scholarly journals Water Storage Assessment of Khapri Watershed through Geospatial Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4501-4503
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Geospatial Techniques ◽  
Small Streams

Khapri watershed is mountainous region having average 2255 mm rainfall every year. In the last few months of hydrological year i.e. April & May, there is an acute shortage of drinking water. To overcome this short fall, it is necessary to manage natural watersheds available in the region. water harvesting is a system that collects rainwater from where it falls around its periphery rather than allowing it to go as runoff. The strategy of “Think Globally, Act Locally” should be used in this area for management of water. Local water that is rainwater stored using Rainwater Harvesting Structure and Conservation used optimally before it goes in drain or river.The subsurface reservoirs are very attractive and technically feasible alternatives for storing surplus monsoon runoff. But in the study region, this is not possible as there is a basalt rock. Recharging is not advisable as water table in post monsoon just touches ground level. So, Rainwater harvesting structures for direct use of water may be the possibly best solution.For community requirement rainwater may be stored in checkdams or depressed area naturally available. Construction of small barriers across small streams to check and store the running water also can be considered as water harvesting structure. This may fulfil the drinking water requirement of their cattles. Check dams in the watershed has been ascertain using Geospatial techniques and few of them verified by visiting the sites. In site visit it is found that open wells near the stream has water level above stream water level. At few places farming is done in check dam reservoir or in stream itself.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in assessing the environmental impact of amine emissions from a CO<sub>2</sub> capture plant

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 8533-8557 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karl ◽  
N. Castell ◽  
D. Simpson ◽  
S. Solberg ◽  
J. Starrfelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Fugacity Model ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Ground Level Air

Abstract. In this study, a new model framework that couples the atmospheric chemistry transport model system Weather Research and Forecasting–European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (WRF-EMEP) and the multimedia fugacity level III model was used to assess the environmental impact of in-air amine emissions from post-combustion carbon dioxide capture. The modelling framework was applied to a typical carbon capture plant artificially placed at Mongstad, on the west coast of Norway. The study region is characterized by high precipitation amounts, relatively few sunshine hours, predominantly westerly winds from the North Atlantic and complex topography. Mongstad can be considered as moderately polluted due to refinery activities. WRF-EMEP enables a detailed treatment of amine chemistry in addition to atmospheric transport and deposition. Deposition fluxes of WRF-EMEP simulations were used as input to the fugacity model in order to derive concentrations of nitramines and nitrosamine in lake water. Predicted concentrations of nitramines and nitrosamines in ground-level air and drinking water were found to be highly sensitive to the description of amine chemistry, especially of the night-time chemistry with the nitrate (NO3) radical. Sensitivity analysis of the fugacity model indicates that catchment characteristics and chemical degradation rates in soil and water are among the important factors controlling the fate of these compounds in lake water. The study shows that realistic emission of commonly used amines result in levels of the sum of nitrosamines and nitramines in ground-level air (0.6–10 pg m−3) and drinking water (0.04–0.25 ng L−1) below the current safety guideline for human health that is enforced by the Norwegian Environment Agency. The modelling framework developed in this study can be used to evaluate possible environmental impacts of emissions of amines from post-combustion capture in other regions of the world.

scholarly journals Assessing Land Suitability for Rainwater Harvesting Using Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of Njoro Catchment, Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Maina ◽  
J. M. Raude
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Land Suitability ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Geospatial Techniques ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Ground Water Recharge

Water demand increases as population increases leading to overexploitation of water resource. Consequently, there is need for improved water resources management complemented with rain water harvesting within the catchments. This study sought to assess land suitability for surface runoff harvesting using geospatial techniques. Land use/land cover maps of the area were derived from Landsat image. Land use and soils data were used in generating curve number map of the catchment. Lineaments greatly affect the storage depending on whether runoff is for surface storage or ground water recharge purposes. As a result, ArcGIS was used in delineating the lineaments from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the catchment. Further, using weighted overlay the catchment was grouped into categories of restricted, not suitable, moderately suitable, suitable, or highly suitable. The study found that forest, agriculture, and built-up areas occupied about 39.42%, 36.32%, and 1.35% of catchment area, respectively. A large part of catchment was found to have curve number range of 82–89. About 50% of the catchment was found to fall within suitable and highly suitable categories. This implied that a great potential exists for rain water harvesting within the catchment.

scholarly journals Rainwater Resources Development using Open Space data and Software Sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gar Al-nabi Ibrahim Mohamed ◽  
Faisal Althobiani
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Open Space Technology ◽  
Application Programs ◽  
Chronic Problem ◽  
Open Application

Humans and animals drinking water availability is a chronic problem in under-developed countries in general and their rural areas in particular. A rainwater resources development effort was reported in this paper using a case study area in the Sudan. A rainwater harvesting method was developed using open space technology data and open application programs. The method was applied in a 12,100 square kilometers area and twenty-two potential rainwater harvesting sites were located with draining capacities ranging between 19.10 and 532.50 Million Cubic Meters (MCM) with a total average rainfall rate draining capacity of 2.105 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM). However, although it is quite possible to acquire this huge amount of water in the area, but unfortunately, local people are still facing a chronic problem of drinking water shortage, animals walk tens of kilometers to drink water and farmers transport water from the Blue Nile river tens of kilometers away from the farms to harvest their crops. An appreciated effort was made by local governments and non-government organizations related to drinking water world wide in general and in underdeveloped countries in particular using traditional methods. However, it is high time to devote this effort to the application of open space technology data and open application programs for water harvesting in these areas. This would facilitate the water supply throughout the year and avoid the drinking water shortage in the dry season. It can be applied to cover the whole area with a network of water harvesting facilities to achieve nomad’s and pastoralists settlement, avoid their conflicts with farmers in the area.

Spatial distribution of groundwater-surface water connectivity in the Kosimegafan, north India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Beg ◽  
Suneel Kumar Joshi ◽  
Kumar Gaurav ◽  
Sudhir Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
North India ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Recharge Rate ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Central Lobe

&lt;p&gt;We conducted a systematically integrated surface water and groundwater interaction study in the Kosimegafan in north India using the stable isotopes (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H) of water and depth to water level data. In a field campaign in December 2019, we have collected a water sample from 65 different locations for isotopic analysis. This includes 21 samples from the groundwater and 44 from different surface water bodies (Kosi River-02, streams-09, waterlogged patches-29, and canal-04).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and D-excess values of groundwater and waterlogged samples show marked spatial variation across the study area. Using a two-component mixing model, we estimate the fraction contribution of streams and rainwater in the groundwater and waterlogged patches. This shows a marked spatial and depth-related variability in stream water contribution to the groundwater recharge and varies from about 83% (maximum) at 6 m below ground level (bgl) to 45% (minimum) at 9 m bgl. We also analysed the spatial and temporal variation in groundwater levels from 1996 to 2017. During this period, the water level shows a significant variation from 1.1 to 7.8 m bgl. Further, using the water table fluctuation approach, we estimate the recharge rate. We found a higher recharge rate (22 mm/year) in the central part of the western lobe and northern part of the central lobe, and minimum (1 mm/year)in both the northern part of the western and southern part of the central lobe of the Kosi fan. This study provides new insight into the recharge processes in the study area.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Why Do People Remain Attached to Unsafe Drinking Water Options? Quantitative Evidence from Southwestern Bangladesh

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris Loys Naus ◽  
Kennard Burer ◽  
Frank van Laerhoven ◽  
Jasper Griffioen ◽  
Kazi Matin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Better Than

The acceptance of newly implemented, safe drinking water options is not guaranteed. In the Khulna and Satkhira districts, Bangladesh, pond water is pathogen-contaminated, while groundwater from shallow tubewells may be arsenic- or saline-contaminated. This study aims to determine why, as well as the extent to which, people are expected to remain attached to using these unsafe water options, compared to the following four safer drinking water options: deep tubewells, pond sand filters, vendor water, and rainwater harvesting. Through 262 surveys, this study explores whether five explanatory factors (risk, attitude, norms, reliability, and habit) pose barriers to switching from unsafe to safe drinking water options or whether they could act as facilitators of such a switch. Users’ attachment to using pond water is generally low (facilitators: risk and attitude. Barrier: norms). Users are more attached to shallow tubewells (no facilitators. Barriers: reliability and habit). The safe alternatives (deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, pond sand filter, and vendor water) score significantly better than pond water and are estimated to have the potential to be adopted by pond water users. Deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, and pond sand filter also score better than shallow tubewells and could also have the potential to replace them. These findings may be used to optimise implementation strategies for safer drinking water alternatives.

scholarly journals Assessment of roof water harvesting potential of Navsari city of Gujarat State, India by Remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1143-1150
Author(s):  
D. K. Dwivedi ◽  
P. K. Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Information System ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Gujarat State

Due to the water scarcity scenario in many parts of the Navsari city, Gujarat State in India, it is imperative to adopt cost-effective technologies that could harvest rainwater for satisfying drinking water requirements. The study was conducted with the aim of assessing the rainwater harvesting potential of Navsari city using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The built-up areas of Navsari that could harness rainwater were identified by remote sensing and GIS. The effective built-up area contributing to rainwater harvesting was found to be 3.37 km2. The classification was carried out using “Remap” to assess the extent of the built-up area. The city was divided into equal grids and classification of each grid was implemented. The ground truth data was used for the evaluation of the built-up area. The roof water harvesting potential was estimated considering the average annual rainfall of 1621 mm and adopting suitable runoff coefficients. The rainwater harvesting potential of roofs for rainfall of different probabilities was estimated. For return periods of 10 years, 25 years, 50 years and 100 years, the roof water harvesting potentials were estimated to be 0.226, 0.261, 0.287 and 0.312 Million Cubic Metres (MCM), respectively. The estimated average roof water harvesting potential of Navsari city was 164 million litres per year, capable of satisfying the drinking water demand of approximately 1.12 lakh people annually. The rainwater harnessed from the rooftop could augment the current water supply and immensely help in fulfilling the drinking water demand of Navsari.

scholarly journals Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting Technology and Women Time Allocation in District Bagh and Battagram Pakistan.

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (4II) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaz Mustafa ◽  
Usman Mustafa ◽  
Mahmood Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
The Impact

Water is essential requirement of life and its accessibility is the basic right of all human beings. Safe drinking water is an essential component of primary health. It plays a vital role in livelihood, food security and sustainable development. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Technology (RRWH) is a best alternative approach to conserve and supply water. Especially, it is crucial in seismically sensitive, geographically uneven, and countryside areas. A large majority of population in Pakistan is living in areas, where access to safe drinking water is very serious issue. In these areas most vulnerable segment of population is women because they are the ones who have to fetch water from far flung areas for their daily consumption. In order to resolve the issue of water in Pakistan, a number of public and private agencies are working in this field. Different approaches, techniques, and practices are being adopted to address this issue. Present study evaluates the impact of RRWH technology with special reference to women time allocation in Bagh and Battagram districts of Pakistan. Analyses were carried out using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique to quantify the results. The results reveal that RRWH technology is viable, time saving, women friendly, and sustainable source of safe drinking water supply, especially in seismically sensitive, geographically uneven, and countryside areas of Pakistan. JEL classification: O13, Q25, Q56, Q58, R28 Keywords: Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting: Safe Drinking Water, Seismically Sensitive, Geographically Uneven, and Countryside: Women, AJK and KP, Pakistan.

scholarly journals Omnipresent distribution of herbicides and their transformation products in all water body types of an agricultural landscape in the North German Lowland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uta Ulrich ◽  
Matthias Pfannerstill ◽  
Guido Ostendorp ◽  
Nicola Fohrer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rainfall Events

AbstractThe research of the environmental fate of pesticides has demonstrated that applied compounds are altered in their molecular structure over time and are distributed within the environment. To assess the risk for contamination by transformation products (TP) of the herbicides flufenacet and metazachlor, the following four water body types were sampled in a small-scale catchment of 50 km2 in 2015/2016: tile drainage water, stream water, shallow groundwater, and drinking water of private wells. The TP were omnipresent in every type of water body, more frequently and in concentrations up to 10 times higher than their parent compounds. Especially metazachlor sulfonic acid, metazachlor oxalic acid, and flufenacet oxalic acid were detected in almost every drainage and stream sample. The transformation process leads to more mobile and more persistent molecules resulting in higher detection frequencies and concentrations, which can even occur a year or more after the application of the parent compound. The vulnerability of shallow groundwater and private drinking water wells to leaching compounds is proved by numerous positives of metazachlor-TP with maximum concentrations of 0.7 μg L−1 (drinking water) and 20 μg L−1 (shallow groundwater) of metazachlor sulfonic acid. Rainfall events during the application period cause high discharge of the parent compound and lower release of TP. Later rainfall events lead to high displacement of TP. For an integrated risk assessment of water bodies, the environmental behavior of pesticide-TP has to be included into regular state-of-the-art water quality monitoring.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ardabil Province, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5179
Author(s):  
Reza Aghlmand ◽  
Saeed Rasi Nezami ◽  
Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Study Region

In recent years, in addition to water resources’ quantity, their quality has also received much attention. In this study, the quality of the urban water distribution network in northwestern Iran was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI) method. Then, some important trace elements were investigated, and finally, the health risk assessment was evaluated for both carcinogenic elements (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and As) and non-carcinogenic elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, F, NO3, and Cu) using carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. In the present study, the WQI was calculated based on both World Health Organization (WHO) and Iranian drinking water standards. Comparing the results of these standards revealed that the WQI based on the Iranian standard was slightly higher. Regarding the calculated WQI for the study region, the status of water quality for drinking consumption is in the good water quality class (25 < WQI < 50). It was observed that Cu and Cd have the highest and lowest concentrations in all sampling points, respectively. Hazard Index (HI) results showed that the non-carcinogenic substances studied had a low risk for both adults and children (<1.0). However, the CR results showed that Ni, Cd, and As were above the desired level for both children and adults. The results of this study can be applied for efficient water management and human health protection programs in the study area.

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