scholarly journals Android Printing: Towards On-Demand Android Development Employing Multi-Material 3-D Printer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The State ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Facial Movement ◽  
Ridge Structure ◽  
Skin Deformation ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Android Development

In this paper, we propose the concept of Android Printing, which is printing a full android, including skin and mechanical components in a single run using a multi-material 3-D printer. Printing an android all at once both reduces assembly time and enables intricate designs with a high degrees of freedom. To prove this concept, we tested by actual printing an android. First, we printed the skin with multiple annular ridges to test skin deformation. By pulling the skin, we show that the state of deformation of the skin can be adjusted depending on the ridge structure. This result is essential in designing humanlike skin deformations. After that, we designed and fabricated a 3-D printed android head with 31 degrees of freedom. The skin and linkage mechanism were printed together before connecting them to a unit combining several electric motors. To confirm our concept’s feasibility, we created several motions with the android based on human facial movement data. In the future, android printing might enable people to use an android as their own avatar.

scholarly journals Android Printing: Towards On-Demand Android Development Employing Multi-Material 3-D Printer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The State ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Facial Movement ◽  
Ridge Structure ◽  
Skin Deformation ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Android Development

In this paper, we propose the concept of Android Printing, which is printing a full android, including skin and mechanical components in a single run using a multi-material 3-D printer. Printing an android all at once both reduces assembly time and enables intricate designs with a high degrees of freedom. To prove this concept, we tested by actual printing an android. First, we printed the skin with multiple annular ridges to test skin deformation. By pulling the skin, we show that the state of deformation of the skin can be adjusted depending on the ridge structure. This result is essential in designing humanlike skin deformations. After that, we designed and fabricated a 3-D printed android head with 31 degrees of freedom. The skin and linkage mechanism were printed together before connecting them to a unit combining several electric motors. To confirm our concept’s feasibility, we created several motions with the android based on human facial movement data. In the future, android printing might enable people to use an android as their own avatar.

scholarly journals Recent Design Optimization Methods for Energy-Efficient Electric Motors and Derived Requirements for a New Improved Method—Part 1

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (22) ◽  
pp. 1400
Author(s):  
Johannes Schmelcher ◽  
Max Kleine Büning ◽  
Kai Kreisköther ◽  
Dieter Gerling ◽  
Achim Kampker
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Design Optimization ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Electric Cars

Energy-efficient electric motors are gathering an increased attention since they are used in electric cars or to reduce operational costs, for instance. Due to their high efficiency, permanent-magnet synchronous motors are used progressively more. However, the need to use rare-earth magnets for such high-efficiency motors is problematic not only in regard to the cost but also in socio-political and environmental aspects. Therefore, an increasing effort has to be put in finding the best design possible. The goals to achieve are, among others, to reduce the amount of rare-earth magnet material but also to increase the efficiency. In the first part of this multipart paper, characteristics of optimization problems in engineering and general methods to solve them are presented. In part two, different approaches to the design optimization problem of electric motors are highlighted. The last part will evaluate the different categories of optimization methods with respect to the criteria: degrees of freedom, computing time and the required user experience. As will be seen, there is a conflict of objectives regarding the criteria mentioned above. Requirements, which a new optimization method has to fulfil in order to solve the conflict of objectives will be presented in this last paper.

scholarly journals Cattle trade between and within biomes in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2023-2028
Author(s):  
Rísia L. Negreiros ◽  
José H.H. Grisi-Filho ◽  
Ricardo A. Dias ◽  
Fernando Ferreira ◽  
Valéria S.F. Homem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The State ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Cattle Movements ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: The analysis of animal movement patterns may help identify farm premises with a potentially high risk of infectious disease introduction. Farm herd sizes and bovine movement data from 2007 in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were analyzed. There are three different biomes in Mato Grosso: the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal. The analysis of the animal trade between and within biomes would enable characterization of the connections between the biomes and the intensity of the internal trade within each biome. We conducted the following analyses: 1) the concentration of cattle on farm premises in the state and in each biome, 2) the number and relative frequency of cattle moved between biomes, and 3) the most frequent purposes for cattle movements. Twenty percent (20%) of the farm premises had 81.15% of the herd population. Those premises may be important not only for the spread of infectious diseases, but also for the implementation of surveillance and control strategies. Most of the cattle movement was intrastate (97.1%), and internal movements within each biome were predominant (88.6%). A high percentage of movement from the Pantanal was to the Cerrado (48.6%), the biome that received the most cattle for slaughter, fattening and reproduction (62.4%, 56.8%, and 49.1% of all movements for slaughter, fattening, and reproduction, respectively). The primary purposes for cattle trade were fattening (43.5%), slaughter (31.5%), and reproduction (22.7%). Presumably, movements for slaughter has a low risk of disease spread. In contrast, movements for fattening and reproduction purposes (66.2% of all movements) may contribute to an increased risk of the spread of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Control Strategies for Gait Tele-Rehabilitation System Based on Parallel Robotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11095
Author(s):  
Antonio P. L. Bo ◽  
Leslie Casas ◽  
Gonzalo Cucho-Padin ◽  
Mitsuhiro Hayashibe ◽  
Dante Elias
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Trunk Inclination ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Parallel Robotics ◽  
Limb Rehabilitation ◽  
Technical Capacity

Among end-effector robots for lower limb rehabilitation, systems based on Stewart–Gough platforms enable independent movement of each foot in six degrees of freedom. Nevertheless, control strategies described in recent literature have not been able to fully explore the potential of such a mechatronic system. In this work, we propose two novel approaches for controlling a gait simulator based on Stewart–Gough platforms. The first strategy provides the therapist direct control of each platform using movement data measured by wearable sensors. The following scheme is designed to improve the level of engagement of the patient by enabling a limited degree of control based on trunk inclination. Both strategies are designed to facilitate future studies in tele-rehabilitation settings. Experimental results have illustrated the feasibility of both control interfaces, either in terms of system performance or user subjective evaluation. Technical capacity to deploy in tele-rehabilitation was also verified in this work.

scholarly journals THE LEGAL REFLECTIONS ON ABORTION THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE CHILD’S RIGHT TO LIFE

InterConf ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 241-254
Author(s):  
Virginia Zaharia ◽  
Veronica Pozneacova
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
On Demand ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Prompt Action ◽  
Restrictive Legislation

Abortions represent one of the most controversial issues in contemporary society. Some states have adopted restrictive legislation on interruption of pregnancy to diminish the number of abortions performed annually. Other states have adopted abortion-on-demand rules guaranteeing women free access to abortions. Based on the statistical dates, the problem of interruption of pregnancy remains a crucial one and requires prompt action undertaken by the state. This article is dedicated to the analysis of measures undertaken by the state to reduce the number of abortions and stimulate population growth. This study highlights the effectiveness of remedies taken by some states, e.g. the USA, and presents a multitude of measures that states regulated in national law.

scholarly journals Conceptual Design and Computational Modeling Analysis of a Single-Leg System of a Quadruped Bionic Horse Robot Driven by a Cam-Linkage Mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangwen Wang ◽  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Caidong Wang ◽  
Fannian Meng ◽  
Wenliao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Kinematic Modeling ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Vector Method ◽  
Pressure Angle ◽  
End Point

In this study, the configuration of a bionic horse robot for equine-assisted therapy is presented. A single-leg system with two degrees of freedom (DOFs) is driven by a cam-linkage mechanism, and it can adjust the span and height of the leg end-point trajectory. After a brief introduction on the quadruped bionic horse robot, the structure and working principle of a single-leg system are discussed in detail. Kinematic analysis of a single-leg system is conducted, and the relationships between the structural parameters and leg trajectory are obtained. On this basis, the pressure angle characteristics of the cam-linkage mechanism are studied, and the leg end-point trajectories of the robot are obtained for several inclination angles controlled by the rotation of the motor for the stride length adjusting. The closed-loop vector method is used for the kinematic analysis, and the motion analysis system is developed in MATLAB software. The motion analysis results are verified by a three-dimensional simulation model developed in Solidworks software. The presented research on the configuration, kinematic modeling, and pressure angle characteristics of the bionic horse robot lays the foundation for subsequent research on the practical application of the proposed bionic horse robot.

scholarly journals The Effect of Chronic Wasting Disease on Resident Deer Hunting Permit Demand in Wisconsin

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1096
Author(s):  
Dane Erickson ◽  
Carson Reeling ◽  
John G. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Wasting Disease ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
Deer Hunting ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Permit Price ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Hunter Recruitment

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has had a negative impact on deer license demand in Wisconsin since it was first found in the state in 2002. Prior work evaluates the effect of CWD on hunting permit sales, but only in the period immediately after the disease was discovered. We use data on hunting permit sales, permit price, and other demand shifters to estimate a model of deer permit demand for the period 1966–2015. We use the estimated model to quantify the effect of CWD on (1) hunter demand for deer permits; (2) hunter surplus from hunting; and (3) lost hunting permit revenues. Hunter participation declined by 5.4% after CWD was detected in 2002. Hunter surplus decreased by $96 million over this period, while permit revenues declined by nearly $17 million. The effect of CWD was greater on demand for firearm permits than for archery permits. We also find that the effects of CWD diminish over time in absolute terms. This is because permit demand would have started to decline in 2008 even in the absence of CWD. This finding implies efforts to control CWD and efforts at hunter recruitment are economic complements and should be pursued jointly to maximize hunter welfare.

scholarly journals Design of a Two-DOFs Driving Mechanism for a Motion-Assisted Finger Exoskeleton

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Carbone ◽  
Eike Christian Gerding ◽  
Burkard Corves ◽  
Daniele Cafolla ◽  
Matteo Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Dimensional Synthesis ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Finger Motion ◽  
Human Finger

This paper presents a novel exoskeleton mechanism for finger motion assistance. The exoskeleton is designed as a serial 2-degrees-of-freedom wearable mechanism that is able to guide human finger motion. The design process starts by analyzing the motion of healthy human fingers by video motion tracking. The experimental data are used to obtain the kinematics of a human finger. Then, a graphic/geometric synthesis procedure is implemented for achieving the dimensional synthesis of the proposed novel 2 degrees of freedom linkage mechanism for the finger exoskeleton. The proposed linkage mechanism can drive the three finger phalanxes by using two independent actuators that are both installed on the back of the hand palm. A prototype is designed based on the proposed design by using additive manufacturing. Results of numerical simulations and experimental tests are reported and discussed to prove the feasibility and the operational effectiveness of the proposed design solution that can assist a wide range of finger motions with proper adaptability to a variety of human fingers.

scholarly journals Visual and Statistical Modeling of Facial Movement in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll-Ann Trotman ◽  
Julian J. Faraway ◽  
Ceib Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Facial Movement ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
School Of Dentistry ◽  
Normal Scale

Objective To analyze and display facial movement data from noncleft subjects and from patients with cleft lip and palate by using a new dynamic approach. The hypothesis was that there are differences in facial movement between the patients with cleft lip and palate and the noncleft subjects. Setting Subjects were recruited from the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry Orthodontic and Craniofacial Clinics. Patients, Participants Sixteen patients with cleft lip and palate and eight noncleft “control” subjects. Interventions Video recordings and measurements in three dimensions of facial movement. Main Outcome Measures Principal component (PC) scores for each of six animations or movements and dynamic modeling of mean animations. Statistics Multivariate statistics were used to test for significant differences in the PC mean scores between the patient groups and the noncleft groups. Results No statistically significant differences were found in PC mean scores between the patient groups and the noncleft groups; however, the variability of the effect of clefting on the soft tissues during animation was noted when the noncleft data were used to establish a “normal” scale of movement. Compensatory movements were seen in some of the patients with cleft lip and palate, and the compensation was not unidirectional. Conclusion Measures of mean movement differences as summarized by PC scores between patients with cleft lip and palate and noncleft subjects may be misleading because of extreme variations about the mean in the patient group that may neutralize group differences. It may be more appropriate to compare patients to a noncleft normal scale of movement.

Design and Development of Two Concepts for a 4 DOF Portable Haptic Interface With Active and Passive Multi-Point Force Feedback for the Index Finger

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Lelieveld ◽  
Takashi Maeno ◽  
Tetsuo Tomiyama
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Haptic Interface ◽  
Haptic Interfaces ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Constant Torque ◽  
Flexion And Extension

This research aims to develop a portable haptic master hand with 20 degrees of freedom (DOF). Master hands are used as haptic interfaces in master-slave systems. A master-slave system consists of a haptic interface that communicates with a virtual world or an end-effector for tele-operation, such as a robot hand. The thumb and fingers are usually modeled as a serial linkage mechanism with 4 DOF. So far, no 20 DOF master hands have been developed that can exert perpendicular forces on the finger phalanges during the complete flexion and extension motion. In this paper, the design and development of two concepts of a portable 4 DOF haptic interface for the index finger is presented. Concept A is a statically balanced haptic interface with a rolling-link mechanism (RLM) and an integrated constant torque spring per DOF for perpendicular and active force feedback. Concept B utilizes a mechanical tape brake at the RLM for passive force feedback. The systematic Pahl and Beitz design approach is used as an iterative design method.

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