ORAL CANCER - COVID 19 BOND.-: A TICKING BOMB???

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
Rajalakshmi. G
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Biological Behaviour ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Oncology Care ◽  
Oral Oncology

Cancer is liable for 9.6 million ostensive deaths worldwide but Covid 19 pandemic may further deepen the mortality rates. Oral cancer is a grave boisterous delinquent across the globe. It is the 6th most common malignancy in the world and India accounts for about one third of total global burden of oral cancers. According to World Health Organisation (WHO), nearly 40% of newly spotted oral cancer cases across the globe is accounted from Asian countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Recent data projected an increase of about 20% in mortality rates which may further upsurge after the consecutive waves of COVID-19 catastrophe. More than one lakh cancer are going undiagnosed per month in India as in a pandemic, other health issues may be deserted by the community and outed by medical domains. Though the carcinogenic potential of Covid -19 virus is not wholly explored but there are probable connotation in literatures. This transient over view is a modest attempt to fetch out the conceivable relation of covid 19 in hastening the biological behaviour of tumour cells. It also highlights the urgency of formulating national health policies to prioritise oral oncology care in India

Poverty and child (0–14 years) mortality in the USA and other Western countries as an indicator of “how well a country meets the needs of its children” (UNICEF)

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Pritchard ◽  
Richard Williams
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Background: Children’s (0–14 years) mortality rates in the USA and 19 Western countries (WCs) were examined in the context of a nation-specific measure of relative poverty and the Gross Domestic Product Health Expenditure (GDPHE) of countries to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of health care systems “to meet the needs of its children” (UNICEF). Method: World Health Organisation child mortality rates per million were analysed for 1979–1981 and 2003–2005 to determine any significant differences between the USA and the other WCs over these periods. Child mortality rates are correlated with all countries GDPHE and ‘relative poverty’, defined by ‘Income Inequalities’, i.e., the gap between top and bottom 20% of incomes. Findings: Outputs: The mortality rate of every country fell substantially ranging from falls of 46% in the USA to 78% in Portugal. The highest current mortality rates are: USA, 2436 per million (pm), New Zealand 2105 pm, Portugal 1929 pm, Canada 1877 pm and the UK 1834 pm; the lowest are: Japan 1073 pm and Sweden 1075 pm, Finland 1193 pm and Norway 1200 pm. A total of 16 countries rates fell significantly more than the USA over these periods. Inputs: The USA had the greatest GDPHE and widest Income Inequality gap. There was no significant correlation between GDPHE and mortality but highly significant correlations with children’s deaths and income inequalities. The five widest income inequality countries had the six worst rates, the narrowest four had the lowest. Conclusions: Despite major improvements in every WC, based upon financial inputs and child mortality outputs, the USA health care system appears the least efficient and effective in “meeting the needs of its children”.

scholarly journals Oral Cancer and Precancer: A Narrative Review on the Relevance of Early Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9160
Author(s):  
Silvio Abati ◽  
Chiara Bramati ◽  
Stefano Bondi ◽  
Alessandra Lissoni ◽  
Matteo Trimarchi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
World Health ◽  
Autofluorescence Imaging ◽  
Surgical Biopsy ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
The World ◽  
Potentially Malignant

Oral cancer (OC) is an uncommon malignancy in Western countries, being one of the most common cancers in some high-risk areas of the world. It is a largely preventable cancer, since most of the different risk factors identified, such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and betel nut chewing, are behaviors that increase the likelihood of the disease. Given its high mortality, early diagnosis is of utmost importance. Prevention and the anticipation of diagnosis begin with identification of potentially malignant lesions of the oral mucosa and with local conditions promoting chronic inflammation. Therefore, every lesion must be recognized promptly and treated adequately. The clinical recognition and evaluation of oral mucosal lesions can detect up to 99% of oral cancers/premalignancies. As stated by the World Health Organization, any suspicious lesion that does not subside within two weeks from detection and removal of local causes of irritation must be biopsied. Surgical biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of oral cancer. Adjunctive tools have been developed and studied to help clinicians in the diagnostic pathway, such as toluidine blue vital staining and autofluorescence imaging. In the near future other methods, i.e., identification of salivary markers of progression may help in reducing mortality due to oral cancer.

scholarly journals Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Updates of Clinical and Pathological Features after Renewed World Health Organisation Classification and Pathology Staging

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Alfred King-yin Lam
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocortical Carcinoma ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biological Behaviour ◽  
Heterogenous Group ◽  
Histological Variants

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a heterogenous group of diseases with different clinical behaviour between adult and paediatric patients. In addition, three histological variants, oncocytic, myxoid and sarcomatoid are noted on the recent World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of ACC. A review of recent literature showed that the different types of ACC have distinctive demographic data, clinical presentation, pathology, biological behaviour, genomic and patients’ prognosis. In addition, recent updates of pathology staging for ACC allow refinement of prognostic grouping for planning treatment of the patients with ACC. These advances in genomic, pathology and staging have driven the development of standardisation of pathology reporting. International standardisation of pathological reporting of adrenocortical carcinoma and adaption to local pathology communities provide universal platforms for clinicians and researchers involved in the management of patients with ACC. To conclude, all these advances in the field of pathology will improve development of management strategies including improvement of clinical care, development of prognostic markers and testing of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with adrenocortical carcinoma.

scholarly journals Oral cancer epidemiology of Aurangabad district (Maharashtra) of India from 2005 to 2014: understanding the burden of disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 2275
Author(s):  
Vikram R. Niranjan ◽  
Sudarshan G. Ranpise
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
Periodic Data ◽  
Epidemiologic Profile ◽  
Oral Cancer Patients ◽  
Adjusted Rate

Background: Oral cancer incidence is constantly rising in India and is one of the major public health issues. This is a retrospective study from Aurangabad district (MS) of India to evaluate epidemiologic profile of oral cancer patients from 2005 to 2014. Methods: The 10 year data of oral cancer was obtained from the PCBR Aurangabad which was available from the National Cancer Registry Programme, Govt. of India web portal. The periodic data in three different spans was available as 2005 to 2008, 2009 to 2011 and 2012 to 2014. Statistical analysis used was age adjusted rate (AAR), crude rate (CR) and additive properties of CR. Results: The oral cancer trends from 2005 to 2014 reveals significantly increase in oral cancer incidence in population. In males, cancer of mouth (RP: 11.84% and AAR 7.37) was most common followed by tongue (RP: 9.62% and AAR 6.32) and pharynx (RP: 4.71% and AAR 2.79). In females cancer of tongue (RP: 3.31% and AAR 2.42) is most common followed by cancer of mouth (RP: 2.77% and AAR 1.91). Incidence of oral cancer as a whole for all sites is second highest after lung cancer in Aurangabad in male (cumulative AAR 17.93) and fourth highest after breast, cervix and lung cancer (cumulative AAR 6.06) in female out of all cancer sites in region in 2012-2014. Conclusions: Understanding pattern and incidence of various oral cancers is crucial for primary prevention and early detection for comprehensive management of cases. 

Augmented care: An alternative model of care for people with chronic disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gill
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Patient Empowerment ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Model Of Care ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Wide Range

This opinion piece challenges the concept of ‘patient’ and discusses an alternative aspect to delivering health care for those with chronic disease. Chronic conditions are defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), as illnesses requiring ongoing management over a long period of time and may address a wide range of health issues. Success is highly dependent upon optimised patient empowerment. I argue that it is not health care that really matters but opportunities to build upon optimising wellness. This leads to the idea where I suggest that current health system rigidities inadvertently promote illness.

scholarly journals Chemoprevention of oral cancer using tretinoin biofilm- A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 1121-1125
Author(s):  
Harini M ◽  
Gheena S ◽  
Gayathri R
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Major Disease ◽  
Oral Cancer Patients ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Current Point

Oral cancer is a major disease prevalent all over the world. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a well-known disorder that accounts for more than 90% of all oral cancers. Five percent of all tumors occur in the head and neck, and approximately half of those occur specifically pertaining to the oral cavity. Tretinoin biofilm is a cost-effective alternative method used in the chemoprevention of oral cancer. All relevant search engines (google scholar, PubMed, etc.) searched for the literature pertaining to oral cancer, chemopreventive methods and the use of Tretinoin 'biofilm' in oral cancer prevention. The data was collected, and quality analysis of the collected data was done. The knowledge in the current point of time analysed and thus the consensus was established. Oral cancer has proved to be a major disease with major health issues leading to morbidity and mortality among the patients. The treatment for oral cancer is expensive and invasive and hence cannot be approached by everyone, leading to unfortunate consequences. This technique if successful, has the potential to be employed worldwide to treat oral cancer patients leading to the betterment of health and lifestyle.

Covid-19-related criminalisation in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-707
Author(s):  
Emma Charlene Lubaale
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Multiple Issues ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
Principle Of Legality

Covid-19, a virus first identified in China, has since December 2019 wreaked its fair share of havoc across the globe. It has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, with no continent spared. In March 2020, the World Health Organisation declared the virus a global pandemic and proceeded to call on states to take urgent measures to contain its spread. Governments across continents heeded the call by rolling out measures ranging from lockdowns to regulations giving effect to the measures adopted. On 15 March 2020, South Africa declared a state of national disaster and days later, a national lockdown in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. This lockdown was followed by regulations, all geared towards containing the further spread of this virus. Criminal law came into play in dealing with the violators of the Covid-19 Regulations and while these measures were well-intentioned, multiple issues have hardly been examined from a criminal law perspective. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the limitation of criminalisation as a response to health issues. The article does this by engaging with previous failed attempts to rely on criminalisation to address public health issues; underscoring the effect that some of the regulations have on the criminal law principle of legality and bringing to the fore the unintended consequence of criminalising poverty in a society that is already unequal. In engaging with these three themes, the analysis provides a context through which Covid-19-related criminalisation should be viewed and affords reasons why the criminalisation approach is counterproductive and should not be considered in dealing with future pandemics. The conclusions drawn are instructive to other countries in light of the fact that criminalisation in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic was not unique to South Africa.

scholarly journals Early detection and prevention of oral cancer: an appraisal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Swati Agrawal ◽  
Vrinda Saxena ◽  
Swapnil Jain ◽  
Vijayta Sharva ◽  
Shibani Sarangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Premalignant Lesions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Early Detection And Prevention

Oral cancers (OC) represent the majority of head and neck cancers with more than half million patients being affected each year worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth commonest cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 4% of all cancers. Therefore, an improvement in the prevention and control of oral cancer is of critical importance. This may be achieved by reducing the risk through avoidance of tobacco and alcohol, recognizing and treating premalignant lesions and detecting developed OC at an early stage. Data search for the present review was done electronically. Electronic search was conducted using databases such as Pubmed and Medline, Cochrane library, articles published in peer-reviewed journals, text books, grey literature and from sites of World Health Organization, Centre For Diseases Control Report, Global Adult Tobacco Survey and Global Youth Tobacco Survey reports. This review ruled out web of causation and web of prevention including early detection and prevention to be an ideal strategy to reduce the prevalence of oral cancer and its impact on quality of life. Screening and early detection in population at risk have been proposed to decrease both morbidity and mortality associated with the oral cancer.

Ultrastructural features of prognostic significance in human oral cancer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
Karvita B. Ahluwalia ◽  
Nidhi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinomas ◽  
Effective Therapy ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Biological Behaviour

It is common knowledge that apparently similar tumors often show different responses to therapy. This experience has generated the idea that histologically similar tumors could have biologically distinct behaviour. The development of effective therapy therefore, has the explicit challenge of understanding biological behaviour of a tumor. The question is which parameters in a tumor could relate to its biological behaviour ? It is now recognised that the development of malignancy requires an alteration in the program of terminal differentiation in addition to aberrant growth control. In this study therefore, ultrastructural markers that relate to defective terminal differentiation and possibly invasive potential of cells have been identified in human oral leukoplakias, erythroleukoplakias and squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

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