scholarly journals Urban housing in Iraq between funding policies and absence of strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-358
Author(s):  
Assist. Prof. Dr. Entezar Jassem Jabo ◽  
Dr. Shorouq Naeem Jassim
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
The State ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Funding Policies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Support Housing ◽  
Political Economic

The funding of the very important elements in the housing and that the weakness of this element or poor planning has caused slowing and sometimes stop in performance in the housing sector, where is the cost of the housing unit of the main obstacles to housing projects.Funding is the cornerstone of housing policy in general and the associated housing policy success in finding the appropriate channels and ports in providing funding for individuals and institutions involved in securing housing under proper conditions, and especially the limited cost of housing. Over the urban and residential development in Iraq at different stages which forms numerous state's handling of reality residential and according to political, economic and social developments and financial resources available to them which reflects the basic funding policies pursued by the state in Iraq, and is divided into two terms first before 2003, and the second after that The research aims to assess the urban housing policies in Iraq since 1950 and through contracts the seventies and eighties and nineties up to the post in 2003 to shed light on those financial policies pursued by the State to support housing projects to alleviate the housing crisis in Iraq during that time period that stretched to more than half a century, however, the housing crisis in Iraq is worsening until I got to the stage of acute crisis, which requires the establishment of nearly 2.8 million housing units, according to the economic development of the plan estimates (2010-2014), while its housing policy up to 2 million units residential.

State Housing Policy: European Funding Practices and Realities of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Kostiantyn V. Illiashenko ◽  
Tetiana O. Illiashenko ◽  
Olexander V. Tovstukha
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
The State ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Housing Cooperatives ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
The Cost

The problem of citizen housing providing as a key prerequisite for sustainable development of Ukrainian cities has become especially relevant in the last decade, given a number of factors and objective circumstances. Such circumstances include both the global trend of urbanization and the challenges of today, which are the result of military aggression in the east of the country and the COVID-19 pandemic. All this raises the question of the need to intensify the state housing policy and finding non-standard models and additional reserves and funding sources for housing construction in Ukraine. The authors analysed the main approaches of European countries in the field of social housing. The existence of national peculiarities of the implementation of the state housing policy has been established, as well as the common features of the relevant public service provision by the governments of the EU member states to their citizens have been determined. The authors found that European countries, as a result of a long evolutionary path of development, mostly rely on the model of social housing sector support, which provides subsidies to both the developer during the construction of such housing and the citizens who find themselves in difficult circumstances. At the same time, social housing for the needy is not sold, but rented on preferential terms. The authors of the article on the basis of the Ukraine legislation analysis, according to the results of the proposed funding schemes effect assessment of social housing construction identified the main areas of optimization and further research. It is clearly illustrated that one of the ways to ensure the availability of such housing for those who need it is to reduce the cost of construction through the use of tax privilege for housing cooperatives, the benefits of small business taxation preferences and innovative methods of combining original organizational legal forms of doing business in combination with the use of modern financial instruments, such as derivatives.

scholarly journals The Power of Utopia

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Nikolay Ya. Petrakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Social Experiments ◽  
Economic Experiment ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Political Economic

The article is a preface to the book by Petrakov N.Ya. Russian Roulette: an economic experiment at the cost of 150 million lives. It reflects a century-long period of development of our country. An objective diagnosis of the state of the economy, politics, demography is given. It is concluded that political, economic and social experiments had negative consequences in the fate of Russia and its people. The question is raised about the further scenario of the development of events.

Institutions of Nonprofit Credit in the Housing Sphere

2006 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
M. Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Housing Cooperatives ◽  
Special Fund ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Support Housing

The article considers new forms of the state housing policy. The author argues to establish the federal special fund to support housing mortgage debtors, to complete Tax Code of the Russian Federation with preferences for such debtors, housing cooperatives and their members.

scholarly journals Influence of German Siedlungen and Bauhaus on Helsinki’s Prewar Housing Companies

Tahiti ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhana Heikonen
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The City

The greatest achievement of the Bauhaus movement in terms of volume was the new approach to affordable housing, even though the movement itself contributed little in the way of building. Many of the Bauhaus teachers and students were involved during the 1920s and 1930s in new large-scale housing projects in Frankfurt, Berlin, and elsewhere in Germany, as originally required by the new Weimar constitution of 1919, which attempted to tackle the housing crisis via laws and new financing models. These new Siedlungen (subsidized housing estates) were made possible with earlier models of Baugenossenschaftenand Bauaktiengesellschaften, which acted as the main contractors and owners of the property and were partially subsidized by the city or the state. This form of cooperative building was naturally in line with Walter Gropius' manifest of 1919 and based also on cooperation between different parties. City of Helsinki did not have the resources to subsidize any kind of private building, though the housing crisis was certainly dire. However, the Finnish Asunto-osakeyhtiölaki (Liability Housing Companies Act, 1926) was partially developed for this purpose, to help build and maintain jointly owned real-estate properties. In short, a housing company is a normal joint-stock company that enables the stockowner to own a flat. This new system enabled both the stockowner and the company to borrow money, which in turn enabled the capital-poor lending banks to borrow from abroad. The law proved to be a success. The founders of these companies varied. The majority were normal developers who built to sell. Those in the minority included the state, cities, Finnish co-ops, and various ad hoc groups (usually according to profession, family, and so forth), such as railroad workers, bankers, professors, or officers. They hired their own supervisors, builders, and other experts, and, as can be expected, oversaw the work of the architect as well. In all cases, the city of Helsinki provided the master plan and sold or rented the land. This article sheds light on the influence of the Bauhaus movement and German architecture on housing in Helsinki using period’s professional press as data. The consensus has been that German influence came through Sweden. This paper is an inquiry into the role of direct German influence on Helsinki’s housing companies.

The Business of the Urban Housing Crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-92
Author(s):  
Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Fair Housing ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

By the 1970s, the sustained vacation of cities by White Americans shrunk the tax base needed to improve urban housing. Additionally, funding for domestic programs was compromised by the cost of the Vietnam War. The strain for resources lead to the private-public partnerships that characterized the response to urban poverty in the mid-twentieth century. The Joint Committee on Urban Problems (JCUP) was formed by several insurance companies. The JCUP provided funding for several urban development programs. The private sector had a demonstrated interest in profit and not racial integration, which would have been a natural by-product of fair housing. Ultimately, the JCUP and other private companies reinforced segregation and exploited Black potential-home owners. The author suggests that had companies been willing to build affordable housing in White suburbs and the government more rigorously enforced fair housing laws, the urban housing crisis could have improved.

scholarly journals HOUSING POLICY OF LARGE CITIES. URBAN-SPATIAL ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Habrel M. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Need Analysis ◽  
Spatial Aspect ◽  
Human Need ◽  
The City

Housing policy is one of the most important in the development of cities, because the availability of housing is a fundamental human need. Analysis of research on housing construction in cities has led to the conclusion that a number of fundamentally important issues of housing policy and its elements are not reflected in the literature and create serious difficulties in improving relations in the housing sector. The article substantiates the model of housing policy for large cities of Ukraine with the disclosure of the spatial and urban aspect. Approaches to the formation of housing policy as a coordination of actions and decisions in the spatial organization and development of cities are identified, the need for systematic measures by the state, local authorities, citizens and investors is confirmed.  Spatial coordination of policy is based on the model of space (man - conditions - functions - geometry - time), can serve as a methodological tool in justifying both housing policy in general and specific housing projects in cities. Based on the five-dimensional space model, the analysis of individual dimensions and their interactions was carried out, which made it possible to structure arrays of information on the state and dynamics of the housing situation, identify indicators of spatial assessment in the city and substantiate principles, macro characteristics, requirements and regulations of housing policy. The article solves the following tasks: analysis of the domestic situation and experience of European countries in relation to housing policy; approaches to improving the housing policy of large cities are substantiated; the model of substantiation of housing policy in the cities of Ukraine is offered. The object of the study was the spatial and urban aspect of housing policy of large cities, the subject of the study - the methodological tools for its justification.

Elementy współpracy polskich Wojsk Specjalnych i polskiego kontrwywiadu wojskowego w operacjach typu COIN. Casus Afganistanu

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Machniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Social Character ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Political Economic

A COIN operation involves both insurgents and local people. Its main goal is to neutralize all conditions enabling the development of insurgent movements or conducive to their development. In COIN operations, the basic efficiency criterion is the destruction or significant reduction of the opponent’s effectiveness and its ability to use local people for its own purposes. Military counterintelligence is responsible for analyzing the capabilities and organizational structure of the enemy’s reconnaissance system, including terrorist organizations or rebels, and planning undertakings that neutralize enemy activities, achieved, among others by recognizing its capabilities and taking remedial action on this basis. Anti-partisan operations constitute a coordinated effort to combat guerrilla activities in the theatre of war of a varied military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and social character, aimed against insurgents and against their impact on the state and the society.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

REKAYASA NILAI HARGA PEMBUATAN TERHADAP EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN BAHAN PADA PEMBANGUNAN PERUMAHAN TIRTO PENATARAN ASRI TIPE 70/135 KECAMATAN NGLEGOK KABUPATEN BLITAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Mochamad Tamim Ma’ruf
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Application ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Design Proposal

One-solving methods and techniques necessary to avoid inefficiencies and not economic costs as well as reduce the cost of housing construction is the method of Value Engineering. Value engineering is a method and cost control techniques to analyze a function to its value at the lowest cost alternative (most economical) without reducing the quality desired.At the writing of this study used a comparison method by comparing the initial design to the design proposal of the author. In the housing projects Upgrading Tirto Penataran Asri type 70, the application of Value Engineering conducted on the job a couple walls and roofs pair by replacing some work items with a more economical alternative but does not change the original function and high aesthetic level and still qualify safe. For that performed the step of determining a work item, the alternative stage, the analysis stage, and the stage of recommendations to get a Value Engineering application and cost savings against the wall a couple of work items and partner roof.The proposed design as compared to the initial design. Work items discussed was the work of a couple wall having analyzed obtained savings of Rp. 2,747,643.56 and the work of the roof pair obtained savings of Rp. 2,363,446.80. Thus the total overall savings gained is Rp 5,111,090.36 or savings of 0048%.

The Self-Undermining State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice ◽  
The Cost

This chapter provides an informal rationalist model of state formation as an exchange between a central authority and a population. In the model, the central authority protects the population against external threats and the population disarms and pays taxes. The model specifies the conditions under which the exchange is self-enforcing, meaning that the parties prefer the exchange to alternative courses of action. These conditions—costly but winnable interstate war—are historically rare, and the cost of such wars can rise beyond the population’s willingness to sacrifice. At this point, the population prefers to avoid war rather than fight it and may prefer an alternative institution to the state if that institution can prevent war and reduce the level of extraction. Thus the modern centralized state is self-undermining rather than self-enforcing. A final section addresses alternative explanations for state formation.

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