scholarly journals The Earnings Difference of Workers in Indonesia: 2007 and 2014

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Aryo Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Religion And Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Determinant Analysis

The purposes of this study are to measure the earnings difference and the factors that influence earnings difference between 2007 and 2014 using data sourced from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. The income determinant analysis results found that the longer a person's education year and work experience, the higher the income. Income will be even greater if someone is a man, lives in urban areas, and works in the non-agriculture sector. Moreover, there is no evidence that religion and ethnicity affect income. Then, I used the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method to distinguish the factors contributing to the difference in income to be explained factors and unexplained factors. It was found that that the income gap between 2007 and 2014 was 13.2 percentage points. Endowment factor contribution is more significant than unexplained factors. Furthermore, decomposition at different income levels shows that the endowment factor's effect on earning difference is getting smaller at higher income levels.

scholarly journals Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine uptake on childhood pneumonia mortality across income levels in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Kayoko Shioda ◽  
Cristiana M. Toscano ◽  
Maria Tereza Valenzuela ◽  
William Valdez Huarcaya ◽  
Joshua L. Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data

Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have prevented deaths due to pneumonia among children. The effect may differ between higher- and lower-income populations due to various factors, such as differences in the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes, healthcare access, and PCV uptake. This study aims to evaluate an association between increasing PCV coverage and population-level declines in death due to pneumonia and its variation by socioeconomic status of subnational regions. Methods: We analyzed municipality-level mortality data from 2005 and 2015 for children aged 2-23 months in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. We fit Poisson regression models to estimate the relationship between changes in PCV uptake and deaths due to all-cause pneumonia among subnational regions with different income levels. We controlled for changes unrelated to PCV by using data on non-respiratory deaths over time. Results: Uptake of the third dose of PCV varied across subnational regions and was higher in high-income regions. Higher uptake of PCV was associated with larger declines in pneumonia mortality. This association did not differ by income level of the region in Brazil and Colombia. In Peru, low-income regions observed larger declines in pneumonia deaths, but there was large uncertainty in the difference between the low- and high-income regions. We estimated that, with 90% coverage, there would be 4-38% declines in all-cause pneumonia mortality across income levels and countries. Conclusions: Regions with higher PCV coverage experienced larger declines in pneumonia deaths, regardless of the income level. Having more reliable data on mortality records and vaccine uptake would improve the reliability of vaccine impact estimates.

Medicaid Expansion and Not-For-Profit Hospitals’ Financial Status: National and State-Level Estimates Using IRS and CMS Data, 2011-2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 107755872110097
Author(s):  
Tatiane Santos ◽  
Simone Singh ◽  
Gary J. Young
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Costs ◽  
State Level ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Several studies have shown that Medicaid expansion has improved hospital financial performance. All of these studies have either used data from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and none of them has examined the state-level impact of expansion on hospital finances. Using data for not-for-profit hospitals from both IRS and CMS for 2011-2016, we described the difference in costs related to uncompensated care and Medicaid shortfalls. We then estimated the impact of Medicaid expansion on hospitals’ financial status nationally and by state. Nationally, the estimated net effect of expansion reduced not-for-profit hospital costs by 2 percentage points based on IRS data and 0.83 percentage points based on CMS data. Across expansion states, the estimated net effects varied widely with approximately a 10-fold difference for hospitals based on IRS data and a 2-fold difference based on CMS data. Future studies should further explore the differences across IRS and CMS data.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF INCOME DISPARITY OF FARMER HOUSEHOLDS

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (3) ◽  
pp. 332-340
Author(s):  
Maria Parlińska ◽  
Piotr Pomichowski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of the analysis is an attempt to assess the income disparity of farmers compared to other socio-professional groups in light of the latest available data and an assessment on how administrative division impacts income disparity size. The analysis was performed using data gathered by the Household Budget Survey from 2017, availing for that purpose the statistics of disposable income per household and converting it to a per capita figure. Among socio-professional groups, the following households were distinguished: farmers, entrepreneurs, employees, pensioners and other earners earning income from other sources. The results of the analysis have given evidence of existing income disparity of farmer households with respect to other households. By comparing households of farmers and entrepreneurs, the greatest disparities can be observed in average disposable income to the detriment of farmers and employee incomes are located between these types of households. The highest income levels of farmers in comparison with entrepreneurs, employees or households in general, for that matter, are recorded in the Podlaskie, Lubelskie and Lubuskie voivodships. This observation suggests the significant development of the agricultural sector or slow overall economic development, which generates low revenue for individuals making their living as employees or entrepreneurs. Higher disposable income level households of entrepreneurs and employees tend to be characteristic of territories with significant urban areas, i.e. the Mazowieckie voivodship or Małopolska region. In these areas, income levels earned from work or entrepreneurship are substantially higher than those acquired from farming.

scholarly journals The public sector wage premium and fiscal consolidation in Serbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (215) ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Vladisavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Wage Premium ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference

Responding to a high fiscal deficit, the Serbian government introduced a set of fiscal consolidation measures at the beginning of 2015, including a 10% public sector wage cut. This paper analyses the difference in wages between the public and the private sector in Serbia and changes in the public sector wage premium after the measures were introduced. The results show that, similarly to many other countries, wages in the Serbian public sector are on average higher than in the private sector, partially due to the better labour market characteristics of public sector workers. The public sector wage premium was 17.4% in 2014 and was mainly driven by higher returns to education, work experience, and occupation in this sector. In 2015 the premium dropped by 6 percentage points due to a lessening of the difference in returns between the sectors. Therefore, in addition to reducing budget expenditures, fiscal consolidation in Serbia has reduced wage inequality between these sectors.

Analysis of Crop Yield Prediction of Kharif & Rabi Jowar Crops Using Data Mining Techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Sujata Mulik
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rabi Crops

Agriculture sector in India is facing rigorous problem to maximize crop productivity. More than 60 percent of the crop still depends on climatic factors like rainfall, temperature, humidity. This paper discusses the use of various Data Mining applications in agriculture sector. Data Mining is used to solve various problems in agriculture sector. It can be used it to solve yield prediction.  The problem of yield prediction is a major problem that remains to be solved based on available data. Data mining techniques are the better choices for this purpose. Different Data Mining techniques are used and evaluated in agriculture for estimating the future year's crop production. In this paper we have focused on predicting crop yield productivity of kharif & Rabi Crops. 

A Study Of Expansion Of The Fmcg Market Across Rural Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Dr. Udayagiri Raghunath ◽  
Dr. V.Venkateswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Customer Choice ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural Markets ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Tv Media ◽  
Rural Clients ◽  
Tv Watching

The corporate companies dealing with FMCG products have started focusing on rural markets as the urban markets have become saturated and highly competitive. Capturing the rural markets brings forth a whole new set of challenges as it is laborious to break in. This market presents the companies with gamut challenges on a new dimension which demand entirely different strategies as compared to the ones used in urban areas. Studying the rural markets for rural markets has become crucial more than ever. It is an objective learning, psychiatry of dispersion, impact of the FMCG in rural areas. This research uses diverse utensils, procedure toward analyze composed records. Several of the features used in analyzing the data are the consumer characteristics like educational qualifications, professions they are in, and the income levels. The role of TV media advertising is also analyzed. Many deals and promotions advertised on TV are investigated. The scope of authority wield by publicity happening customer choice production has looked into. The different levels of media exposure and preferable TV watching times and their favorite programs considered while analyzing the data. The spending prototype of rural clients on FMCG is examined and further categorized based on their income levels, educational qualifications, and legal awareness of consumer act. All the analyzed data, results, and suggestions presented in the visual formats.

Managing the Era of Multi-Cultural Leadership

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rahul ◽  
R. Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Cultural Leadership ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Diverse Workforce ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Global Arena

Leaders in the global arena are the one who face the challenges never seen before, while coordinating work and managing relationship between team members coming from varied ethnic groups. Globalization has undoubtedly opened up endless growth opportunities for both, businesses and individuals, by collaborating with each other, but with certain inherent challenges. These challenges are the difference in the cultural background of the team members, which gets predominantly reflected in their behavior at workplace too. The cultural differences exist primarily due to differences in shared values, which form the basis for difference in perception and practices of decision making by an individual (Hofstede, 1980). Juana Bordas has rightly described that any business that fails to adapt their leadership style aligning with multi-cultural approach will find it difficult to thrive in a more colorful world. Leadership style has witnessed various facets of changing work environment that has demanded from leaders to modify their approach to adapt along and be effective and survive in the ever-changing environment of business (Bordas,2007).A cross-culture leader plays a significant role in knitting the diverse workforce into an efficient team; which requires a leader to very well understand the various dimensions of culture. This understanding of the leader enables him to learn about blending of leadership styles to address the challenges of such work environment. This paper is an extended work on 'Leadership in Cross-Cultural Environment – A Comparison of Asian and Non-Asian Managers' (Rahul and Ganesan, 2015). The extended research study has identified that enhanced work experience of cross-culture leaders enables them in effective team management, than the rise in designation, as it results in creation of hierarchical distance between the leaders and subordinates.

Stability and mutual impact of perception of parental pressure and infants' social support – A study based on the difference between employment status and household income

2021 ◽  
pp. 002072092199705
Author(s):  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Parental Pressure ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

The purpose of this study is to explore the stability and interaction between parental pressure and social research report, as well as the role of employment status and family income levels in this process. This study used a special study on Korean children (PSKC) 2–4 waves. Use t-test, correlation and autoregressive cross-delay modeling to analyze the data. The main findings of this study are: First, over time, parental pressure and mother’s social research report are consistent. Secondly, the pressure of motherhood and childcare has an obvious lagging effect on upbringing, and vice versa. Third, there is no significant difference between working mothers and non-working mothers in terms of the stability of working parents' pressure, social research report and social research report for children's pressure channels. However, parental pressure can only predict the social research report of working mothers. Fourth, there is no significant difference between the stability and interaction of these two structures in household income levels. In short, the results show that, over time, parental pressure is consistent with mother’s social research report. The results also show that there is a significant cross-lag effect between the mothers’ perceptions of mutual pressure analysis. In the process from parental pressure to social research report, I found the difference between working and non-working mothers. The advantage of this study is that the expected longitudinal design was adopted during infancy and the priority between the two structures can be considered. The results of this study can be used as a source of intervention plans to help parents withstand severe parenting pressure and lack of social research report.

Land Loss with Compensation: What Are the Determinants of Income Among Households in Central Vietnam?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Nguyen Quang Phuc ◽  
A. C. M. (Guus) van Westen ◽  
Annelies Zoomers
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Compensation Packages ◽  
Household Members ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of household income following the loss of land owing to urban expansion in central Vietnam. Using data mainly from household surveys in the peri-urban areas of Hue city, the regression model indicates that demographic factors and livelihood strategy choices have important impacts on household income; financial compensation and support packages do not appear to be strong determinants of household income after the loss of land. This implies a failure of the current compensation programmes in the process of compulsory land acquisition, because the government believes that compensation packages make important contributions to livelihood reconstruction. This study suggests that investing in education and skill training for household members affected by land loss as well as assistance in converting compensation money into an adequate livelihood should be taken into consideration.

The Giving Up of Weekly Rest-Days by Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore: When Submission Is Both Resistance and Victimhood

Social Forces ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1695-1718
Author(s):  
Margaret Fenerty Schumann ◽  
Anju Mary Paul
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Sociology Of Law ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Contract Renewal ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Do So ◽  
Migrant Domestic Workers

AbstractWhy do so few live-in migrant domestic workers (MDWs) in Singapore utilize their weekly rest-day entitlement? Using data drawn from 3,886 online profiles of prospective MDWs and 40 interview sessions with MDWs, employers, and manpower agencies, we demonstrate how the industry encourages a “logic of submission” around rest-days. Through processual analysis, we unearth multiple, repeated moments of capitulation at key moments in a MDW’s work-life: (1) their interactions with a recruitment agency while still in their home country; (2) their matching with an overseas employer; (3) the duration of their two-year contract; and (4) the time of contract renewal. Submission to less frequent rest-days can secure their employability and financial mobility but also further individuates the MDW within the employer’s household and may lead to the engraining of a habitus of submissiveness towards their employers that can open the door to workers’ exploitation. We demonstrate how nationality and work experience further inflect this logic of submission to motivate non-Filipina and inexperienced MDWs to request even fewer rest-days than their counterparts. By combining feminist migration scholarship on Asian MDWs, with a sociology of law analysis, we offer up an example of how the same act of submission can simultaneously embody both resistance and victimhood depending upon the temporal and spatial scale used, and varying interpretations of the rest-day benefit as a much-needed respite, a monetizable benefit, or a signaling mechanism.

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