ETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DENTAL CARIES AND ITS PREVENTION

Author(s):  
Жанна Владимировна Вечеркина ◽  
Алина Александровна Смолина ◽  
Татьяна Александровна Попова ◽  
Кристина Павловна Кубышкина ◽  
Ольга Игоревна Олейник

Кариес является одной из актуальной проблем современной стоматологии и занимает первое место по частоте и интенсивности среди всех стоматологических заболеваний. Установлено, что поражение зубов кариесом - это заключительный этап взаимодействия многих эндогенных и экзогенных факторов, индивидуальных для каждого пациента. Большинство научно-исследовательских работ по изучению причин возникновения кариеса зубов доказывают, что непосредственным этиологическим фактором является локальное изменение pH под биопленкой, фиксированной на поверхности зуба, вследствие расщепления углеводов микроорганизмами и образования органических кислот. Следует упомянуть, что трилистник Кейза служит графической моделью теории возникновения кариеса в современной стоматологии, в которой равноценны три состояния, а именно кариесогенная флора, легкоферментируемые углеводы, низкая кариесрезистентность эмали. Последнюю в свою очередь определяют микротвердость, кислотоустойчивость и проницаемость. В понимании комплексной заботы о здоровье человека, и прежде всего детей, на первый план выступает превентивная точка зрения. Учитывая результаты «поперечного» эпидемиологического исследования на распространенность и интенсивность кариеса зубов у детского населения, прямое и непосредственное влияние оказывают, во-первых, экологические факторы, например, низкое содержание фторида в питьевой воде, загрязнение окружающей среды, неблагоприятные климатические условия. Во-вторых, социально-экономические, такие как ограниченная доступность стоматологической помощи, низкий уровень жизни и образования, характер питания, недостаточная заинтересованность в вопросах сохранения здоровья полости рта. Низкий уровень мотивации, санитарно-гигиенических знаний детского населения к сохранению стоматологического здоровья является фактором высокого риска развития патологического процесса твердых тканей, молочных и постоянных зубов детей. Резюмируя вышеизложенное, считается актуальным систематизация факторов риска возникновения кариеса для современного стоматологического просвещения детского населения, родителей и педагогов с упором на этиопатогенез Caries is one of the most urgent problems of modern dentistry and ranks first in frequency and intensity among all dental diseases. It is established that dental caries is the final stage of interaction of many endogenous and exogenous factors, individual for each patient. Most research studies on the causes of dental caries prove that the direct etiological factor is a local change in pH under the biofilm fixed on the tooth surface, due to the breakdown of carbohydrates by microorganisms and the formation of organic acids. It should be mentioned that the case trefoil serves as a graphic model of the theory of caries occurrence in modern dentistry, in which three conditions are equivalent, namely cariesogenic flora, easily fermentable carbohydrates, and low caries resistance of enamel. The latter, in turn, is determined by microhardness, acid resistance, and permeability. In the understanding of comprehensive care for human health, and especially for children, the preventive point of view comes to the fore. Taking into account the results of the "cross-section" epidemiological study, the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in the child population are directly and directly influenced, first, by environmental factors, such as low fluoride content in drinking water, environmental pollution, and unfavorable climatic conditions. Second, socio-economic factors, such as limited access to dental care, low standard of living and education, nutritional status, and lack of interest in maintaining oral health. The low level of motivation, sanitary and hygienic knowledge of the children's population to maintain dental health is a high risk factor for the development of the pathological process of hard tissues and milk, and permanent teeth of children. Summarizing the above, it is considered relevant to systematize the risk factors of caries for modern dental education of children's population, parents and teachers with an emphasis on etiopathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
Dishika Iswar ◽  
Arun Kumar Sajjanar ◽  
Milind Wasnik ◽  
Niharika Gawod ◽  
Partima Kolekar ◽  
...  

Though the prevalence and the severity of dental caries is decreased in past few years, still children from low socioeconomical status in many industrialized or developing countries are still suffering from ill-effects of dental caries. The antimicrobial effect of silver compounds has been proven by the 100-year-old application of silver compounds. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been used to arrest dental caries during 1970s in Japan, but it was not exposed much to other parts of the world. Today in many countries a 38% (44,800 ppm fluoride) SDF solution is commonly used to arrest caries and also to reduce hypersensitivity in primary and permanent teeth. Application of SDF to arrest dental caries is non-invasive procedure and is quick and simple to use. Reports of available studies showed that there is no severe pulpal damage after SDF application. However, it has some drawbacks like black discoloration of the carious teeth and an unpleasant metallic taste. But, low cost of SDF and its simplicity in application suggest that it is an appropriate agent for use in community dental health programme. Thus, SDF appears to meet the criteria of both the WHO Millennium Goals and the US Institute of Medicine’s criteria for 21st century medical care, that is, it is a safe, effective, efficient, and equitable caries preventive agent.


Author(s):  
Rohan Sachdev

Sugar is one of the most widely consumed sweetening agents. Unfortunately, its use has been linked to various disease states, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM) and dental caries. Dental caries is a chronic disease which can affect us at any age. The role of sugar (and other fermentable carbohydrates such as highly refined flour) as a risk factor in the initiation and progression of dental caries is increasing day by day. Sugar substitutes are food additives that provide a sweet taste more or less similar to that of sugar and plays important role in control of dental caries.


2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2984-2986
Author(s):  
Alexandru Sitaru ◽  
Adrian Tohati ◽  
Anca Maria Pop ◽  
Cristina Bica

Human saliva is a complex mixture of fluids considered to have a real potential in maintaining the dental health, carrying out important functions in the local modulation of inflammatory reactions and immune response. The biologic properties of salivary alpha-amylase are a subject of intense debate in the scientific literature, regarding its use as a biomarker for local and systemic diseases, including caries lesions. The purpose of our study was to measure the correlation between the salivary level of alpha-amylase and the incidence of caries in a group of children with young permanent teeth. A total of 128 participants were included in four study groups according to presence or absence of dental caries, based on specific inclusion/exclusion criteria and a scoring system between 0-5, depending on gender and the number of caries lesions. From each patient, 10 mL of saliva was collected and examined with a spectrophotometer in order to determine the level of salivary alpha-amylase. The collected data were statistically analyzed with the GraphPad Prism 7.03 and Mann-Whitneytest, a value of p [0.05 being considered statistically significant. Our results showed that caries active children had higher levels of salivary enzyme compared to caries free groups (p=0.001). Therefore, we concluded that salivary alpha-amylase can be considered a biomarker for the prognosis of dental caries development, offering new perspectives for preventive dentistry.


2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Chapple ◽  
J. H. Nunn

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries, developmental defects of enamel, and related factors in children with clefts. Design: This cross-sectional prevalence study used standard dental indices for assessment. Setting: Children underwent a dental examination under standard conditions of seating and lighting in the outpatient department of a dental hospital as part of an ongoing audit to monitor clinical outcomes. Participants: Ninety-one children aged 4, 8, and 12 years were included in the study. Outcome Measurements Dental caries were assessed by use of the decayed, missing, and filled index for primary teeth (dmft); Decayed, Missing, and Filled index for permanent teeth (DMFT) according to the criteria as used in the national survey of children's dental health in the United Kingdom (O'Brien, 1994). Developmental defects were assessed using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (Clarkson and O'Mullane, 1989). Dental erosion was assessed using the criteria derived for the national survey of children's dental health (O'Brien, 1994). Results: Caries prevalence increased with age; 63% of patients at 4 years and 34% at 12 years were caries free. The mean dmft for the 4-year-olds was 1.3 with a mean DMFT for the 12-year-olds of 1.8. All the 4-year-olds had evidence of erosion of enamel in the primary teeth (incisors and first molars) and 56% of the 12-year-olds had erosion of permanent teeth (incisors and first permanent molars). Developmental defects of enamel became more prevalent with age, with at least one opacity in 56% of 4-year-olds and 100% of 12-year-olds. Hypoplasia was not found in the primary dentition but affected permanent teeth in 38% of 8-year-olds and 23% of the 12-year-olds. Conclusion: This study has shown that dental disease is prevalent in these patients. These assessments not only provide a baseline on oral health parameters in young people with clefts but underline the need for a more aggressive approach to prevention of oral disease to optimize clinical outcome.


2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1120-1124
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Klitynska ◽  
Natalia V. Hasiuk ◽  
Volodymyr І. Struk ◽  
Roksolana Yu. Kruchak ◽  
Viacheslav R. Gurando ◽  
...  

The aim: A study of the impact of drinking water quality on the state of dental health in schoolchildren who permanently live in areas of biogeochemical deficiency of fluorine and iodine. Material and methods: The composition of the drinking water of the city of Uzhhorod and the city of Rakhiv has been investigated. The prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children is determined, drinking water is taken in accordance with Uzhhorod and Rakhiv. Results: The regional features of the composition of drinking water of the mountain Rakhivsky district of the Transcarpathian region are the high variety of combinations of mineral components and the frequent excess of the normative content of dry residue components, namely nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, magnesium and calcium.Water oxidation, total stiffness and total alkalinity were significantly different. The established drinking water quality indicators have a direct dependence on the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children, that is, a significant increase in the number of carious temporary, carious and distant permanent teeth and a decrease in filled temporary and permanent teeth (p < 0. 05) were diagnosed. Conclusions: One of the most pressing problems in water hygiene is the urgent need to review and improve regulations, State sanitary regulations, standards and other regulations in the field of drinking water, including through the development of regional drinking water quality standards.


2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Maria Paula Jacobucci Botelho ◽  
Amanda Da Silva ◽  
Fernanda Da Conceição Antônio Ferreira ◽  
Lígia Maria Molinari Capel

Apesar dos esforços e do amplo entendimento sobre a cárie dental, está continua bastante prevalente em determinados segmentos da população. A doença apresenta etiologia multifatorial, com a dieta e os micro-organismos envolvidos desenvolvendo papéis fundamentais. Os Streptococcus mutans têm papel fundamental em seu início e é ubíquo em crianças a partir dos sete anos de idade. Para controlar essas bactérias é preciso uma dieta com baixo consumo de sacarose e de carboidratos fermentáveis, o que nem sempre se consegue. Sua remoção da superfície dentária só é possível por meio da fricção mecânica, mas pode-se prevenir sua presença no biofilme dentário através da utilização de antissépticos. O mais utilizado na Odontologia é a clorexidina, porém como não é isenta de efeitos adversos, atualmente, vêm-se estudando produtos alternativos, dentre os quais alguns agentes fitoterápicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a atividade da própolis contra os S. mutans em relação à clorexidina. Foi analisada própolis 70% diluída em álcool 96% e após diluída em água potável 5ml, própolis 50%, própolis 12% e clorexidina 0,12% (controle positivo), e solução salina (controle negativo). O operador foi cego em relação às substâncias que estava utilizando. Somente a clorexidina 0.12% e a própolis 12% apresentaram halo de inibição claro. Neste estudo, a clorexidina apresentou melhor atividade contra os S.mutans.Palavras-chave: Clorexidina. Cárie Dentária. Streptococcus mutans.AbstractDespite the efforts and the broad understanding on dental caries, it is still quite prevalent in certain segments of the population. The disease shows a multifactorial etiology, with diet and microorganisms involved developing fundamental roles. The Streptococcus mutans has key role in its beginning and is ubiquitous in children as young as seven years of age. To control these bacteria a diet is necessary with low consumption of sucrose and of fermentable carbohydrates, which is not always possible. The tooth surface removal is only possible through mechanical friction, but it is possible to prevent the presence of dental biofilm through the use of antiseptics. The most widely used in dentistry is chlorhexidine, however as it is not devoid of adverse effects, currently alternative products have been studying, among which some herbal agents. The aim of this study was to analyze the activity of propolis against S. mutans compared to chlorhexidine. Propolis was analyzed diluted in 70% ethanol 96% and further diluted in drinking water 5ml, 50% propolis, propolis 12% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control), and saline (negative control). The operator was blinded for the substances he was using. Only 0.12% chlorhexidine and 12% propolis showed clear inhibition halo. In this study the chlorhexidine presented better activity against S. mutans.Keywords: Chlorhexidine. Dental Caries. Antimicrobials. Streptococcus mutans


2018 ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
I.V. Kovach ◽  
H.V. Shtompel ◽  
Ye.N. Dychko ◽  
A.V. Verbytska

Modern domestic preventive dentistry has success in the theory of the origin and development of major dental diseases, practice of treatment, including dental caries, and uses these results to prevent children’s diseases in the country. However, the desired effectiveness of preventive measures have not been achieved primarily among the population and individual level, taking into account some specific characteristics of residence region, etiology and pathogenesis of the demineralization phenomena of hard dental tissues in different periods of child’s development. Adverse environmental conditions and technogenic character are not taken into account, when air, soil and groundwater are oversaturated with environmental contaminants and toxicants. They cause fatal breakage in biochemical reactions and metabolic processes in childhood and at a young age, when defective dental health brings a lot of problems in the adult period of life, and, as a result, reduces the life. Investigation of dental health had been conducted in 251 preschool age children (first age group consisted of 3-4 years-old, II group consisted of 5-6 – years-old with 123 and 128 people respectively). In addition, all the observed children were divided into two groups depending on the use of prophylactic anti-caries interventions: the basic group was in compliance with the "Program- maximum" and control the "Program- minimum". Approximately 60 members were in the monitoring teams of different age groups. The "Program-minimum" included measures of general health, balanced diet with the significant restriction of carbohydrate and perform twice a day hygiene actions in the oral cavity. The “Program – maximum” also included the ingestion of calcium citrate and amino acids with SH-group of methionine. Such treatment and prophylactic complex has the adaptive, antioxidant, antidote and immune resolving action. It makes sense for neutralization of eco toxicants – heavy metals in the area of children’s residence. It was found that level of Fe and Zn was in the threatening degree of content, and Cd is moderate in the living environment of the examined children. It provokes and enhances the glycolytic processes in the oral cavity. Harmful effect of toxicants in the oral cavity, and also in a children's organism as a whole, was clearly fixed in the mineralization of the skeleton flat bones of children. It was revealed with densitometry of the calcaneus that 53 individuals had  indicators, particularly BUA. They indicated the weakening of the skeleton mineralization. It indirectly pointed to problems in the hard tissues of the teeth. However, the use of treatment and prophylactic complex improved the bone structures density. The level of calcium and phosphate in the oral fluid of the observed individuals had recovered to optimal after three years of use of treatment and prophylactic complex, contributed to effective secondary mineralization both in temporary and in permanent teeth. Thus, the use of treatment and prophylactic complex in people of the basic group allowed quite convincingly and positively to impact on the incidence of caries of deciduous and permanent teeth. The rate of growth of dental caries intensity after three years of preventive interventions in the basic group was three times less than in the control group. At the same time, the caries preventive efficacy was 59-62%, and this is a very positive indicator. These results are evidence of proven necessity of prophylactic of dental health correction in children years of those people who reside in areas with a very complex technogenic environment due to metallurgical plants located in the Prydniprovsk region.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Pallavi Goel ◽  
Vikram R ◽  
Adarsha M S ◽  
Sudhanva M E

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases across the globe, affecting all age groups. Various public health measures like water fluoridation have been started to control the spread of caries, especially among children. But these intervention methods are inaccessible to people in some parts of the world. Thus, a product called Silver Diamine Fluoride was introduced, which can help arrest carious lesions at an early stage. It is a beneficial aid for caries arrest in both primary and permanent teeth. Also, can be used for arresting root caries. Thus, the objective of this review article is to discuss about silver diamine fluoride and its diverse uses from both clinician and public health point of view.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 328-334
Author(s):  
Rinda Fithriyana

The main problem of dental and oral health in children is dental caries. Both primary and permanent teeth have a risk of caries, but the decay process of primary teeth spreads more rapidly, extends and is more severe than permanent teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the socioeconomic status of parents and the incidence of primary dental caries in children aged 4-5 years in Kuok Village. This type of research is analytic with cross sectional design. The population in this study were all children aged 4-5 years and parents in Kuok Village with a sample of 406 people. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 40 people. The data collection tool used was a questionnaire with univariate and bivariate data analysis using the chi square test. The results of statistical analysis obtained a significant value of p value = 0.033 (p value ≤ α 0.05). This means that there is a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence of primary dental caries in children aged 4-5 years in Kuok Village. Parents should pay more attention to their children's dental health. Parents should routinely check their children's teeth at a dentist or health service facility every 6 months.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Kim ◽  
Alexander L. Rubezhov ◽  
Tatiana M. Koloskova ◽  
Sergey I. Bezhenar

Diseases of teeth and oral cavity have a high prevalence in pediatric population. In adolescents of 15-17 years, the incidence of caries in permanent teeth is higher than in children of 0-14 years. Epidemiological studies of dental health of children in various regions of the Russian Federation in 2010-2015 years showed no tendency to decrease the level of diseases of mouth and teeth. Prevalence and intensity of diseases remains at a high level. More than 80% of the surveyed children are in need of complex dental treatment. The current situation of pathology of teeth and mouth in children is due to several reasons such as low level of hygiene education, environmental degradation, poor nutrition, presence of chronic diseases, among older children, the presence of harmful habits, health-care organizations lack of effective preventive work. In turn, untreated inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity and teeth, being the source of the infection, may lead to somatic pathology of different organs and systems. The existing organization of children dental care is focused more on treatment than on prevention of diseases of teeth and oral cavity. As a rule, parents bring children to dental clinic for treatment of already developed disease. Referrals to the dentist for preventive measures are rare. In this regard, it is necessary to develop new organizational forms of dental care, from the point of view of the preventive orientation, close to children's educational organization.


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