scholarly journals Secure acceleration on cloud-based FPGAs – FPGA enclaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Lindskog ◽  
Håkan Englund
Keyword(s):  
Data Encryption ◽  
Public Key Infrastructure ◽  
Programmable Logic ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Security Models ◽  
Service Setting ◽  
User Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Chip Manufacturer

FPGAs are becoming a common sight in cloud<br>environments and new usage paradigms, such as FPGA-as-a-Service, have emerged. This development poses a challenge to traditional FPGA security models, as these are assuming trust between the user and the hardware owner. Currently, the user cannot keep bitstream nor data protected from the hardware owner in an FPGA-as-a-service setting. This paper proposes a security model where the chip manufacturer takes the role of root-of-trust to remedy these security problems. We suggest that the chip manufacturer creates a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), used for user bitstream protection and data encryption, on each device. The chip manufacturer, rather than the hardware owner,<br>also controls certain security-related peripherals. This allows the user to take control over a predefined part of the programmable logic and set up a protected enclave area. Hence, all user data can be provided in encrypted form and only be revealed inside the enclave area. In addition, our model enables secure and concurrent multi-tenant usage of remote FPGAs. To also consider the needs of the hardware owner, our solution includes bitstream certification and affirming that uploaded bitstreams have been vetted against maliciousness.

scholarly journals Secure acceleration on cloud-based FPGAs – FPGA enclaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Lindskog ◽  
Håkan Englund
Keyword(s):  
Data Encryption ◽  
Public Key Infrastructure ◽  
Programmable Logic ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Security Models ◽  
Service Setting ◽  
User Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Chip Manufacturer

FPGAs are becoming a common sight in cloud<br>environments and new usage paradigms, such as FPGA-as-a-Service, have emerged. This development poses a challenge to traditional FPGA security models, as these are assuming trust between the user and the hardware owner. Currently, the user cannot keep bitstream nor data protected from the hardware owner in an FPGA-as-a-service setting. This paper proposes a security model where the chip manufacturer takes the role of root-of-trust to remedy these security problems. We suggest that the chip manufacturer creates a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), used for user bitstream protection and data encryption, on each device. The chip manufacturer, rather than the hardware owner,<br>also controls certain security-related peripherals. This allows the user to take control over a predefined part of the programmable logic and set up a protected enclave area. Hence, all user data can be provided in encrypted form and only be revealed inside the enclave area. In addition, our model enables secure and concurrent multi-tenant usage of remote FPGAs. To also consider the needs of the hardware owner, our solution includes bitstream certification and affirming that uploaded bitstreams have been vetted against maliciousness.

scholarly journals Meningkatkan Keamanan Energi Melalui Perincian Indikator Energi Terbarukan dan Efisiensi Guna Membangun Ketahanan Nasional Dari Daerah

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkata Yandri ◽  
Ratna Ariati ◽  
Riki Firmandha Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Security Models ◽  
National Energy Policy

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper was to discussed how to developed the concept of Indonesia's energy security model with of Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) programs. To did this, there were four important concepts must be completed: reconceptualized the Indonesia's energy security model; explained the energy security (ES) relationship with the details of the indicator; explained the potential of ET and EE in each sector; explained the role of local government in exploiting the potential of ET and EE.As an archipelago country  divided into several regions, in order to get accurate prediction, our result showed  that development Indonesian energy security models needed to be developed properly with more detailed indicators of RE and EE. To pursued the goal of national energy policy, the potential of RE and EE in each province should be utilized immediately, the role of local government was very important. The concept of detailed RE and EE indicators would create a contribution for local governments in realizing national energy security.ABSTRAKTujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk membahas bagaimana mengembangkan konsep model keamanan energi Indonesia dengan program Energi Terbarukan (ET) dan Efisiensi Energi (EE).Untuk melakukan ini, ada empat konsep penting yang harus diselesaikan: mengkonsepkan kembali model keamanan energi Indonesia; menjelaskan hubungan kemananan energi (ES) dengan perincian indikator; menjelaskan potensi ET dan EE di masing-masing sektor; menjelaskan peran pemerintah daerah dalam memanfaatkan potensi ET dan EE.Sebagai negara kepulauan yang terbagi menjadi beberapa provinsi,  analisis menunjukkan bahwa model keamanan energi Indonesia perlu dikembangkan dengan indikator ET dan EE yang lebih rinci. Untuk mengejar tujuan kebijakan energi nasional, potensi ET dan EE di setiap provinsi harus segera dimanfaatkan, maka peran pemerintah daerah sangat penting. Konsep model indikator ET dan EE yang terperinci ini akan merupakan kontribusi bagi pemerintah daerah dalam mewujudkan keamanan energi nasional.

A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
MADELEINE LY-TIO-FANE
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Joseph Ii

SUMMARY The recent extensive literature on exploration and the resulting scientific advances has failed to highlight the contribution of Austrian enterprise to the study of natural history. The leading role of Joseph II among the neutral powers which assumed the carrying trade of the belligerents during the American War of Independence, furthered the development of collections for the Schönbrunn Park and Gardens which had been set up on scientific principles by his parents. On the conclusion of peace, Joseph entrusted to Professor Maerter a world-encompassing mission in the course of which the Chief Gardener Franz Boos and his assistant Georg Scholl travelled to South Africa to collect plants and animals. Boos pursued the mission to Isle de France and Bourbon (Mauritius and Reunion), conveyed by the then unknown Nicolas Baudin. He worked at the Jardin du Roi, Pamplemousses, with Nicolas Cere, or at Palma with Joseph Francois Charpentier de Cossigny. The linkage of Austrian and French horticultural expertise created a situation fraught with opportunities which were to lead Baudin to the forefront of exploration and scientific research as the century closed in the upheaval of the Revolutionary Wars.

scholarly journals Associative Blockchain for Decentralized PKI Transparency

Cryptography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Xavier Boyen ◽  
Udyani Herath ◽  
Matthew McKague ◽  
Douglas Stebila
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Fraud Detection ◽  
Public Key Infrastructure ◽  
Public Key ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Model ◽  
User Adoption ◽  
Browser Extension ◽  
History Of ◽  
Client Side

The conventional public key infrastructure (PKI) model, which powers most of the Internet, suffers from an excess of trust into certificate authorities (CAs), compounded by a lack of transparency which makes it vulnerable to hard-to-detect targeted stealth impersonation attacks. Existing approaches to make certificate issuance more transparent, including ones based on blockchains, are still somewhat centralized. We present decentralized PKI transparency (DPKIT): a decentralized client-based approach to enforcing transparency in certificate issuance and revocation while eliminating single points of failure. DPKIT efficiently leverages an existing blockchain to realize an append-only, distributed associative array, which allows anyone (or their browser) to audit and update the history of all publicly issued certificates and revocations for any domain. Our technical contributions include definitions for append-only associative ledgers, a security model for certificate transparency, and a formal analysis of our DPKIT construction with respect to the same. Intended as a client-side browser extension, DPKIT will be effective at fraud detection and prosecution, even under fledgling user adoption, and with better coverage and privacy than federated observatories, such as Google’s or the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s.

Success Drivers of Urban Haats Selling Craft Products

2020 ◽  
pp. 097300522096468
Author(s):  
Rajesh Gupta ◽  
Piyush Kumar Sinha ◽  
Akash Sahu ◽  
Vandana Sood
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Role Based ◽  
Craft Industry ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Market Separations ◽  
Method Approach

Craft industry is as much the mainstay of the rural economy after agriculture. It provides occupation to a large section of population. However, it is characterised by fragmented individual artisans on one side and dispersed customers on the other. It also suffers from market separations. Urban haats were set up with the objective to present artisans and buyer on one platform and reduce these separations. In this study urban haats have been conceptualised as marketplaces that bring artisans and customers at one place to optimise their respective values. They also serve as a tool for disintermediation and a social distribution initiative and represent a retailing initiative in the inclusive entrepreneurship domain. This study focusses on identifying drivers of success of urban haats. Using a mixed method approach, data was collected from Haat officials and NGO members through personal interviews. The data from artisans and customers was collected through a survey using a structured response format. The study was conducted at 18 haats in 10 states. The study highlights the factors that drive satisfaction of artisans and customers and the role of administrators in making the marketplace a success. Customer consider diversity of the products, quality of the products, behaviour of the salesperson, price parity with other markets, buying experience, parking space and aesthetics of the stalls as major influencing factors for the recommendation of the haats to other customers. Most important attributes of the haats in driving artisan satisfaction were stall allotment system, haat location, advertisements, product promotion and monitoring. It is also found that while the infrastructure is necessary, it is not sufficient in enhancing the performance and sustainability of haats. Administration of these haats plays a defining mediating role. Based on these findings, an approach is proposed for success of urban haats.

Tissue Ki67 proliferative index expression and pathological changes in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae: Preliminary single-center results

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982110154
Author(s):  
Raffaella Mauro ◽  
Cristina Rocchi ◽  
Francesco Vasuri ◽  
Alessia Pini ◽  
Anna Laura Croci Chiocchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Group B

Background: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis integrates outward remodeling with vessel wall thickening in response to drastic hemodynamic changes. Aim of this study is to determine the role of Ki67, a well-established proliferative marker, related to AVF, and its relationship with time-dependent histological morphologic changes. Materials and methods: All patients were enrolled in 1 year and stratified in two groups: (A) pre-dialysis patients submitted to first AVF and (B) patients submitted to revision of AVF. Morphological changes: neo-angiogenesis (NAG), myointimal thickening (MIT), inflammatory infiltrate (IT), and aneurysmatic fistula degeneration (AD). The time of AVF creation was recorded. A biopsy of native vein in Group A and of arterialized vein in Group B was submitted to histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. IHC for Ki67 was automatically performed in all specimens. Ki67 immunoreactivity was assessed as the mean number of positive cells on several high-power fields, counted in the hot spots. Results: A total of 138 patients were enrolled, 69 (50.0%) Group A and 69 (50.0%) Group B. No NAG or MIT were found in Group A. Seven (10.1%) Group A veins showed a mild MIT. Analyzing the Group B, a moderate-to-severe MIT was present in 35 (50.7%), IT in 19 (27.5%), NAG in 37 (53.6%); AD was present in 10 (14.5%). All AVF of Group B with the exception of one (1.4%) showed a positivity for Ki67, with a mean of 12.31 ± 13.79 positive cells/hot spot (range 0–65). Ki67-immunoreactive cells had a subendothelial localization in 23 (33.3%) cases, a myointimal localization in SMC in 35 (50.7%) cases. The number of positive cells was significantly correlated with subendothelial localization of Ki67 ( p = 0.001) and with NA ( p = 0.001). Conclusions: Native veins do not contain cycling cells. In contrast, vascular cell proliferation starts immediately after AVF creation and persists independently of the time the fistula is set up. The amount of proliferating cells is significantly associated with MIT and subendothelial localization of Ki67-immunoreactive cells, thus suggesting a role of Ki-67 index in predicting AVF failure.

Majolica in the Early Colonial Andes: The Role of Panamanian Wares

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross W. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

As one of the most common artifact categories found on Spanish colonial sites, the wheel-made, tin-glazed pottery known as majolica is an important chronological and social indicator for archaeologists. Initially imported from Europe, several manufacturing centers for majolica were set up in the New World by the late sixteenth century. The study of colonial majolica in the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompassed much of South America, has received less attention than ceramic production and trade in the colonial Caribbean and Mesoamerica. Prior to 1650 the Viceroyalty of Peru was supplied with majolica largely produced in the city of Panama Vieja, on the Pacific. Panama Vieja majolica has been recovered from throughout the Andes, as far south as Argentina. Majolica made in Panama Vieja provides an important chronological indicator of early colonial archaeological contexts in the region. The reproduction of Iberian-style majolica for use on elite tables was symbolically important to the imposition of Spanish rule, and thus Panamanian majolicas also provide an important indicator of elite status on Andean colonial sites.

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Molecules Involved in Differentiation, Maturation, and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in Health and Parkinson’s Disease: Physiological Aspects and Clinical Implications

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Giulia Gaggi ◽  
Andrea Di Credico ◽  
Pascal Izzicupo ◽  
Giovanni Iannetti ◽  
Angela Di Baldassarre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Set Up

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a specific and progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and dopamine, causing motor dysfunctions and impaired movements. Unfortunately, available therapies can partially treat the motor symptoms, but they have no effect on non-motor features. In addition, the therapeutic effect reduces gradually, and the prolonged use of drugs leads to a significative increase in the number of adverse events. For these reasons, an alternative approach that allows the replacement or the improved survival of DA neurons is very appealing for the treatment of PD patients and recently the first human clinical trials for DA neurons replacement have been set up. Here, we review the role of chemical and biological molecules that are involved in the development, survival and differentiation of DA neurons. In particular, we review the chemical small molecules used to differentiate different type of stem cells into DA neurons with high efficiency; the role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs both in DA neurons development/survival as far as in the pathogenesis of PD; and, finally, we dissect the potential role of exosomes carrying biological molecules as treatment of PD.

scholarly journals Antagonism of Adherent Invasive E. coli LF82 With Human α-defensin 5 in the Follicle-associated Epithelium of Patients With Ileal Crohn’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Y Alkaissi ◽  
Martin E Winberg ◽  
Stéphanie DS Heil ◽  
Staffan Haapaniemi ◽  
Pär Myrelid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Follicle Associated Epithelium ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Background The first visible signs of Crohn’s disease (CD) are microscopic erosions over the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of human α-defensin 5 (HD5) on adherent-invasive Escherichia coli LF82 translocation and HD5 secretion after LF82 exposure in an in vitro model of human FAE and in human FAE ex vivo. Methods An in vitro FAE-model was set up by the coculture of Raji B cells and Caco-2-cl1 cells. Ileal FAE from patients with CD and controls were mounted in Ussing chambers. The effect of HD5 on LF82 translocation was studied by LF82 exposure to the cells or tissues with or without incubation with HD5. The HD5 secretion was measured in human FAE exposed to LF82 or Salmonella typhimurium. The HD5 levels were evaluated by immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and ELISA. Results There was an increased LF82 translocation across the FAE-model compared with Caco-2-cl1 (P &lt; 0.05). Incubation of cell/tissues with HD5 before LF82 exposure reduced bacterial passage in both models. Human FAE showed increased LF82 translocation in CD compared with controls and attenuated passage after incubation with sublethal HD5 in both CD and controls (P &lt; 0.05). LF82 exposure resulted in a lower HD5 secretion in CD FAE compared with controls (P &lt; 0.05), whereas Salmonella exposure caused equal secretion on CD and controls. There were significantly lower HD5 levels in CD tissues compared with controls. Conclusions Sublethal HD5 reduces the ability of LF82 to translocate through FAE. The HD5 is secreted less in CD in response to LF82, despite a normal response to Salmonella. This further implicates the integrated role of antimicrobial factors and barrier function in CD pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Fast and Efficient 5′P Degradome Library Preparation for Analysis of Co-Translational Decay in Arabidopsis

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Carpentier ◽  
Cécile Bousquet-Antonelli ◽  
Rémy Merret
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Commercial Kit

The recent development of high-throughput technologies based on RNA sequencing has allowed a better description of the role of post-transcriptional regulation in gene expression. In particular, the development of degradome approaches based on the capture of 5′monophosphate decay intermediates allows the discovery of a new decay pathway called co-translational mRNA decay. Thanks to these approaches, ribosome dynamics could now be revealed by analysis of 5′P reads accumulation. However, library preparation could be difficult to set-up for non-specialists. Here, we present a fast and efficient 5′P degradome library preparation for Arabidopsis samples. Our protocol was designed without commercial kit and gel purification and can be easily done in one working day. We demonstrated the robustness and the reproducibility of our protocol. Finally, we present the bioinformatic reads-outs necessary to assess library quality control.

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