scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF JUSTIFICATION OF RATIONAL CONDITIONS OF WAX RAW MATERIAL PURIFICATION IN WATER WITH INTENSIVE MECHANICAL MIXING

Author(s):  
Д.Е. Каширин ◽  
И.А. Успенский ◽  
В.В. Павлов ◽  
И.А. Юхин ◽  
А.А. Петухов

лавной технологической операцией при производстве пасечного воска является его термическое выделение из воскового сырья различной сортности с применением сухого или влажного способа вытопки, реализуемого посредством воскотопок всевозможных типов и конструкций. Так как в основу процесса вытопки положен физический принцип стекания расплавленного воска, сырье подвергается обязательному тепловому воздействию с переходом содержащегося в нем свободного воска в жидкое состояние. Сортность воскового сырья непосредственно связана с его восковитостью – массовой долей воска и зависит от количества и состава содержащихся в нем загрязнений. Расплавленный воск взаимодейсвтует с загрязняющими примесями, впитывается в них, переходя в связанное состояние, при этом выход свободно стекаемого воска уменьшается. В основу предлагаемого способа очистки воскового сырья от перги и других водорастворимых примесей положено удаление загрязнений из предварительно измельченных сотов до их горячей переработки путем погружения загрязненного вороха в емкость с водой и интенсивного механического перемешивания в течение непродолжительного времени, в результате чего органические примеси диспергируются или переходят в раствор, и появляется возможность отделить их от очищенных восковых частиц путем процеживания. Целью данного исследования является установление зависимости количества удаленных загрязнений из воскового сырья в результате его очистки в воде при механическом перемешивании лопастной мешалкой с электроприводом от интенсивности процесса перемешивания и его продолжительности. В результате проведенного исследования получена регрессионная модель процесса и проведена оптимизация с установлением максимального значения критерия и соответствущих ему значений исследуемых факторов. The main technological operation in the production of apiary wax is its thermal separation from wax raw materials of various grades using a dry or wet refining method, realized through wax reflows of various types and designs. Since the basis of the flooding process is the physical principle of runoff of molten wax, the raw material is subjected to mandatory heat exposure with the transition of the free wax contained in it into a liquid state. The grade of the wax raw material is directly related to its waxiness - the mass fraction of wax and depends on the amount and composition of the impurities contained in it. The molten wax interacts with contaminants, is absorbed into them, passing into a bound state, while the yield of freely draining wax decreases. The basis of the proposed method for cleaning wax raw materials from bee bread and other water-soluble impurities is the removal of contaminants from pre-ground honeycombs before hot processing by immersing the contaminated heap in a container with water and intensive mechanical stirring for a short time, as a result of which organic impurities are dispersed or transferred to solution, and it becomes possible to separate them from the purified wax particles by filtering. The aim of this study is to establish the dependence of the number of removed contaminants from wax raw materials as a result of their purification in water with mechanical stirring with a paddle mixer with an electric drive on the intensity of the mixing process and its duration. As a result of the study, a regression model of the process was obtained and optimization was carried out with the establishment of the maximum value of the criterion and the corresponding values ​​of the studied factors.

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
ALEKSEI A. ZAVALIY ALEKSEI A. ◽  
◽  
LYUDMILA A. LAGO LYUDMILA A. ◽  
ALEKSANDR S. RYBALKO ALEKSANDR S.

The fi rst-order model of chemical kinetics was applied for an analytical description of the destruction of vitamin C content during the infrared (IR) drying of plant materials. In this model, the authors used the Arrhenius equation to describe the temperature infl uence on the speed of the simulated processes. The coeffi cients of the model were determined by the xperimental data for IR drying of raspberries and sliced apples. The authors found the relationship between the temperature of raw materials, the time of heat exposure and destruction of vitamin C in fruit and berries during IR drying. The study determined the requirements for maximum preservation of the native properties of raw materials during their drying in a multilevel drying machine. They include minimizing the contact of the raw material surface with an oxidizing environment; carrying out drying at a minimum temperature irregularity of raw materials and over a short time at the maximum permissible temperatures of raw materials under atmospheric pressure in the drier unit.


Fisheries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Olga Mezenova ◽  
Vladimir Wolkov ◽  
Larisa Baydalinova ◽  
Natalia Mezenova ◽  
Svetlana Agafonova ◽  
...  

The authors study three fractions obtained as a result of hydrolysis of smoked sprat heads (under temperature of 130oC and presser of 0.25 MPa) – fat, protein water-soluble, and protein-and-mineral ones. Waste from sprat production of two fish canning complexes of the Kaliningrad Region - “RosCon” and “Kolkhoz for the Motherland” - was used as raw material. Hydrolysis was carried out in an aqueous medium in two ways - with preliminary separation of fat and without this operation. The protein fraction was sublimated and its quantitative and qualitative indices were examined - mass yield, solubility, chemical composition and molecular fractional composition of the obtained peptide fractions were determined. The output of sublimated protein fractions is practically independent of the type of raw material and the method of pre-treatment and is 6.47.9% of the mass of raw materials. The chemical composition of protein fractions varies widely in terms of fat (1.4–8.3%), minerals (9.8–13.4%) and proteins (72.1–80.2%). The solubility of the peptide fractions ranged from 91-98%. The molecular weight assessment results showed a high content of a low molecular weight fraction of peptides with an MM of less than 10 kDa in all experimental samples (about 38%). This indicates a high digestibility and biological value of the obtained peptide compositions. Sublimated peptide compositions had typical organoleptic characteristics, pleasant aroma and taste of smoked fish. Ключевые


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Azmi Alvian Gabriel ◽  
◽  
Anggita Fitri Solikhah ◽  
Alifia Yuanika Rahmawati ◽  
Yunita Sasmi Taradipa ◽  
...  

Starch-based bioplastic was more economical and competitive compared to bacteria-based bioplastics (polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates) due to the starch variances and the availability in Indonesia, along with the simple techniques that can be applied. This review aimed to describe the potential and opportunities of edible canna starch as an alternative raw material of bioplastics production. Edible canna tuber productivity in Java, Indonesia, with a harvest age of about eight months reaches 30-49.4 tons/ha. It will produce a mature segment 70.2% of the total harvest weight. Edible canna tuber was a carbohydrate source that contains 88.10% starch with an advantage of 68% higher fiber and mineral content than other tubers. Furthermore, canna tuber starch contains amylose proportions of 35.0%. The high amylose content in canna starch is one of the properties that can position its function for developing packaging materials. The gelatinization process of canna starch requires a short time and low energy because of its large granule size (56 μm). A literature review of canna starch as an alternative of bioplastic raw materials needs to be carried out to obtain accurate data and information regarding treatment, use of additional materials, and characteristics of bioplastic products resulting from experimental studies so that they can be further implemented.


2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
M.M. Rakhmanova ◽  
A.F. Demirova ◽  
M.E. Akhmedov ◽  
Z.A. Abdulkhalikov ◽  
T.N. Daudova

The article is dedicated to improving the quality of apple puree with xylitol for dietetic nutrition due to the development and implementation of a new technological process. This is microwave boiling of apples, rather than traditional steaming using saturated steam before chopping, with the development of a device for its implementation and multilevel high-temperature sterilization modes with prebake of apple puree in glass jars in microwave EMF. The analysis of research and technical data proved that pre-heat treatment of apples with saturated steam and traditional sterilization modes have a considerable duration, which impairs the finished products quality and has an adverse effect on the nutrient composition of the raw material during processing. Substituting the traditional method of pre-heat treatment of apples for their short-time processing in microwave EMF reduces the process by more than twice, which, in turn, contributes to an increased preservation of the nutrient composition of apples, while enhancing the yield of apple puree. For the implementation of microwave processing method of raw materials, a new design of the device for electromagnetic treatment of plant roughage has been developed, providing a uniform and more intensive heat treatment of raw materials in a continuous flow. Rapid multilevel high-temperature sterilization modes with the application of apple puree in glass jars in microwave EMF, liquid high-temperature heat devices and an autoclave basket, providing the opportunity for thermal sterilization of the product without creating reverse pressure in the machine, generally contribute to reducing heat costs and increasing the nutritional value.


1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Albert Koch

Abstract Developments in the Synthesis of Rubber Because of the peculiar properties of natural rubber, its usefulness is somewhat limited, and in many fields of application it is quite unsuitable. In contact with oils and fats it swells rapidly and loses almost completely its good mechanical properties, and besides this natural rubber has poor resistance to heat. Again it is attacked rather easily by oxygen, and on exposure to oxygen and light simultaneously there is a particularly strong tendency to develop cracks within a short time; it is for such reasons that the chemical industries of various countries have been looking for an artificial or synthetic product which is free from the shortcomings of natural rubber or exhibits them to only a relatively small extent. Experimentation on artificial rubber has depended fundamentally on the discovery of Harries that the natural rubber molecule is constructed of isoprene units. Isoprene and its allied hydrocarbons were prepared by Hoffmann and his coworkers at the Elberfeld dye works, and these compounds were in turn polymerized to masses similar to rubber. These experiments were carried out before the World War. Because of a shortage of raw materials during the War, it was necessary to adapt the laboratory results to a factory scale sooner than should logically have been done. At that time the most readily available technical raw material was dimethylbutadiene, a compound which differs from isoprene by the presence of an extra methyl group, as may be seen in Table I.


2020 ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kurkin ◽  
Ol'ga Vladimirovna Sharova ◽  
Polina Valeriyevna Afanaseva

The fruits of wild rose (Fructus Rosae) have been widely used in both traditional and officinal medicine for the long time. The pharmacological effect of the Rosehip medicine is related to the content of such biologically active compounds as: water-soluble (ascorbic acid) and fat-soluble (carotenoids) vitamins, as well as flavonoids (astragalin, isoquercitrin, tiliroside). Such medicine as Holosas, Carotolin and Rosehip syrup are obtained from the fruits of this plant. In addition, wild rose fruits are part of the various fees from which patients could prepare water infusions at home themselves. Regulatory documentation provides for the analysis of Rosehip raw materials three parameters: the content of ascorbic acid, the total carotenoids and flavonoids. The quantitative content of the total carotenoids in the fruits of the rosehip is regulated for the production of rosehip oil and Carotolin. However, in our opinion, the method of quantitative determination of the total carotenoids, described in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the XIV edition, is too complicated and contains an unreasonably entered coefficient in the formula, leading to an overestimation of the analysis results in 10 times. We have developed the methodic of quantitative determination of the total carotenoids in Rosehip, that include single extraction of raw materials with hexane at room temperature and periodic mixing in the ratio of «raw material : extract» 1 : 30. Investigated solution there was obtained by diluting the hexane extract in the ratio of 2:25 and measured the optical density at wavelength 450 nm. Adjustments have been made to the formula for the calculating of the total carotenoids relating to the removal of the coefficient 10 unjustifiably entered into the pharmacopoeial methodic. It was determined that the content of the total carotenoids calculated on ß-carotene varied from 10.15 to 74.5 mg%. The metrological characteristics of the methodic indicate that the error of a single determination of the total carotenoids in the rosehip fruits with a 95% confidence level is ± 3.57%. Based on the results of the studies, a new test quality indicators “content of the total carotenoids at least 30 mg%” was substantiated instead of 300 mg%.


Author(s):  
Nina Alekseyevna Dyakova ◽  
Sergey Petrovich Gaponov ◽  
Aleksey Ivanovich Slivkin

The aim of the study was to develop and validate an express procedure for the isolation and quantification of water-soluble polysaccharides from high devisyl roots (Ínula helenium L.). In order to accelerate the process of extracting biologically active substances from the roots of high devisil, as well as to increase the yield of water-soluble polysaccharides, it was decided to use an ultrasonic bath. By varying the process parameters, it was possible to select optimal extraction conditions of water-soluble polysaccharides of high-grade roots under ultrasound treatment conditions: raw material grinding 0.5–1.0 mm, temperature – 80 °C, extraction multiplicity – 3, extraction duration – 15 min, ultrasound frequency – 35 kHz, ratio of raw material to extractor 1 g per 15 ml. The proposed technique allows to intensify the process of preparing polysaccharides water-soluble from roots high and to reduce the time spent on it up to 4-5 hours, as well as to increase the yield of the product up to 31.6% in terms of absolutely dry raw materials. The developed method is precise under the conditions of repeatability, correct, stable and has a rather strict linear dependence of the sediment mass on the analysed raw material mass at gravimetric determination of polysaccharides water-soluble in the roots of high devisil. The technique can be used for express analysis of high devasil roots quality, as well as for industrial production of water-soluble polysaccharides from this kind of raw material.


2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
B.S. Manzhieva ◽  
A.A. Printseva ◽  
T.V. Vybornova ◽  
A.S. Miroshnik ◽  
I.V. Kruchina-Bogdanov ◽  
...  

The conditions for biocatalytic cleavage of corn starch and rye whole grain flour for the subsequent cultivation of the Asperillus niger strain VKPM F-171 are described. As a result of this procedure, the amount of water-soluble carbohydrates in the substrates increased by 5-6 times in comparison with the initial raw material, and the content of glucan p-form in the hydrolysate of rye whole grain flour grew by 2-3 times. The content of glucans in the biomass by the end of the cultivation of A. niger VKPM F-171 on corn starch hydrolysate was 28±2% of dry matter, while the proportion of glucans after fermentation on the rye whole grain flour hydrolysate was 21±1%, 96-97% of which were β-glucans. The hydrolysis with Trichoderma longibrachiatum β-glucanase and Trichoderma reesei xylanase resulted in a 1.1-1.2-fold increase in the proportion of soluble carbohydrates in microbial biomass. It was found via gas-liquid chromatography that the structural units of carbohydrates in microbial biomass are represented by glucose and its 2- and 6-deoxy derivatives, fructose, fucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and, to the greatest extent, by the reserve saccharide sedoheptulose. It was established that β-glucans are products of hydrolysis of the chitin-glucan complex and glycopeptides. The molecular weight of the obtained microbial glucan-containing biopolymers ranges from 0.5 to 50 kDa. It was shown that the content of β-glucans in microbial biomass allows the latter to be considered as an alternative to plant sources. biosynthesis, Asperillus niger, biocatalysis, starch-containing raw materials, glucans


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovico Mascarin ◽  
Luca Valentini ◽  
Maria Chiara Dalconi ◽  
Enrico Garbin ◽  
Gilberto Artioli

<p>Ordinary cement resulting from the reaction of a calcium aluminosilicate-rich powder plus water works as binding matrix in modern concrete. The design of alternative binders is currently a global challenge in order to reduce the environmental footprint associated to the ordinary cement production. Alkali-activated calcined clay materials (AAccMs) represent a class of sustainable binders made of the blending of a concentrated alkaline solution and a solid fraction with thermally treated phyllosilicates. Metakaolin produced by the heat treatment at temperatures between 550-900°C of kaolinite, has long fascinated the scientific community for its high reactivity at high-pH stage. However, the higher costs of commercial metakaolin push towards the use of locally available low-purity kaolinitic soils, such as laterite covers, as potential raw materials to produce low-CO<sub>2</sub> cements with the benefit of reducing the cost of feedstock transportation.</p><p>The work is focused on the role of triethanolamine (TEA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) on the reaction kinetics of ordinary cement pastes and AAccMs, the latter with different aluminosilicate reactive fraction and degree of purity. TEA and TIPA are tertiary alkanolamines with a developed molecular structure. It has been assessed that low equal dosages of alkanolamines introduced in advance to the mixing water for cement hydration can act on the setting time and the degree of cement reaction. These chemical compounds, and above all TIPA, are recognized as iron-chelating agents that can increase the dissolution rate of ferric ions from the ferroaluminate phase of cement and promote their complexation. Moreover, alkanolamines can also form water-soluble calcium-complexes that may influence the hydration kinetics of calcium-silicate phases and the precipitation of hydrates in the binder microstructure.</p><p>The raw and the reacted materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the kinetic pathways are followed with the aid of a semi-adiabatic calorimetry. The dissolution-precipitation steps of hydration in aqueous and alkaline solutions are subsequently simulated. Ordinary cement is used to clarify the role of alkanolamines as hardening accelerators. Afterwards, the kinetics of alkali-based pastes of high-purity metakaolin and a Fe-rich laterite, both blended with waste marble powder, are compared with the aim of assessing the formation of calcium-complexes in solution and any change in the kinetics due to the presence of iron in the raw material. Mechanical strength tests are performed to make clear the beneficial or detrimental effect of TEA and TIPA on the materials.</p>


Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sachadyn-Król ◽  
Sofia Agriopoulou

In this review, the primary objective was to systematize knowledge about the possibility of improving the health-promoting properties of raw plant products, defined as an increase in the content of bioactive compounds, by using ozone. The greatest attention has been paid to the postharvest treatment of plant raw materials with ozone because of its widespread use. The effect of this treatment on the health-promoting properties depends on the following different factors: type and variety of the fruit or vegetable, form and method of ozone treatment, and dosage of ozone. It seems that ozone applied in the form of ozonated water works more gently than in gaseous form. Relatively high concentration and long contact time used simultaneously might result in increased oxidative stress which leads to the degradation of quality. The majority of the literature demonstrates the degradation of vitamin C and deterioration of color after treatment with ozone. Unfortunately, it is not clear if ozone can be used as an elicitor to improve the quality of the raw material. Most sources prove that the best results in increasing the content of bioactive components can be obtained by applying ozone at a relatively low concentration for a short time immediately after harvest.


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