Pattern of spatial distribution and sampling technique of winter jujube black spot

Traffic accidents worldwide are among the most alarming phenomena because they cost billions of dollars due to death rates and property damage. In Ethiopia, the accident fatality rate is becoming one of the most serious problems. Specifically, in rural highways where in there are problems with traffic control device enforcement and geometric deficiencies. Gedeo zone faces a similar problem that is considered a hot issue on-road crash. This study focused on the influence of traffic control devices and geometric characteristic related to road crashes. The data collection method was a purposive sampling technique considering both primary and secondary data collection system. Direct field observations were conducted, such as field survey and recording of the existing road geometric elements to figure out which geometric element contributory to traffic crashes. The data collected from the police traffic was categorized by clustering the road into different road segments composed of the same geometric characteristics. The severity of the accident analyzed and identified the hazardous road sections (black spot area). The relationships of accident crash established between the influence of traffic control access devices and geometric elements on the crash reduction at the identified accident-prone areas. Further, the study used ANN modeling through engineering software MATLAB to analyze the weight age of crashes on specified road segments concerning geometric road characteristics. Hence, the gradient carriageway width, super-elevation, cross slope, gradient, sight distance number of the horizontal curve, number of vertical curves, and AADT are the major factors for the occurrence of both fatal and injury at the blackspot segment along the rural highway.

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Spatial distribution of above ground carbon density in Harana Forest, Ethiopia

Ecological Processes ◽

10.1186/s13717-021-00345-x ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Girma Ayele Bedane ◽

Gudina Legese Feyisa ◽

Feyera Senbeta

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Management Practices ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Tree Height ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Spatial Prediction ◽

Allometric Equation ◽

Classification Model ◽

Carbon Density ◽

Aboveground Carbon

Abstract Background The need for understanding spatial distribution of forest aboveground carbon density (ACD) has increased to improve management practices of forest ecosystems. This study examined spatial distribution of the ACD in the Harana Forest. A grid sampling technique was employed and three nested circular plots were established at each point where grids intersected. Forest-related data were collected from 1122 plots while the ACD of each plot was estimated using the established allometric equation. Environmental variables in raster format were downloaded from open sources and resampled into a spatial resolution of 30 m. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize the ACD. A Random Forest classification model in the R-software package was used to select strong predictors, and to predict the spatial distribution of ACD. Results The mean ACD was estimated at 131.505 ton per ha in this study area. The spatial prediction showed that the high class of the ACD was confined to eastern and southwest parts of the Harana Forest. The Moran’s statistics depicted similar observations showing the higher clustering of ACD in the eastern and southern parts of the study area. The higher ACD clustering was linked with the higher species richness, species diversity, tree density, tree height, clay content, and SOC. Conversely, the lower ACD clustering in the Harana Forest was associated with higher soil cation exchange capacity, silt content, and precipitation. Conclusions The spatial distribution of ACD in this study area was mainly influenced by attributes of the forest stand and edaphic factors in comparison to topographic and climatic factors. Our findings could provide basis for better management and conservation of aboveground carbon storage in the Harana Forest, which may contribute to Ethiopia’s strategy of reducing carbon emission.

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DIVERSITAS DAN DISTRIBUSI IKAN DI SEGARA ANAKAN CILACAP

Scripta Biologica ◽

10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.2.441 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Suprastini Suprastini ◽

Erwin Riyanto Ardli ◽

Agus Nuryanto

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Fish Larvae ◽

Habitat Preferences ◽

Economic Value ◽

Principal Component ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Sampling Station ◽

Highly Correlated

Fish is one of the aquatic commodities with significant economic value, and Segara Anakan areas is a habitat for valuable fishes for local fisherman. Segara Anakan is a eutrophic waters and serves as nursery and spawning ground and also provide an optimal environment for several species fish larvae to grow, either sedentary or migratory species. Therefore it is suggested that diverse species inhabit Segara Anakan and different part of those areas has different species because different species commonly exhibit different habitat preferences. The objectives of this research were to determine the diversity and spatial distribution of fish species in Segara Anakan Cilacap. This research was a survey with the Cluster Random Sampling was implemented as sampling technique. Species diversity was analyzed descriptively, as well as the spatial distribution. The relationships between environmental parameters and spatial distribution were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis. Environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, and water DO were measured. The result showed that Stolephorus indicus was the most dominant species in Segara Anakan. The spatial distribution of fishes in every sampling station was found fluctuated. The environmental factors and fish were found highly correlated.

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Spatial Distribution of Marine Debris on Northern Coastal Waters of Minahasa

JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX ◽

10.35800/jip.9.1.2021.34021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Ivana Trixie Louisa Moningka ◽

Joudy R. R. Sangari ◽

Adnan S. Wantasen ◽

Lawrence J. L. Lumingas ◽

Ruddy D. Moningkey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Survey Methodology ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Study Data ◽

Marine Debris ◽

Mass Composition ◽

Field Station ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Category Type ◽

Using Data

Marine debris is one of the biggest pollution problems in the world. There are various potentials of marine and beach tourism to attract tourists, but in turn, cause a waste disposal accumulation and coupled with the built-in garbage that comes from the sea. The research was conducted at Tasik Ria Beach, Tombariri, and Marine Field Station of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University in Likupang. The aims of this study were (1) to identify the types of marine debris, and (2) to determine and compare the spatial distribution pattern of marine debris in the two designed locations. The sampling technique adapted from the shoreline survey methodology designed by NOAA was used in the study. Data were then statistically processed and analyzed using data mining software (MS Excel and Orange). This study found that the category of plastic and rubber waste is the most common category with the total amount on Tasik Ria Beach 54.39% and 97.55% in the Marine Field Station of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences in Likupang respectively. The correlation coefficient between the composition of the amount and mass of marine debris is 0.89 which indicates a close relationship between the amount and mass composition. There are many factors that cause the distribution of various types of marine debris, one of which is the activities of the people around the coastal area.Keywords: Marine debris; Category; Type; CompositionAbstrakSampah laut merupakan salah satu masalah polusi yang besar di dunia. Beragam potensi wisata bahari dan pantai menjadi daya tarik wisatawan namun aktivitas wisata dapat mengakibatkan adanya buangan sampah oleh masyarakat dan wisatawan, ditambah lagi dengan sampah bawaan yang berasal dari laut. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pantai Tasik Ria, Tombariri dan Laboratorium Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulangi untuk mengidentifikasi jenis sampah laut di perairan pantai Minahasa bagian utara dan mengetahui persebaran dan perbandingan distribusi sampah laut dua lokasi penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil pengambilan sampel dengan mengadaptasi metode Shoreline Survey Methodology berdasarkan NOAA yang kemudian diolah dan dianalisis secara statistik dengan menggunakan beberapa perangkat lunak (MS Excel dan Orange) diperoleh kategori sampah plastik dan karet sebagai kategori yang paling banyak ditemukan dengan komposisi jumlahnya di Pantai Tasik Ria sebesar 54,39% dan 97,55% di Laboratorium Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Nilai koefisien korelasi antara komposisi jumlah dan massa sampah laut sebesar 0.89 yang menyatakan hubungan yang erat antara komposisi jumlah dan massa. Banyaknya faktor yang menyebabkan terdistribusinya beragam jenis sampah laut, salah satunya adalah aktivitas masyarakat di sekitar wilayah pesisir.Kata kunci: Sampah Laut; Kategori; Jenis; Komposisi

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DISTRIBUSI SPASIAL INDUSTRI DI KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN

Horizon ◽

10.22202/horizon.v1i1.4704 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 133-143

Author(s):

Sendi Sendi

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Nearest Neighbor ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Population Data ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Random Pattern ◽

Industrial Growth ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Goods And Services

This study aims to obtain data, manage, analyze, discuss the spatial distribution of industries in Padang Pariaman District, seen from: 1) Spatial Distribution of Large and Medium Industries, 2) Spatial Patterns, and 3) Industrial Impacts on Society. This type of research is included in the descriptive study. The population in this study are all large and medium industries in Padang Pariaman District. The sample of this research is all large and medium industries in the Padang Pariaman District taken by sampling technique that is total sampling where the number of samples is equal to the population. Data analysis techniques using the nearest neighbor analysis and descriptive analysis. The results of this study found that: 1) in Padang Pariaman District there were 57 large and medium industries spread across 9 Subdistricts of 17 Subdistricts. The distribution of large and medium industries is most found in Batang Anai Sub District with 31 industries. Based on industry classification, it is divided into 4 types, namely: industry based on the number of workers and capital, industry based on goods produced, industry based on type, and industry based on general activities carried out, 2) distribution patterns of large and medium industries in Padang Pariaman District more scattered cluster (cluster). For the pattern of distribution of large industries in Padang Pariaman District is more unevenly distributed (random pattern), whereas the tendency of the pattern of medium industry distribution in Padang Pariaman District is more spread in clusters, 3) Viewed from industrial growth in Padang Pariaman District from 2016 -2018 continues to increase so that the need for labor also increases. All of that greatly affects the welfare of society and the value of goods and services produced by the economic system in Padang Pariaman District.

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Spatial distribution and trends of total mercury in waters of the Great Lakes and connecting channels using an improved sampling technique

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 328-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A. Dove ◽

B. Hill ◽

P. Klawunn ◽

J. Waltho ◽

S. Backus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Great Lakes ◽

Total Mercury ◽

Sampling Technique

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Nahrungsangebot für Auerhuhnküken – Phänologie und Verteilung der Lepidoptera-Larven

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2014.0043 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 165 (2) ◽

pp. 43-49

Author(s):

Sarah Hummel ◽

Roland F. Graf

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Sunshine Duration ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Habitat Conditions ◽

Foraging Habitat ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Central European ◽

Sweep Net

Food supply for capercaillie chicks – phenology and distribution of the Lepidoptera larvae According to Scandinavian literature, Lepidoptera larvae are particularly important for the rearing of capercaillie chicks. For Central European habitats, we lack detailed information on invertebrate food availability as a function of habitat conditions and season. Using the sweep-net sampling technique, we examined the phenology and spatial distribution of larvae in forest stands with bilberry vegetation in dependence of the canopy cover and the duration of sunshine. The availability of Lepidoptera larvae was highest in mid of June and decreased to almost zero in July. The abundance and biomass of Lepidoptera larvae was lower at sunny (sunshine duration 4–10 h) and open locations (canopy cover 0–30%) than at shady places (sunshine duration 0–3 h) with intermediate canopy cover (35–60%). These results lead to the conclusion that forests with an intermediate canopy cover provide better foraging habitat for capercaillie chicks than very open and sunny forest stands. Further, the timing of hatching and the phenology of Lepidoptera larvae may be an important issue in Central European habitats. However, in Switzerland we lack information on reproductive success to study this connection more profoundly.

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Lithography below 100 nm

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100074367 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 96-99

Author(s):

L. D. Jackel

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Scattering ◽

Electron Beam Lithography ◽

Substrate Material ◽

Local Electron ◽

Electron Dose ◽

Positive Resist ◽

Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

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SEM evaluation of the TEM cold-stage double-film specimen

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111471 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 272-273

Author(s):

Jayesh Bellare

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Sample Preparation ◽

Sample Thickness ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Preparation Technique ◽

Liquid Sample ◽

Thin Specimen ◽

Sample Preparation Technique ◽

Cold Stage ◽

Film Specimen

Seeing is believing, but only after the sample preparation technique has received a systematic study and a full record is made of the treatment the sample gets.For microstructured liquids and suspensions, fast-freeze thermal fixation and cold-stage microscopy is perhaps the least artifact-laden technique. In the double-film specimen preparation technique, a layer of liquid sample is trapped between 100- and 400-mesh polymer (polyimide, PI) coated grids. Blotting against filter paper drains excess liquid and provides a thin specimen, which is fast-frozen by plunging into liquid nitrogen. This frozen sandwich (Fig. 1) is mounted in a cooling holder and viewed in TEM.Though extremely promising for visualization of liquid microstructures, this double-film technique suffers from a) ireproducibility and nonuniformity of sample thickness, b) low yield of imageable grid squares and c) nonuniform spatial distribution of particulates, which results in fewer being imaged.

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