The impact of goal setting on unethical behavior: Boundary conditions and theoretical bases

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

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Chemical Transport Facilitated by Multiphase Flow Systems1

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1985.0078 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Carl G. Enfield

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Transport Equation ◽

Fluid Phase ◽

Chemical Transport ◽

Facilitated Transport ◽

Organic Fraction ◽

Dispersive Transport ◽

Transformation Of Variables ◽

The Impact

Relatively immobile chemicals have been observed moving significantly faster than anticipated from hydrophobic theory. A theory is developed considering transport in three mobile fluid phases which can be used to describe this facilitated transport. The convective dispersive transport equation is solved utilizing a transformation of variables which permits utilizing existing solutions covering a wide variety of boundary conditions. The impact of the facilitated transport is demonstrated for one case where the soils organic carbon is 10%. If 2% of the fluid phase is an organic fraction, the theory developed projects that hydrophobic theory may underestimate mobility by more than 100 times. At concentrations of dissolved organic carbon normally observed in nature (5 - 10 mg/l), a measurable increased mobility is anticipated for the very immobile compounds like dioxins.

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Effect of the plastic hinge and boundary conditions on the impact behavior of reinforced concrete beams

International Journal of Impact Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.12.005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 74-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Thong M. Pham ◽

Hong Hao

Keyword(s):

Reinforced Concrete ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Concrete Beams ◽

Plastic Hinge ◽

Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽

Impact Behavior ◽

The Impact

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A numerical study of the impact perforation of sandwich panels with graded hollow sphere cores

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/16878140211009415 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 168781402110094

Author(s):

Ibrahim Elnasri ◽

Han Zhao

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Hollow Sphere ◽

Sandwich Panel ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Sandwich Panels ◽

Hopkinson Bar ◽

Core Density ◽

The Core ◽

The Impact ◽

Force Displacement

In this study, we numerically investigate the impact perforation of sandwich panels made of 0.8 mm 2024-T3 aluminum alloy skin sheets and graded polymeric hollow sphere cores with four different gradient profiles. A suitable numerical model was conducted using the LS-DYNA code, calibrated with an inverse perforation test, instrumented with a Hopkinson bar, and validated using experimental data from the literature. Moreover, the effects of quasi-static loading, landing rates, and boundary conditions on the perforation resistance of the studied graded core sandwich panels were discussed. The simulation results showed that the piercing force–displacement response of the graded core sandwich panels is affected by the core density gradient profiles. Besides, the energy absorption capability can be effectively enhanced by modifying the arrangement of the core layers with unclumping boundary conditions in the graded core sandwich panel, which is rather too hard to achieve with clumping boundary conditions.

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The impact of boundary conditions on CO2 storage capacity estimation in aquifers

Energy Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.449 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 4828-4834 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

D.J. Smith ◽

D.J. Noy ◽

S. Holloway ◽

R.A. Chadwick

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Co2 Storage ◽

Capacity Estimation ◽

The Impact

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The Science of Goal Setting

Social Marketing Quarterly ◽

10.1177/1524500412472496 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 13-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel Hayden ◽

Fangzhou Deng

Keyword(s):

Goal Setting ◽

Diffusion Of Innovation ◽

Social Marketing ◽

Collective Behavior ◽

Great Influence ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Marketing Campaign ◽

Social Marketing Campaign ◽

Social Marketing Campaigns ◽

The Impact

Goal setting within social marketing campaigns is art and science. An analysis of Rare Pride conservation campaigns shows the quantitative, replicable relationship among the impact of these conservation campaigns with diffusion of innovation theory, and collective behavior theory that can guide marketers to set better goals. Rare is an environmental conservation organization that focuses on reducing community-based threats to biodiversity through a social marketing campaign called Pride. Pride campaigns work by removing barriers to change (whether they are technical, social, and political or something else) and inspiring people to make change happen. Based on the analysis of historical Pride campaign survey data, we found that the starting percentage of engagement has a great influence on the percentage change at the end of the campaign: The higher the initial adoption level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior change, the easier these measures are to improve. The result also suggests a difference in the potential of change with different audience segments: It is easiest to change influencer, then general public, and finally resource user who are the target of the social marketing campaign. In this article, we will analyze how to use diffusion of innovation and collective behavior theories to explain the impact of campaigns, as well as how to set more attainable goals. This article is consistent with similar research in the field of public health, which should help marketers set goals more tightly, allocate resources more effectively, and better manage donor expectations.

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Thermo-Solutal Convection of a Nanofluid Utilizing Fourier’s-Type Compass Conditions

Journal of Nanofluids ◽

10.1166/jon.2020.1759 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 362-374

Author(s):

J. C. Umavathi ◽

Ali J. Chamkha

Keyword(s):

Brownian Motion ◽

Prandtl Number ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Temperature Fields ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Surface Boundary ◽

Perturbation Scheme ◽

Runge Kutta ◽

The Impact

Nanotechnology has infiltrated into duct design in parallel with many other fields of mechanical, medical and energy engineering. Motivated by the excellent potential of nanofluids, a subset of materials engineered at the nanoscale, in the present work, a new mathematical model is developed for natural convection in a vertical duct containing nanofluid. Numerical scrutiny for the double-diffusive free and forced convection within a duct encumbered with nanofluid is performed. Buongiorno’s model is deployed to define the nanofluid. Robin boundary conditions are used to define the surface boundary conditions. Thermal and concentration equations envisage the viscous, Brownian motion, thermosphores of the nanofluid, Soret and Dufour effects. Using the Boussi-nesq approximation the solutal buoyancy effect as a result of gradients in concentration are incorporated. The conservation equations which are nonlinear are numerically estimated using fourth order Runge-Kutta methodology and analytically ratifying regular perturbation scheme. The mass, heat, nanoparticle concentration and species concentration fields on eight dimensionless physical parameters such as thermal and mass Grashof numbers, Brownian motion parameter, thermal parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, Schmidt parameter, and Soret parameter are calculated. The impact of these parameters are outlined pictorially. The velocity and temperature fields are boosted with the thermal Grashof number. The Soret and the Schemidt parameters reduces the nanoparticle volume fraction but it heightens the momentum, temperature and concentration. At the cold wall thermal and concentration Grashof numbers reduces the Nusselt values but they increase the Nusselt values at the hot wall. The reversal consequence was attained at the hot plate. The perturbation and Runge-Kutta solutions are equal in the nonappearance of Prandtl number. The (E. Zanchini, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 41, 3949 (1998)). results are restored for the regular fluid. The heat transfer rate is high for nanofluid when matched with regular fluid.

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Identification of Corrosion on a Hollow Tube Using Vibration

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.176 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 564 ◽

pp. 176-181

Author(s):

S.T. Cheng ◽

Nawal Aswan Abdul Jalil ◽

Zamir A. Zulkefli

Keyword(s):

Free Boundary ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Natural Frequency ◽

Impact Loading ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Natural Frequencies ◽

Localized Corrosion ◽

Free Boundary Conditions ◽

The Impact ◽

Impact Vibration

Vibration based technique have so far been focused on the identification of structural damage. However, not many studies have been conducted on the corrosion identification on pipes. The objective of this paper is to identify corrosion on pipes from vibration measurements. A hollow pipe, 500 mm in length with 63.5 mm in diameter was subjected to impact loading using an impact hammer to identify the natural frequency of the tube in two conditions i) without any corrosion and ii) with an induced localized 40 mm by 40 mm corrosion at the middle of the pipe. The shift of natural frequencies of the structures under free boundary conditions was examined for each node of excitation. The results showed that there is a shift in natural frequency of the pipe, between 3 and 4 Hz near to the corrosion area. It can suggested that that the impact vibration is capable of identifying of localized corrosion on a hollow tube.

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The Impact of Performance Management on Mission Statement and Operational Goal Setting

International Journal of Business and Management ◽

10.5539/ijbm.v9n11p189 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fatemeh S. Shahmehr ◽

Narges Safari ◽

Mohammad Javad Jamshidi ◽

Noor-Mohammad Yaghoobi

Keyword(s):

Performance Management ◽

Goal Setting ◽

Mission Statement ◽

The Impact ◽

Operational Goal

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Impact of Different Components and Boundary Conditions on the Eigenfrequencies of a Magnet–Girder Assembly

Instruments ◽

10.3390/instruments5030029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Simone Andresen

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Particle Beam ◽

Design Development ◽

Material Density ◽

Electron Synchrotron ◽

Support Points ◽

Beam Stability ◽

Development Processes ◽

Large Triangle ◽

The Impact

Synchrotron radiation facilities are very important in different areas of fundamental and applied science to investigate structures or processes at small scales. Magnet–girder assemblies play a key role for the performance of such accelerator machines. High structural eigenfrequencies of the magnet–girder assemblies are required to assure a sufficient particle beam stability. The objective of the present parametric study was to numerically investigate and quantify the impact of different boundary conditions and components on the magnet–girder eigenfrequencies. As case studies, two 3 m long girder designs following the specifications of the PETRA IV project at DESY (German Electron Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany) were selected. High magnet–girder assembly eigenfrequencies were achieved by, e.g., positioning the magnets close to the upper girder surface, increasing the connection stiffness between the magnets and the girder and between the girder and the bases, and positioning the girder support points as high as possible in the shape of a large triangle. Comparing the E/ρ ratio (E: Young’s modulus, ρ: material density) of different materials was used as a first approach to evaluate different materials for application to the girder. Based on the findings, general principles are recommended to be considered in the future girder design development processes.

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