scholarly journals Предпосылки становления гражданской авиации на Юге России

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Lazurevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The South ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing

В статье анализируется историография становления отечественной авиации в аспекте формирования предпосылок развития гражданской авиации на Юге России. Эти предпосылки были сформированы непосредственно перед Гражданской войной, помешавшей развитию не только авиации, но и всего индустриального комплекса региона. К ним, по мнению автора, можно отнести по меньшей мере три региональных фактора: 1) на Юге дореволюционной России (в Харькове, Одессе, Новочеркасске) имелись спортивные и испытательные аэродромы и существовала широкая сеть авиашкол 2) на базе производственного комплекса А. А. Анатра (включавшего в себя угольные и рудные шахты, сталелитейные и машиностроительные предприятия, образовательные учреждения и инженерные мастерские, крупнейший в мире аэродром и пр.) была заложена передовая на начало XX в. структура высокотехнологичного производства, располагавшая мощным потенциалом в области военного и гражданского авиастроения 3) во время Гражданской войны на Юге России располагались авиабазы Красной и Белой армий и была сконцентрирована значительная часть авиапарка Российской империи.The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of integration of the South of Russia into the air transport system of the Country of Soviets. The study focuses on domestic aviation as a special area of public relations, namely, on the historical background of the formation of civil aviation in southern Russia in the period before 15 June 1925, when the first Rostov-on-Don Kharkov Moscow air line opened, which connected the region with the air traffic with the south of Ukraine and with the capital of the state. The aim of the study is to identify and characterise the main historical prerequisites for the formation of civil aviation in the south of Russia. The comparative historical method allowed to generally reconstruct the factors that influenced the formation of civil aviation in the South of Russia, the formation of its system-wide and unique features, which, as the study showed, were formed immediately before the Civil War (the latter prevented the development of not only aviation but also the entire industrial complex of the region). On the one hand, the inclusion of the region in the aviation development was dictated by the system-wide trends of this process. On the other hand, features of the history of the region at the beginning of the 20th century determined the specificity of regional development factors. World War I seriously stimulated the growth of mechanical engineering and heavy industry in Russia. The aviation industry, which was taking its first steps, was no exception. The main historical prerequisites for the development of civil aviation in the south of Russia include at least three regional factors: (1) the south of pre-revolutionary Russia (Kharkov, Odessa, Novocherkassk) had sports and test airfields and a wide network of aviation schools (2) on the basis of the production complex of A.A. Anatra (which included coal and ore mines, steel and machine-building enterprises, educational institutions and engineering workshops, the worlds largest airfield, etc.), a forefront structure of high-tech production was laid at the beginning of the 20th century, with a powerful potential in the field of military and civil aircraft manufacturing (3) during the Civil War, in the south of Russia, air bases of the Red and White armies were located, and a significant part of the fleet of the Russian Empire was concentrated. The revolutionary events of 1917 and the ensuing Civil War were generally accompanied by the collapse of the countrys industrial production and economy.

Agriculture and Agricultural Labor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Douglas Hurt
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
World War I ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
The South ◽  
Farm Work

The agricultural and farm labor history of African Americans extends across more than four centuries, from slavery beginning in the early 17th century to freedom resulting from the Civil War to a small number of independent farm owners by the early 21st century. Prior to the Civil War, slavery primarily served as an agricultural labor system. During the colonial period, only a few free African Americans owned land and farmed independently, but most worked in some fashion as slaves, producing tobacco and rice, tending livestock, and processing food. In 1794, Eli Whitney patented the first efficient cotton gin for processing short-staple cotton. With this invention, much of the South became a major cotton-producing region with a great need for cheap labor, which African Americans unwillingly provided. The Civil War ended slavery as an agricultural labor force, but the landless African Americans remained tied to large-scale farmers and planters as sharecroppers. In this agricultural system, sharecroppers essentially rented the land and paid the landlord with a portion of the crop, usually 50 percent, and the landlord told them how to conduct their farm work. They lived in a netherworld bound by degradation, poverty, and hopelessness. By the turn of the 20th century, more than 707,000 African American farmers remained impoverished by the crop lien and furnishing merchant system and usually farmed no more than fifty acres. They were free but their lives remained constrained by racism, which limited their access to capital for the purchase of land, machinery, livestock, seed, and fertilizer. Beginning with World War I, many African American farmers left the land for better opportunities elsewhere. By the mid-20th century, African American farmers remained impoverished because the agricultural lending programs of the federal government, particularly those of the Department of Agriculture, discriminated against them. African American farmers frequently met rejection when they applied for loans and other government assistance that would enable them to improve their agricultural activities. Most African American farmers, in the North and the South, owned too-little land to produce sufficient crops and livestock to earn a satisfactory living. The 21st century brought little change. Those who remained often held off-the-farm employment to keep their farms viable. Racism continued to color social and economic relationships with whites, credit institutions, and the federal government. Moreover, African American farmers often produced for local and specialty markets, and they chose agriculture as a lifestyle rather than as a commercial, moneymaking endeavor.

scholarly journals STRATEGIC OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Danylo VANKOVYCH ◽  
Myroslav KULCHYTSKYJ
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Essential Property ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Tool Manufacture

Introduction. Small innovative businesses play an important role in the economy of developed countries and are an essential element of the innovation process. Small enterprises are the most flexible, dynamic and widespread form of enterprises. Ukraine’s aspiration to European integration necessitates the introduction of an innovative model of development, one of the components of which is the development of a domestic innovation enterprise, which prompts to seek new approaches to the implementation of scientific, technical and innovative potential of the country’s economy. The purpose of the article is to find out the features and problems of financial support for the development of small innovative enterprises in Ukraine and to substantiate directions for its improvement. Results. According to the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, innovation activity in Ukraine in 2018 was carried out only by every eleventh enterprise. The share of enterprises that introduced innovations in 2017 amounted to 16.2%, and those engaged in innovations 14.3%, respectively. At the same time, the share of innovative products in the total industrial volume was, according to the results of 2017, only 0.7%. In Ukraine, as of January 1, 2018, in the total number of enterprises (338256 units), the share of small business entities amounted to 95.5%. This testifies to the dependence of the level of development of the Ukrainian economy on their innovative activity. Among the range of obstacles to the successful functioning of innovative entrepreneurship, the problem of low efficiency of functioning of the financial mechanism of ensuring their development is the most urgent. Particular attention should be paid to the use of national competitive advantages, avant-garde industries, high-tech industries, such as space technology, aviation industry, biotechnology, tool manufacture, defense and industrial complex. Innovation demand in Ukraine should become not only an economic category but also an essential property of a person’s character. Conclusions. The development of innovative entrepreneurship is not carried out quickly and purposefully. Its potential, as the main tool for commercializing scientific ideas, is practically not implemented in Ukraine. Before small innovative enterprises, there are many barriers and obstacles that prevent them from working effectively. Thus, in order to provide effective financial support for the development of small innovative entrepreneurship, it is necessary, first of all, to improve the financial and tax policy of supporting small businesses, as well as to increase the efficiency of the use of established institutions of market infrastructure for supporting small businesses. The details of the mechanisms for implementing these measures should be the subject of further research, the results of which will be highlighted in the following publications.

scholarly journals Technology and Structure of The Development of Personnel Strategy of a Project in The Aviation Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-422
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing ◽  
The Russian Federation

The human resourcing component of the problem of analyzing the strategic efficiency of the industrial enterprises' projects for high-tech products (HTP) creation is highlighted. The dynamics of the key performance indicators of the aviation industry and the results of the analysis of achieving the target industry indicators in the aircraft manufacturing sector describing human resources are presented. A system is proposed for selecting the indicators for assessing the level of development of the project human resourcing. The specific features of the project human resourcing in the aviation industry of the Russian Federation are reflected. A method of assessing the level of development of personnel structural characteristics of the strategic efficiency of the HTP creation project in the aviation industry is proposed, taking into account the factor of their territorial production and assembly.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF MODERN TRENDS AND CHALLENGES DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PERIOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Shmagina ◽  
◽  
Anna Gonchar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Regulation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The article highlights the current state of the aviation industry in Ukraine in a difficult economic situation. In addition, the trends in the development of the aviation industry in Ukraine during the coronavirus pandemic, which resulted in severe quarantine measures and the economic crisis, were considered. The study is very important in our time, since the aviation industry is one of the strategically important sectors of the economy. Analyzed the current problems of the Ukrainian aviation industry, its relationship with the tourism industry. The directions of state support for the aviation industry, both in Ukraine and abroad, have been investigated. This article provides statistics for the past few years that will help you better understand the main aspects in this area. Therefore, additional research will identify a plan for future actions regarding the prospects for the further development of civil aviation in Ukraine. A new trend for civil aviation was also considered, with the help of which airlines are trying to actively operate during the period of global quarantine. The article also discusses what measures can improve the condition of Ukrainian airlines. Practical recommendations for increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian air transport are provided. The formation of the Ukrainian aviation industry in order to develop probable strategies for the development of domestic aviation during the crisis has been studied. The problems of state regulation of activities in the field of aviation, guaranteeing aviation safety, ensuring the interests of the state, national security and the needs of society and economy in air transport during the coronavirus. Measures to support the aviation infrastructure of the world's leading countries and compared to measures to support the Ukrainian government are demonstrated. It is emphasized that the aviation industry is a high-tech sector of the economy of any state, the dynamic development of which requires streamlining national legislation in this area, expanding international cooperation, updating legal instruments used by public authorities in state regulation of air transport.

СТАН І ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОГО ЦИВІЛЬНОГО ЛІТАКОБУДУВАННЯ, РИНКУ АВІАПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ТА ЇХ ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКУ

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-50
Author(s):  
В. Е. Гайдачук ◽  
В. Ю. Серебрянникова
Keyword(s):  
Air Transportation ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
State Support ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The state of the problem of domestic aviation business in the market of air transportation and production of aircraft of the transport category in modern unstable conditions is analyzed.It is shown that the production of civil aircraft by leading aircraft manufacturing companies is aimed at meeting the demand for these products in the global air transportation market.The need for passenger and cargo (transport) aircraft regulates and stimulates their design and production in the required quantity and variety for the air transportation market on the basis of mutually beneficial terms of the producer and operator.The principles of interaction between the aircraft industry and the structure of the air transportation system in the civil aviation system of the Soviet period of functioning within the framework of the planned economy and the specifics of state support of the aviation business after Ukraine gained independence are discussed. The commonality and differences of this structure in the modern conditions of an unstable economy are revealed.It is shown that state support in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the determining condition for maintaining priority positions and the successful contribution of these industries to the economic potential of the state.The main components of the efficiency of the aviation industry of Ukraine in the field of aircraft construction and air transportation with state support are shown.A brief analysis of the activities of air carrier companies in Ukraine in modern conditions, their goals and objectives is carried out, the main factors ensuring their implementation are revealed.It is shown that the types and configurations of aircraft and their modifications are the determining components of the efficiency of air transportation of passengers and cargo.Interpreted in relation to the range of assessments of the airline's success, the criteria for its assessment by service consumers.The analysis of the potential capabilities of aircraft and engine building in Ukraine and their implementation in modern conditions is given.It is shown that modifications of basic aircraft should take a special place in the aviation business of Ukraine during the period of unstable volume of passenger and cargo air transportation and orders for new domestic aircraft of the transport category, and it is proposed to put the development of the concept and theoretical foundations of their methodology as the basis for further research.

Implementation Flight-Modeling Complex and the Choice of Flying Laboratory in Order to Reduce the Costs of Testing Aviation Equipment

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Владимир Дадонов ◽  
Vladimir Dadonov ◽  
Ольга Юсуфова ◽  
Ol'ga Yusufova ◽  
Екатерина Петрова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flight Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Model Complexes ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Military

In the face of growing competition in high-tech products, the feasibility of introducing product and technological innovations into Russian enterprises is revealed. The article conducted a study of the Russian and foreign markets. The analysis of the state program of development of the military-industrial complex and the aviation industry. The main stages of development and production of further aviation aircraft are given. The scheme of testing new equipment and aircraft weapons was considered. The article determines the feasibility of using flight-model complexes for conducting summer tests of aircraft units and assemblies, its composition and main tasks. Based on the analysis of current flight test methods, the determining factors for the choice of a flying laboratory were identified in order to reduce the cost of conducting tests of aircraft equipment.

Economic Views of L. Trotsky

2004 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov ◽  
S. Dzarasov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Russian History ◽  
History Of

The paper written in the light of 125th birth anniversary of L. Trotsky analyzes the life and ideas of one of the most prominent figures in the Russian history of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution in its Bolshevik period, worked with V. Lenin and played a significant role in the Civil War. Rejected by the party bureaucracy L. Trotsky led uncompromising struggle against Stalinism, defending his own understanding of the revolutionary ideals. The authors try to explain these events in historical perspective, avoiding biases of both Stalinism and anticommunism.

Through the prism of Spain. Socio-economic causes of different outcomes of Russian and Spanish civil wars

2017 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
I. Rozinskiy ◽  
N. Rozinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Economic Well Being

The article examines the socio-economic causes of the outcome of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1936), which, as opposed to the Russian Civil War, resulted in the victory of the “Whites”. Choice of Spain as the object of comparison with Russia is justified not only by similarity of civil wars occurred in the two countries in the XX century, but also by a large number of common features in their history. Based on statistical data on the changes in economic well-being of different strata of Spanish population during several decades before the civil war, the authors formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase of real incomes of Spaniards engaged in agriculture is “responsible” for their conservative political sympathies. As a result, contrary to the situation in Russia, where the peasantry did not support the Whites, in Spain the peasants’ position predetermined the outcome of the confrontation resulting in the victory of the Spanish analogue of the Whites. According to the authors, the possibility of stable increase of Spanish peasants’ incomes was caused by the nation’s non-involvement in World War I and also by more limited, compared to Russia and some other countries, spending on creation of heavy (primarily military-related) industry in Spain.

The aspects of the innovation of the military-industrial complex and its significance for the national security of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Irina Orlova ◽  
Artem Sukharev ◽  
Maria Sukhareva ◽  
Mikhail Deikun
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Defense Industry ◽  
World Market ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military

The main objective of the article is to substantiate a systematic approach to the introduction of all types of innovations in the development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the modern world it is especially important to ensure the national security of the country and the defense industry plays a crucial role in this. At the same time, one cannot but note the importance of the defense industry in the production of high-tech civilian products and dual-use products, which enhances the country's competitiveness in the world market. In addition, the relevance of the topic is due to the presence of rather serious problems in the Russian defense industry, which require immediate resolution. The article uses the methodology of structurally functional analysis, the institutional approach and the method of comparative assessments. The authors conclude that technological innovation alone will not be able to achieve strategic results for ensuring national security, only in conjunction with organizational, product, social and marketing innovations, the domestic defense industry is able to solve its tasks.

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