Detection of biofilm formation by Escherichia coli with its antibiogram profile

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 3771
Author(s):  
Gaurab Risal ◽  
Aayush Shrestha ◽  
Saroj Kunwar ◽  
Gajal Paudel ◽  
Rameshwor Dhital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Technical College ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Descriptive Method

Background: In urinary tract infections, an important role is played by bacterial biofilms which are responsible for persistence infections together with the antimicrobial resistance. Higher resistance can be seen in biofilm forming uropathogens in comparison with free-floating bacteria. So, the present study was performed with a goal to find the prevalence of biofilm formation and also the antimicrobial resistant pattern of uropathogens.Methods: A descriptive method was conducted at Modern Technical College, Sanepa, Lalitpur in samples isolated from UTI suspected patients. The overall duration of this study was approximately 3 months. Total of 50 isolated E. coli was tested for biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar as per CLSI guidelines.Results: From the 50 isolates of E. coli, 32 were biofilm producers (3 strong and 29 moderate) and 18 were weak/non-biofilm producers. Among the biofilm producers, cefotaxime was more resistant in 20 of the isolates followed by ceftriaxone in 16 and amoxyclav in 13, whereas amikacin was least resistant in 2 of the isolates.Conclusions: Among the isolated E. coli, biofilm-forming isolates showed higher antimicrobial resistance as compared to the non-biofilm producer. Thus, uropathogen should be routinely screened for biofilm formation. 

Effect of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde on preformed biofilm and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli isolated from urine specimens

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Adel El-Haddad ◽  
Soha Abdel Rahman El-Hady ◽  
Amira Esmail Abdel Hamid ◽  
Hisham Abdel Majeed Fahim
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Introduction Bacteria in most environments exist as communities of sessile cells in a selfproduced polymeric matrix known as biofilms. Biofilms are responsible for more than 80% of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTI). UTI is the most common hospital acquired infection, caused mainly by Escherichia coli (E.coli). E. coli can readily form biofilm in such infections, specially in the presence of indwelling urinary catheter. It’s difficult to eradicate bacteria in biofilms, since they are shielded from the host defense mechanisms as phagocytes and antibodies, as well as antibiotics. Searching for alternative or adjuvant substances for prevention and eradication of biofilm associated infections are therefore urgently needed. Aim of the work Studying the efficacy of the trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) for preventing E. coli biofilm formation. Materials and methods Thirty isolates of E.coli were obtained from urine samples. To test the effect of TC on E.coli biofilm formation and preformed biofilms, microtitre plates (MTP) were inoculated with the isolated E.coli and were treated with different concentrations of TC and incubated at 37° C. A colorimetric assay was used to assess biofilm inhibition and inactivation and optical densities (OD) were compared before and after adding different TC concentrations. Results The mean OD of the isolated E.coli biofilms was 1.3 and significantly decreased when mixed with TC different concentrations. TC had high activity in inhibition of preformed E.coli biofilms, where no biofilm was detected on MTP treated with 1.25% and 1.5% TC. Conclusion TC inhibited the biofilm forming ability of E.coli isolates could fully inactivate formed biofilms, suggesting its possibility to be used as an anti-biofilm agent or adjuvant in preventing and treating UTI caused by biofilm producing E.coli.

scholarly journals Significance of CSE-1034 (Elores™) in Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections due to Multi Drug Resistant ESBLPositiveEscherichia coli

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Vishal Bhambri
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Disodium Edetate ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Common Infections

UTIs are one of the most common infections of geriatric patients in community acquired and hospital acquired settings. Escherichia coli(E. coli) is usually the most common pathogen responsible for UTI.Antibiotic resistance is the main reason for failure of therapy especially in E. coli. Biofilm formation, ESBL and MBL production&efflux pump over expression are the main reasons for antibiotic resistance in E. coli. That’s why management of UTI with multi drug resistant (MDR)E. coli has always been challenge for the clinicians.We are reporting empiric use of new antibiotic adjuvant entity Elores™(Ceftriaxone/ Sulbactam/Disodium-edetate) in the management of UTIs caused by multi drug resistant E. coli.

scholarly journals Poloxamer 338 Affects Cell Adhesion and Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli: Potential Applications in the Management of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Mariarita Stirpe ◽  
Benedetta Brugnoli ◽  
Gianfranco Donelli ◽  
Iolanda Francolini ◽  
Claudia Vuotto
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Tract Infections

Poloxamers are nontoxic, amphiphilic copolymers used in different formulations. Due to its surfactant properties, Poloxamer 338 (P388) is herein proposed as a strategy to avoid biofilm formation often causing recalcitrant catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). The aim is to evaluate the ability of P388 coatings to affect the adhesion of Ec5FSL and Ec9FSL Escherichia coli strains on silicone urinary catheters. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and static water contact angle measurement were employed to characterize the P388-coated silicone catheter in terms of amount of P388 layered, coating thickness, homogeneity, and hydrophilicity. In static conditions, the antifouling power of P388 was defined by comparing the E. coli cells adherent on a hydrophilic P388-adsorbed catheter segment with those on an uncoated one. A P388-coated catheter, having a homogeneous coverage of 35 nm in thickness, reduced of 0.83 log10 and 0.51 log10 the biofilm of Ec5FSL and Ec9FSL, respectively. In dynamic conditions, the percentage of cell adhesion on P388-adsorbed silicone channels was investigated by a microfluidic system, simulating the in vivo conditions of catheterized patients. As a result, both E. coli isolates were undetected. The strong and stable antifouling property against E. coli biofilm lead us to consider P388 as a promising anti-biofilm agent for CAUTIs control.

scholarly journals Phage Therapy as a Novel Strategy in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections Caused by E. Coli

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Zalewska-Piątek ◽  
Rafał Piątek
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are regarded as one of the most common bacterial infections affecting millions of people, in all age groups, annually in the world. The major causative agent of complicated and uncomplicated UTIs are uropathogenic E. coli strains (UPECs). Huge problems with infections of this type are their chronicity and periodic recurrences. Other disadvantages that are associated with UTIs are accompanying complications and high costs of health care, systematically increasing resistance of uropathogens to routinely used antibiotics, as well as biofilm formation by them. This creates the need to develop new approaches for the prevention and treatment of UTIs, among which phage therapy has a dominant potential to eliminate uropathogens within urinary tract. Due to the growing interest in such therapy in the last decade, the bacteriophages (natural, genetically modified, engineered, or combined with antibiotics or disinfectants) represent an innovative antimicrobial alternative and a strategy for managing the resistance of uropathogenic microorganisms and controlling UTIs.

Role of PKC in Isoflurane-induced Biphasic Contraction in Skinned Pulmonary Arterial Strips

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Y. Su ◽  
Anhkiet C. Vo
Keyword(s):  
State Control ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Biphasic Effect ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Steady State Control ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Pkc Activation

Background Activation or inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in the anesthetic-induced contraction or relaxation of different types of arteries. In skinned pulmonary arterial strips, the initial halothane-induced contraction has been attributed to PKC activation, but the subsequent relaxation has not. Whether isoflurane has a similar biphasic effect is not known. This study examined the role of PKC and its isoforms in the effect of isoflurane on pulmonary artery. Methods Rabbit pulmonary arterial strips were mounted on force transducers and treated with saponin to make the sarcolemma permeable ("skinned" strips). Skinned strips were activated by low Ca(2+) (pCa 6.5 or pCa 6.3 buffered with 7 mm EGTA) or the PKC activator phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (1 microm) until force reached a steady state (control). Various concentrations of isoflurane (test) were administered, and force was observed at time intervals up to 60 min. The PKC inhibitors (bisindolylmaleimide and Go6976 from 0.1 to 10 microm) were preincubated in a relaxing solution and the subsequent contracting solutions. The results were expressed as a percentage of control, with P &lt; 0.05 considered significant for statistical comparison between the tests and time controls. Results In a dose-dependent fashion, isoflurane (1-5%) initially increased (5-40%) and then decreased (3-70%) the Ca(2+)- or phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (pCa 6.7 buffer)-activated force. The increased in force caused by isoflurane was partially reduced by 3 and 10 microm bisindolylmaleimide, but not by Go6976. Isoflurane-induced relaxation was partially prevented by both inhibitors at 0.1 and 0.3 microm. Conclusions Isoflurane causes biphasic effects in skinned pulmonary arterial strips that may be in part mediated by different isoforms of PKC.

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