EFFECT OF ADDITION OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MOLASSES AND LIQUID WHEY ON FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE PALM PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA LEAVES SILAGE AND  ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE

Factorial experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of two factors, molasses (M) and liquid whey (LW) on fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of date palm leaves (DPL). Fresh DPL was chopped into 1-2 cm and treated with treatment solutions prepared by addition of 5, 7.5 or 10% of M together with 3 levels of LW on basis of nitrogen content equivalent to 0, 1 or 1.5% of urea. Ground wheat straw was added to each sample at rate of 50 g. Materials were packed into double nylon sacs and ensiled for 60 days. Samples of DPL were appeared firmly connected and most of them acquired yellowish to light green color with emission of an apple-date vinegar smell. Results revealed that there was a significant (P˂0.01) decrease in dry matter and crude fiber contents with increasing M levels. In DPL silages prepared with 10% of M, these contents were 30.04 and 34.70% respectively. Crude protein content was significantly increased (P˂0.01) from 6.39 to 7.32 and 7.32% for 0, 1 and 1.5% levels of LW respectively. This was associated with a significant (P˂0.05) decrease in fat content. All samples of DPL silages were characterized with good quality as evidenced by fermentation characteristics. There was a significant (P˂0.01) decrease in pH accompanied with an increase (P˂0.01) in ammonia nitrogen concentration. Values ranged between 3.85 to 3.78 and 3.84 to 4.32% of total nitrogen for the 1st and 2nd parameters due to the addition of low and high levels of M respectively. Addition of LW at 1 and 1.5% levels decreased (P˂0.05) pH from 3.85 to 3.81 and 3.81, but concentrations of total volatile fatty acids were increased (P˂0.01) from 2.29 to 2.97 and 3.11% of DM. Results showed that increasing level of M to 7.5 and 10% increased (P˂0.01) DM loss from 12 to 17.78%, but it improved (P˂0.01) aerobic stability. Samples of DPL silages prepared with addition of 1.5% of LW resisted for longer (P˂0.01) period (55.58 hours) before signs of aerobic deterioration were appeared.

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ENSILING CHARACTERISTICS AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CORN COBS AS AFFECTED BY ADDITION OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF UREA AND SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v48ispecial.250 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (Special) ◽

Author(s):

Saeed & Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Corn Cobs ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Different Levels

This study was carried out in vitro to investigate the effect of addition of different levels of dates honey (DH) as soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and urea on fermentation quality and nutritive value of corn cobs silages (CCS). CC was ensiled with 4 levels of DH, 4, 6, 8 or 10% and 3 levels of urea 0, 1.5 or 3%. CCS samples were packed in double layer nylon bags and kept anaerobically for 60 days. Results revealed that color of CCS samples were ranged between yellow and brown. Smell of diluted vinegar was detected in samples made with addition of DH only, whereas, those made with addition of low and high levels of urea were characterized with smell of diluted and concentrated ammonia respectively. Increasing DH level from 4 to 10% significantly (P˂0.05) decrease in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose by 2.42 and 2.69% respectively, with significant (P˂0.01) increase in crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). Significant (P˂0.05) decrease in crude fiber (CF) and NDF with significant (P˂0.01) increase in CP and cellulose contents were noticed due to addition of urea. Results also showed a trend for pH to be reduced (P˂0.01) with increasing level of DH, but different responses to increased urea levels were shown, where values were 5.91, 6.17 and 6.95 at levels of 0, 1.5 and 3%. Increasing DH level (6 and 8%) significantly (P˂0.01) decrease silage ammonia nitrogen concentration as a percentage of total nitrogen (18.52 and 18.35) and increase concentration of total volatile fatty acids as a percentage of silage dry matter (DM) at higher levels (6.73 and 8.24%), however both concentrations were reversely responded to increase urea level. Lower DM loss and buffering capacity (BC) were recorded at the lower level of DH (41.86 and 43.60 meq NaOH/100 g DM), whereas the higher level was associated with better Fleig point (Fp). Regarding effect of levels of urea, lower (P˂0.01) DM loss and BC with higher (P˂0.01) Fp at the lower level were observed, the later was 63.16. Results of study also revealed that increasing level of DH decreased aerobic stability of CCS samples to 41 hours (h), but higher value of 43.5 was recorded at higher level of urea. Results also showed that in vitro DM digestibility of CCS was (P˂0.05) improved due to increasing levels of DH and urea, however, lower (P˂0.05) values were obtained with lower levels of these additives.

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Comparison study of flaxseed, cinnamon and lemon seed essential oils additives on quality and fermentation characteristics of lucerne silage

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.1483 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 455

Author(s):

Maghsoud BESHARATI ◽

Masomeh NIAZIFAR ◽

Zabihollah NEMATI ◽

Valiollah PALANGI

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Gas Production ◽

Oil Additives ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Cinnamon Essential Oil

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of some essential oils on chemical properties and aerobic stability of lucerne silage. Treatments included lucerne silage without additives (control), lucerne silage with 60 mg cinnamon essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 60 mg flaxseed essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 60 mg lemon seed essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 180 mg blend of essential oils (60 mg cinnamon + 60 mg flaxseed + 60 mg lemon seed essential oils/kg). Adding essential oils to lucerne silage reduced silage pH (p < 0.001) compared to control. The highest level of total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) was found when lemon seed essential oil and the lowest level when flaxseed essential oil was used. The lucerne silages treated with essential oils had the highest crude protein contents (p < 0.01). Untreated lucerne silage had the highest level of gas production compared to lucerne silage treated with lemon seed and flaxseed essential oils (p < 0.01). The essential oil additives increased the aerobic stability of the silage. It can be concluded that the use of essential oil additive in the preparation of high quality lucerne silage, can improves the quality and nutritive value of silages.

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Optimizing volatile fatty acid production in partial acidogenesis of swine wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0512 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (8) ◽

pp. 169-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

K. Yang ◽

C. Oh ◽

S. Hwang

Keyword(s):

Propionic Acid ◽

Acid Production ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Swine Wastewater ◽

Fatty Acid Production ◽

Stirred Tank Reactors ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Propionic Acid Production

This research has been conducted based on the fact that acetic and butyric acids are favorable substrates for methanogens, and that a low level of propionic acid production during acidogenesis minimizes the inhibition effect on methanogenic growth. Raw swine wastewater was pretreated with ammonia stripping to enhance acidogenesis. The ammonia nitrogen concentration of less than 1.2 g/L did not significantly affect the biochemical acidogenic potential of swine wastewater. For acidogenesis of swine wastewater, a et of experiments were carried out to produce short chain volatile fatty acids (VFA) in laboratory-scale continuously stirred tank reactors. The production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids associated with simultaneous changes in hydraulic retention time (HRT) and temperature was investigated. Response surface methodology was successfully applied to approximate the responses of the VFA productions. The optimum physiological conditions where the maximum acetic and butyric acids production occurred were 2.4 days HRT at 34°C and 2.1 days HRT at 35°C, respectively. The propionic acid production linearly increased as both HRT and temperature increased.

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Microbial additives affect silage quality and ruminal dry matter degradability of avocado (Persia Americana) pulp silage

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v49i6.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 997-1007

Author(s):

B.D. Nkosi ◽

R Meeske ◽

M.C. Muya ◽

T Langa ◽

R.S. Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Rate ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Grape Pomace ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

Microbial Inoculation ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Soluble Fractions

This study evaluated effects of microbial inoculation on fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal dry matter (DM) degradation of silage produced from Avocado (Persia Americana) pulp (AP). The AP, 800 g/kg fresh matter (FM) was mixed with 150 g grape pumice (GP)/kg FM and 50 g sugarcane molasses/kg FM. The mixture was treated with 1) no inoculant (control), 2) Emsilage inoculant (EMS), and 3) Sil-All 4x4 W.S. inoculant (SIL). Materials were ensiled in 1.5 L anaerobic jars for 90 days. Triplicate samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 90 for determination of fermentation, nutritive value and aerobic stability. In situ DM degradability was determined using 3 rumen cannulated Holstein cows. Microbial inoculation to AP silage increased lactic acid bacteria population, which subsequently increased residual fermentation substrate and lactic acid content. Terminal pH and volatile fatty acids of the silage were not affected by inoculation. Inoculated silage had less fibre and reduced aerobic stability compared to the control. The AP and its mixture had higher DM soluble fractions compared to the GP which had a higher degradation rate. Potential degradable fraction and extent of degradation were similar for each treatment. The EMS treatment had higher soluble fractions and lower degradation rate than other treatments. Inoculation with SIL improved degradation of the silage compared to other treatments. Thus, microbial inoculation qualifies the AP silage as a potential feed for ruminants. Keywords: feed, grape pomace, inoculant, oil cake, organic acid

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Ground and pelleted straw and hay for fattening Israeli-Friesian male calves

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100011387 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 157-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. Levy ◽

S. Amir ◽

Z. Holzer ◽

H. Neumark

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Live Weight ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ground Wheat ◽

Energy Conversion Ratio

SUMMARYThe performance of Israeli-Friesian male calves on six rations, including two levels (15% and 30%) of ground wheat straw and oatvetch hay in pelleted mixtures, and the same two levels of ground straw in non-pelleted mixtures, was examined.Daily live-weight and carcass gain were higher on the lower level of both roughages. The differences in performance on hay and straw were insignificant. Feed intake was higher on the 15% level of both roughages when pelleted but the energy conversion ratio was higher on pelleted rations of both levels of straw.The dressing percentage was higher for animals on pelleted rations. There was no significant difference in percentage fat trim, percentage bone or percentage saleable meat in the carcasses. There was 20% more kidney, pelvic and cod fat on the lower level of roughage.The digestibility of organic matter was higher on rations with the lower level of roughage, and on the pelleted rations compared with the non-pelleted at equal level of roughage. This was not the case for the digestibility of crude fibre. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on the lower levels of straw and on the pelleted rations of a similar level, and was higher on hay rations than on straw rations. Ration differences in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor were detected.Pelleting appeared to improve the nutritive value of straw.

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Sweet Corn Stalk Treated with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Alone or in Combination with Lactobacillus Plantarum: Nutritional Composition, Fermentation Traits and Aerobic Stability

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9090598 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 598 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhou ◽

Ouyang ◽

Zhang ◽

Wei ◽

Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

High Dose ◽

Corn Stalk ◽

Aerobic Stability ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

This study examined the effects of a high-dose Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculant alone or jointly with Lactobacillus plantarum on nutrient preservation, fermentation quality, and aerobic stability of sweet corn stalk silage. Fresh stalks (231 g dry matter (DM)/kg) were chopped and subjected to the following treatments: (1) deionized water (Uninoculated; U); (2) S. cerevisiae at 1 × 108 cfu/g of fresh forage (S); and (3) S. cerevisiae at 1 × 108 cfu/g plus L. plantarum at 1 × 105 cfu/g (SL). Treated stalks were ensiled in 5-litre laboratory silos for 30, 60, and 90 d. The S and SL silages had a greater (p < 0.001) pH and greater crude protein, ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, and ethanol contents at all three ensiling periods than the U silage. Acetate, propionate and volatile fatty acids in the S and SL silages after 30 and 90 d of ensiling were greater (p < 0.05) than those in the U silage, but they were lower (p < 0.05) in the S and SL silages than in the U silage after 60 d. The lactate and V-score of the S and SL silages were lower (p < 0.001) than those of the U silage at all three ensiling periods. Compared with the U group, the aerobic stability of the S silage after 90 d of ensiling decreased (p < 0.05), and the aerobic stability of the SL silage was unaffected (p > 0.05). Overall, the quality of sweet corn stalk silage was not improved by inoculation with 108 cfu/g of S. cerevisiae alone or in combination with 1 × 105 cfu/g of L. plantarum.

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Performance and Milk Composition of Nubian Goats as Affected by Increasing Level of Nannochloropsis oculata Microalgae

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10122453 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2453

Author(s):

Ahmed E. Kholif ◽

Gouda A. Gouda ◽

Hatem A. Hamdon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Lactating Goats

Fat supplementation affects the lactational performance of goats and dramatically changes milk nutritive value. In the present experiment, two levels of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae, a natural source of rumen-protected eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were studied in the diet of Nubian goats. Using quintuplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, fifteen lactating goats, (14 ± 2 months old and 33.0 ± 1.3 kg) after kidding, were randomly assigned into three treatments in an 84-d assay. Goats were offered a basal diet comprising berseem clover, wheat straw and concentrates in 3:2:5, respectively, (control treatment-no supplementation). The other two treatments were supplemented with N. oculata microalgae at 5 g (NOM5 treatment) or 10 g (NOM10 treatment)/doe/d. Without affecting intake, treatments improved (p < 0.01) nutrient digestibility. Supplementations had no effect on ruminal pH and ammonia-nitrogen, however, NOM5 and NOM10 linearly improved (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acids and propionic acids. N. oculata supplementation linearly increased (p < 0.01) milk yield and lactose content. Supplementation reduced atherogenic index (p = 0.004) and enhanced the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and C20:5n3 (EPA). Conclusively, feeding Nubian goats on diet supplemented with N. oculata at 5 and 10 g improved milk production and the nutritive value. No improvements in the performance were observed when N. oculata dose was increased from 5 g to 10 g/doe; thus, 5 g dose is recommended for use.

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Effect of Different Kefir Source on Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and Microbial Community of Alfalfa Silage

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11072096 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2096

Author(s):

Fisun Koç ◽

Emel Özkan Ünal ◽

Berrin Okuyucu ◽

Selim Esen ◽

Raziye Işık

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Species ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Lactic Acid Production ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Lactobacillus Brevis ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Initial Water ◽

Aerobic Stability

The present study has been one of the first attempts to thoroughly examine the effects of different kefir sources on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, and microbial communities of alfalfa silages. The effects of commercial kefir (CK) and homemade kefir culture (HK) applied with untreated a common control (CON) and three different application doses (5.0, 5.7, and 6.0 log cfu g−1) on wilted alfalfa and stored at an ambient temperature of 25–30 °C are studied. After 45 days of ensiling, fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of silages were measured, and bacterial diversity was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using the GenomeLab™ GeXP platform. Both CK and HK accelerate more lactic acid production and reduced ammonia nitrogen concentration. Factor analysis of kefir sources suggests that the addition of kefir improves the aerobic stability of silages, even the initial water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content is inadequate via its antimicrobial effect on yeast and mold formation. Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceous, and Lactobacillus brevis were dominant bacterial species among the treated groups at silo opening, while Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis became dominant bacterial species after 7 days of aerobic exposure. In conclusion, the application of kefir on alfalfa silages improves fermentation quality and aerobic stability even with low WSC content.

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Effect of Different Kefir Source on Fermentation, Aerobic Stability, and Microbial Community of Alfalfa Silage

10.20944/preprints202105.0332.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fisun Koç ◽

Emel Özkan Ünal ◽

Berrin Okuyucu ◽

Selim Esen ◽

Raziye IŞIK

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Species ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Lactic Acid Production ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Lactobacillus Brevis ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Initial Water ◽

Aerobic Stability

The present study has been one of the first attempts to thoroughly examine the effects of different kefir sources on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, and microbial communities of alfalfa silages. The effects of commercial kefir (CK) and homemade kefir culture (HK) applied with four different application doses (untreated control (CON), 5.0, 5.7, and 6.0 log cfu g-1) on wilted alfalfa and stored at an ambient temperature of 25-30 °C. After 45 days ensiling, fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of silages were measured and bacterial diversity was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using GenomeLab™ GeXP platform. Both CK and HK accelerate more lactic acid production and reduced ammonia nitrogen concentration. Factor analysis of kefir sources suggest that the addition of kefir improves the aerobic stability of silages even the initial water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content is inadequate via its antimicrobial effect on yeast and mould formation. Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceous, and Lactobacillus brevis were dominant bacterial species among the treated groups at silo opening while Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis became dominant bacterial species after 7 days of aerobic exposure. In conclusion, application of kefir on alfalfa silages improves fermentation quality and aerobic stability even with low WSC content.

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Effect of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves on productive performance of growing lambs

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-020-02493-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A. A. Mahrous ◽

A. A. H. El-Tahan ◽

Y. H. Hafez ◽

M. A. El-Shora ◽

O. A. Olafadehan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Date Palm ◽

Live Weight ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Feed Cost ◽

Normal Ranges

AbstractEighteen 4-month-old lambs, with a mean live weight (LW) of 19.47 ± 0.20 kg, were used to evaluate the nutritive value of date palm leaves (DPL) ensiled with different additives in a completely randomized design. Lambs were stratified into three groups of 6 lambs each and fed a control diet comprising 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 40% DPL silage (T1). In other treatments, the DPL silage (DPLS) of the control treatment was replaced with EM1 additive-treated DPLS (T2) or El-Mofeed additive-treated DPLS (T3). Apparent digestibility, total digestible nutrient, digestible crude protein, dry matter intake, daily weight gain (DWG), price of DWG, daily profit, and economics of feed efficiency were higher (P < 0.05) for the additives-treated DPLS relative to the control, with T2 enhancing these parameters compared with T3. With exception of ruminal pH, which was reduced, concentrations of ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased 4 h post feeding. However, ruminal NH3-N and total VFA were greater (P < 0.05) for the additives-treated DPLS, with T2 producing higher values than T3. Ruminal pH and feed cost/kg LW gain were lower for T2 relative to other treatments. Blood constituents were within the normal ranges for lambs, though slightly altered by treatments. Whereas serum total protein, albumin, and globulin were affected (P < 0.05) in this rank order, T1 < T3 < T2, other serum parameters were not affected. Relative feed cost and relative daily profit were lower and higher respectively for T2 than for T3. It is concluded that additives-treated DPLS is nutritionally superior to untreated DPLS as a roughage source in total mixed rations fed to growing lambs. However, for improved performance of the lambs and economic benefits, EM1-treated DPLS is recommended.

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