scholarly journals The role of gender in the formation of Anglo-American legal terminology

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 00128
Author(s):  
Elena Volgina ◽  
Elena Ilyicheva ◽  
Elina Kalinichenko ◽  
Anna Lanina ◽  
Victoria Polyakova

The various elements of the gender system have an impact on specialized areas of the language. Legal terminology is no exception, since the law covers almost all spheres of society. The interdisciplinary nature of gender studies has led to the demand for linguistic competence to study the gender construct, which has given rise to an independent discipline – linguistic genderology. In this regard, the problem of the influence of extralinguistic factors on the formation of legal terminology is relevant. In this paper linguistic research is conducted, within the framework of which Anglo-American legal terminology and its formation under the influence of gender factors are considered. The role of extra-linguistic factors in the formation of legal terms has been determined, the extra-linguistic factors affecting the gender markedness of the form and content of legal concepts have been identified. The method of continuous viewing of English legal texts, as well as English legal dictionaries, revealed gender-marked English-American legal terms and terminological concepts. The result of the study was the definition of a gender factor as a backbone for the Anglo-American legal terminology.

Author(s):  
E. M. Ratnikov ◽  
D. O. Milko

Annotation Purpose. Development of a program and methods for conducting experimental studies of the extrusion process with the definition of parameters and modes of operation of the extruder to improve its energy performance. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics, synthesis, analysis, description and modeling were used. Results. The application of mathematical methods, in particular mathematical planning, reduces the number of experiments several times, and allows to evaluate the role of influencing factors, obtain a mathematical model of the process and determine the optimal conditions for its parameters and modes, etc. Conclusions. The methodology for experimental studies of a screw extruder is presented with the necessary equipment and methodology for processing the obtained experimental data. A mathematical method of planning, which reduces the number of experiments several times, allows us to evaluate the role of factors affecting productivity and energy intensity is presented. Keywords: extruder, auger, nutrients, research methodology, extrusion, processing, feed.


2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
César Esteban

I present a personal view `on the role of astrophysicists and astronomers doing research in cultural astronomy. First, I discuss the definition of archaeoastronomy or cultural astronomy and its controversial interdisciplinary nature. I comment about the actual curricular problem of astrophysicists working in this topic and the difficult communication between astrophysicistsas well as other natural scientistsand archaeologists or anthropologists. I highlight the importance of accuracy in determining the orientation when mapping archaeological sites. Finally, I insist on the necessity of considering the celestial sphere as a part of the context of the archaeological sites, and that archaeoastronomy should be considered as a part of landscape archaeology.


Philosophy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Reynolds ◽  
Peter Gratton

Jacques Derrida (b. 1930–d. 2004) was one of the most famous philosophers of the 20th century, and he has remained so since his death in 2004. Derrida’s work was described by Hélène Cixous as the greatest ethico-political warning of our time, and he was remarkably prolific. It is unlikely that anyone has read all of Derrida’s work, and there are around fifty books still to be published in both French and English from his lecture notes, which are almost all completed prose of philosophical subtlety (for more on this, see the Derrida Seminars Translation Project). He was especially indebted to philosophers such as Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Emmanuel Levinas, along with various literary figures (e.g., Mallarmé, Joyce, Celan, etc.), and he developed a manner of reading and engaging with texts and ideas that came to be known as “deconstruction,” which was infamous throughout the 1980s and 1990s, especially in Anglo-American countries, where Derrida was arguably most influential. Derrida deliberately resisted any simple definition of deconstruction, instead preferring pithy and enigmatic remarks such as “deconstruction is justice.” Nonetheless, deconstruction is standardly thought to involve a scholarly reading of texts according to traditional standards, while also attempting to reveal dimensions of the text that resist or problematize the overt argument. These points may occur in apparently marginal and peripheral places but still destabilize both the author’s stated intentions and the textual system in question. The singularity of each text, however, precludes deconstruction being a neutral “method” that might be taken up and robotically deployed upon any and all texts. Derrida’s later philosophy is less textually embedded, instead becoming increasingly concerned with ethico-political concepts, such as democracy, responsibility, justice, friendship, forgiveness, hospitality, and the gift. Here his concern was with an aporetic or paradoxical logic to these concepts and to the experience of them, which leaves them open and incomplete. Without doing the disservice of offering further such short and ultimately unsatisfactory summaries of Derrida’s immense corpus, this bibliography aims to introduce the reader to some of the most influential of Derrida’s own texts, as well as provide a means for navigating the vast secondary literature that is out there. With regard to Derrida’s own texts, it has not been possible to provide summaries of all of them. Instead, this bibliography highlights just some of the most significant of those texts in regard to a given area or theme with which Derrida was concerned, while also having annotated entries on some of the most significant secondary literature that is about Derrida’s work, even if it extends or transforms it. While this article is primarily focused on texts in the English language, also included are some of the most significant writings on Derrida in French.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-340
Author(s):  
Adam Jonkisz

The observations in the article mainly concern the role of the concept of the so-called right answer in question logic. The purpose of these remarks is to justify the postulate that any logic of questions should be based on a conception of the structure of questions and answers, in which the notion of a proper answer is strictly defined. This postulate is addressed to any question logic, although it is mainly supported and illustrated by analyses and comparative remarks referring to concepts based on Ajdukiewicz’s question theory and to recent approaches of inferential erotetic logic (IEL). The analyses confirm that the concept of proper answer is fundamental in question theories, as it is assumed in the definitions of almost all concepts relating to questions and answers. In Ajdukiewicz’s concept, it is used explicitly, for example, in the definitions of the conditions of proper questioning and of complete and exhaustive answers. In IEL, it appears explicitly in the definitions of: the pertinent question, the notion of the presupposition of a question (and its variations), the relations of evoking a question (by a set of indicative sentences) and implying a question (by another question), etc. This basic concept should therefore be well defined. This postulate applies especially to such theories of questions in which assertions about questions and answers are proved in symbolic language – as is the case in IEL, which, however, lacks a strict definition of the concept of proper answer (there are only vague, pragmatic terms formulated in natural language). There is, however, a definition that is closer to the idea of the proper answer, adopted by Ajdukiewicz as well as in the concepts related to it, that a proper answer is one the structure of which is determined by the scheme of the question structure. However, this definition should be complemented by an accurate and general conception of question structure, which is lacking in the existing concepts. In order to confirm the validity of the formulated postulate, the article proposes new results achieved in the theory of questions, in which Ajdukiewicz’s ideas are developed and supplemented by a full account of the structure of questions and well-defined, i.e. formulated in a general and strict way as is the idea of proper answer.


Author(s):  
Wilhelm J. G. Möhlig

Despite the high complexity of oral art in Africa, some of its features are shared by almost all narrative cultures. The most prominent criterion appears to be the truth aspect—whether a storyteller considers his narration as rendering facts or fictional matters. To the category of telling facts belong historical reports (chronicles) and ethno-texts, i.e. descriptions of special handicrafts, economic activities, and legal concepts. The main genres falling under the category of fiction are fables, animal tales, and fairy tales. According to the basic definition of truth and fiction at least three borderline genres emerge: anecdotes, legends, and epics. Modern scholarly interests are mainly directed towards the comparison of narrative types and motifs, the performance aspect, and the exploitation of oral narrations as sources for the reconstruction of precolonial history.


Author(s):  
G.M. Rebel

The article analyzes the novel “Philellin” by L.A. Yuzefovich, the main attention is paid to the method of narration, the system of characters, the typological characteristics of the main character and the genre features of the work. The novel is a collection of documents of different genres, which together form a story about the events of the liberation war in Greece in the 20s of the XIX century. Almost all of Yuzefovich's characters act simultaneously as subjects of the narrative and participants in the events. The exception is Alexander I, because he is “silent” (his point of view is broadcast by his secretary Yelovsky) and "inactive". Despite the importance of the figure of the Russian emperor in the plot of the novel, for these reasons, Alexander “gives way” to the place of the main character to a fictional character - Grigory Mossepanov, whose fate forms the plot outline of the novel. Mossepanov is not only an important participant in the events, but also one of the main subjects and objects of the narrative. In literary criticism, the hero is given typological definitions of Don Quixote, Petrushka, “a little man”. This article offers a more appropriate definition of the character and fate of Mossepanov - “enchanted wanderer”, which is confirmed by the comparison of the characters of L. Yuzefovich and N. Leskov. The key plot role of the Russian philhellene, the peculiarities of his character and fate largely determine the genre nature of the work as a historical and mythological novel.


2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayarmaa J ◽  
Purev D

Enzymes are an integral part of the soil and their activity is closely related to the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Human activities, intensive agriculture, changes in ecosystem, environmental pollution have a great influence on the activity of soil enzymes. Depending on the origin soil enzymes are indicators for accessing the condition of the soil for short and long period of time. Almost all anthropogenic and environmental factors affecting the physical and chemical properties of the soil are studied for this purpose, but enzymes in the soil are the most sensitive to these changes. So it is a time to the study of the enzymes in the soil.


Author(s):  
Дмитрий Орлов ◽  
Dmitriy Orlov

This article discusses the problem of police organization and definition of its functions in the Russian empire of the XVIII century, as well as the impact of political and legal concepts existing in Europe in the XVII—XVIII centuries, the place and role of police and police activities in the state, on police reforms carried out by monarchs in Russia.


2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Richter

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.


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