Dynamics of stem radial growth of Picea meyeri during the growing season at the treeline of Luya Mountain, China

It is important to explore the responses of radial tree growth in different regions to understand growth patterns and to enhance forest management and protection with climate change. We constructed tree ring width chronologies of Picea crassifolia from different regions of the Qilian Mountains of northwest China. We used Pearson correlation and moving correlation to analyze the main climate factors limiting radial growth of trees and the temporal stability of the growth–climate relationship, while spatial correlation is the result of further testing the first two terms in space. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Radial growth had different trends, showing an increasing followed by a decreasing trend in the central region, a continuously increasing trend in the eastern region, and a gradually decreasing trend in the isolated mountain. (2) Radial tree growth in the central region and isolated mountains was constrained by drought stress, and tree growth in the central region was significantly negatively correlated with growing season temperature. Isolated mountains showed a significant negative correlation with mean minimum of growing season and a significant positive correlation with total precipitation. (3) Temporal dynamic responses of radial growth in the central region to the temperatures and SPEI (the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index) in the growing season were unstable, the isolated mountains to total precipitation was unstable, and that to SPEI was stable. The results of this study suggest that scientific management and maintenance plans of the forest ecosystem should be developed according to the response and growth patterns of the Qinghai spruce to climate change in different regions of the Qilian Mountains.

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Blocking phloem transport triggers bimodal radial growth in Pinus sylvestris at a xeric site

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2095 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Walter Oberhuber ◽

Anton Landlinger-Weilbold ◽

Andreas Gruber ◽

Gerhard Wieser

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Growing Season ◽

Phloem Transport ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Summer Drought ◽

The Impact

A bimodal radial grow pattern, i.e. growth peaks in spring and autumn, was repeatedly found in trees in Mediterranean regions, where summer drought causes reduction or cessation of cambial activity. In a dry inner Alpine valley of the Eastern Alps (Tyrol, Austria, c. 750 m asl), which is characterized by drought periods at the start of the growing season in spring and more favorable conditions during summer, Pinus sylvestris shows an unimodal growth pattern with onset and cessation of cambial activity in early April and late June, respectively. Although xylem cell differentiation (cell wall thickening) may last until end of August, a resumption of cambial activity after intense summer rainfall was not observed in this region. In a field experiment we therefore tested the hypothesis that early cessation of cambial activity under drought is an adaptation to limited water availability during the growing season (April through June), leading to an early and irreversible switch of carbon (C) allocation to belowground. To accomplish this, the C status of c. 20 year old Pinus sylvestris saplings (mean stem height 1.5 m) was manipulated at a xeric site by physical blockage of phloem transport (girdling) in mid-July (doy 199), i.e. c. four weeks after cessation of cambial cell division. The influence of manipulated C availability on radial growth was continuously recorded by stem dendrometers, which were mounted 5 cm above girdling. In response to blockage of phloem flow, resumption of radial growth was detected above the girdling zone after about 2 weeks, i.e., bimodal growth could be triggered above girdling by increasing C availability. Although the experimentally induced second growth surge lasted for the same period as in spring (i.e., c. 2 months), the increment was more than twice as large. Below girdling radial growth was not affected (i.e., no reactivation of cambial activity occurred), but cell wall thickness of last latewood cells was significantly reduced indicating lack of C after girdling. Intense radial growth resumption in Pinus sylvestris saplings after girdling indicates that cessation of stem cambial activity can be reversed by manipulating the C status of the stem suggesting a high belowground C demand on the drought-prone, nutrient deficient site. This work highlights the need of in-depth experimental studies in order to understand the impact of endogenous and exogenous factors on cambial activity more clearly.The research was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; project number P25643-B16).

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Weekly xylem production in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) in response to artificial defoliation

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b04-032 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 590-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Brin Jones ◽

Jacques Tardif ◽

Richard Westwood

Keyword(s):

Populus Tremuloides ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Regression Models ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Ring Width ◽

Growing Season ◽

Early Growth ◽

Trembling Aspen ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Significant Difference

The present study investigated the effect of artificial defoliation on weekly radial xylem production in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). It was hypothesized that defoliated trees would show reduced xylem and vessel production and thinner secondary walls in fibres. Two adjacent natural forest sites were selected within Winnipeg, Manitoba. Microcores were extracted weekly from the stems of 30 aspen trees from May to October 2002. Ten aspen trees were defoliated using pole pruners between 22 June and 6 July. Measurements included weekly xylem increment, annual vessel characteristics, and late growing season fibre dimensions. No significant difference in overall ring width was observed; however, trees from both groups showed a significant reduction in ring width in 2002. The ratio of radial growth in 2002 / radial growth in 2001 was significantly less in defoliated trees, suggesting a higher reduction in radial growth due to defoliation. Sigmoidal regression models suggested early growth cessation in defoliated trees. No significant differences in vessel characteristics were observed between groups; however, the diameter and lumen width of fibres was significantly reduced in defoliated trees. It is speculated that a shorter radial growing season may have led to a reduced cell elongation period. An early cessation of the radial growing season associated with a reallocation of carbohydrates to produce a second flush of leaves could explain the reduced size of fibres from defoliated trees.Key words: wood anatomy, diffuse porous, image analysis, radial growth, cell dimension, dendrochronology.

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Temporal and spatial variation of oak growth–climate relationships along a pollution gradient in the midwestern United States

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x93-102 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 772-782 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

David C. LeBlanc

Keyword(s):

Physiological Response ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Acidic Deposition ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Growing Season ◽

Ohio River ◽

River Region ◽

Daily Weather Data ◽

Deposition Gradient ◽

Response Variables

The Kalman filter procedure was used to evaluate temporal variation in associations between physiologically based climate indices and radial growth of black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) and white oak (Quercusalba L.) at seven similar sites along the Ohio River corridor acidic-deposition gradient. Physiological response variables were derived by a model that used daily weather data to estimate effects of climate on growing season net photosynthesis and woody respiration. Correlations between oak radial growth indices and physiological response variables deteriorated over the period of record (1900–1987) at all seven study sites; there was no spatial association between the deterioration and the acidic-deposition gradient. This deterioration of growth–climate correlations was temporally associated with decreased growing season temperature at all seven sites; no consistent temporal trend was found for growing season precipitation. The effects of decreasing temperature on modeled physiological response variables included increased net photosynthesis and decreased woody respiration. These results suggest that recent assessments of relationships between acidic deposition and forest condition in the Ohio River region have been done during a time period of relaxed climatic stress and may have underestimated pollution–climate stress interactions.

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Drought Treated Seedlings of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Q. robur L. and Their Morphological Intermediates Show Differential Radial Growth and Wood Anatomical Traits

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11020250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 250

Author(s):

Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽

Arion Turcsán ◽

Éva Erdélyi ◽

Hans Beeckman

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Ring Width ◽

Growing Season ◽

Quercus Petraea ◽

Ring Closure ◽

Drought Treatment ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Earlywood Vessels

Background and Objectives: Studying responses in woody plants upon water limitation is gaining importance due to the predicted increase in frequency and intensity of droughts in Europe. We studied the variation in radial growth and in wood anatomical traits caused by water limited growth conditions in offspring from Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Q. robur L. and their morphological intermediates grown in the same environment. Materials and Methods: Cross sections were prepared from the stems of 210 three-year-old potted seedlings, comprising control plants and seedlings that experienced from late spring until early autumn of the first growing season two sequential periods of water with-holding each followed by plentiful re-watering. Pith radius, ring width of the three growing seasons and latewood vessel diameter in second and third growing season were measured. Presence of intra-annual density fluctuations, dendritic patterns of latewood vessels and the level of ring closure of earlywood vessels were observed. The traits were modelled to examine the explanatory power of the taxon of the mother tree and the drought treatment. Results: Most of the traits displayed significant differences between offspring from Q. petraea and Q. robur and offspring from the morphological intermediates behaved inconsistent among the traits. Most of the traits were significantly affected by the drought stress in the first growing season. Apart from radial growth, also latewood vessel size was reduced in the two growing seasons following the year in which drought was imposed on the seedlings, suggesting an adaptation to improve the tolerance to drought stress. We also found an indication for a compensation growth mechanism, counteracting the lost growing time during the drought stress, as the level of ring closure of the earlywood vessels in the year following the drought treatment was further advanced in the treated seedlings, an effect that disappeared in the subsequent year. Conclusion: Oaks exposed to drought adapt their growth and xylem structure to improve drought resistance. While youth growth of Q. robur is more competition-oriented, with a faster juvenile growth, Q. petraea seems to invest more in a precautious growth, being more prepared for stressful conditions. It is therefore possible that Q. robur seedlings may suffer more from intensified droughts than Q. petraea seedlings.

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Hormonal Physiology of Wood Growth in Pinus radiata D. Don: Effects of Gibberellin A4 and the Influence of Abscisic Acid Upon (3H) Gibberellin A4 Metabolism

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9810559 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 559 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

RP Pharis ◽

PA Jenkins ◽

H Aoki ◽

T Sassa

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Growing Season ◽

Xylem Cell ◽

Highly Active ◽

Long Day ◽

Amylase Production ◽

Barley Aleurone ◽

Low Levels ◽

Glucosyl Ester

Xylem cell radial growth of 1-year-old seedlings of P. radiata was significantly increased by application of gibberellin A4 (GA4), or of abscisic acid (ABA) plus a smaller, and non-significant, dosage of GA4. In 10 out of 15 additional tests throughout the growing season, ABA tended to increase radial growth, and only once (in mid-summer) did ABA significantly reduce xylem cell radial growth. Seedlings were grown under well watered, warm, long-day conditions. Where GA4 (22 �g) or ABA (20 �g) plus GA4 (2 �g) increased xylem cell radial growth, the metabolism of [3H]GA4 was followed. Although not characterized from P. radiata, GA4 is native to P. attenuata, a species which will hybridize with P. radiata. At low levels (2 �g) of carrier GA4, [3H]GA4 metabolism was rapid, and ABA (20 �g) enhanced metabolism, especially into acidic metabolites. One metabolite was definitively characterized as GA34 and other metabolites eluted in regions of a SiO2 partition column coincidental with GA1, GA2, GAB and GA4 glucosyl ester. At high levels (22 �g) of carrier GA4, [3H]GA4 metabolism was dampened, and ABA reduced the metabolism of [3H]GA4 even further. Enhanced metabolism of [3H]GA4 in P. radiata by ABA is analogous to an earlier report [Nadeau et al. (1972). Planta 107, 315-24] where ABA enhanced the metabolism of [3H]GA1 in barley aleurone layers while reducing their GA1-stimulated amylase production. However, in P. radiata, ABA increased xylem cell radial growth while enhancing [3H]GA4 metabolism. If the metabolites of GA4 that were enhanced by ABA were highly active, a similar effect might also be exerted on endogenous GAs, thus explaining the modest tendency of ABA to promote radial growth through much of the year.

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Variation Among Isolates of Colletotrichum dematium var. truncata from Soybean and Three Colletotrichum spp. to Benomyl

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v66i1.7638 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 35-43

Author(s):

A. Rodríguez-Marcano ◽

J. B. Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Growing Season ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Spore Production ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Southern Illinois ◽

Colletotrichum Dematium ◽

Colletotrichum Spp

Three isolates of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum dematium var. truncata were obtained from soybean (Glycine max) during the 1975 growing season in central and southern Illinois and labeled Cd-1, Cd-2 and Cd-3. The three isolates produced curved conidia measuring between 17.8 to 23.3 µ long and 3.2 to 5.1 µ wide. Growth rate and spore production were variable among the three isolates with Cd-3 producing the most spores per cm2 of colony growth and Cd-2 producing the largest colony growth at 25° C. Isolate Cd-1, found to be tolerant to benomyl in vitro, showed a uniform radial-growth pattern on potato-dextrose agar amended with 1 to 350 µg/ml commercial benomyl, while isolates Cd-2 and Cd-3 showed a bimodal-type growth curve. Colletotrichum glycine and Coltetotrichum musae were sensitive to benomyl.

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Changes in climatic conditions in southeastern Transbaikalia during the growing season according to meteorological and dendrochronological data

Hydrometeorological research and forecasting ◽

10.37162/2618-9631-2021-3-80-98 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 80-98

Author(s):

I.L. Vakhnina ◽

◽

E.V. Noskova ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Growing Season ◽

Climatic Changes ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Precipitation Anomalies ◽

Meteorological Observations ◽

Heat And Moisture ◽

Climatic Characteristics

Climatic characteristics of southeastern Transbaikalia from May to September (the growing season), that determine the accumulation of plant biomass and, hence, agrometeorological characteristics of the territory, are analyzed. The study showed that from 1959 to 2018, there was a significant increase in air temperature values on average for the year and for the growing season. According to the values of precipitation anomalies for the last completed dry phase of the cycle (1999–2011), their increase in comparison with the previous one (1963–1982) is noted. From 2012 till now, a phase of increased moisture has been recorded. The tree-ring chronologies constructed from trees growing in southeastern Transbaikalia can be used to reconstruct the parameters of heat and moisture supply of the territory and to analyze climatic changes over a period significantly exceeding the series of meteorological observations (up to 500 years). Keywords: air temperature, precipitation, drought and moisture indices, dendrochronology, radial growth

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Radial growth responses of four oak species to climate in eastern and central North America

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2015-0020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 793-804 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

David C. LeBlanc ◽

David W. Stahle

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Great Plains ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Growing Season ◽

Seasonal Temperature ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Tree Ring Data

This study characterized associations between climate variables and radial growth of four oak species at sites distributed across central and eastern North America. Tree-ring data were obtained from 24, 29, 33, and 55 sites for Quercus prinus L., Quercus velutina Lam., Quercus macrocarpa Michx., and Quercus stellate Wangenh., respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were computed between radial growth and monthly and seasonal temperature and precipitation. Growth was most strongly and consistently correlated with precipitation and temperature during the early growing season (May to July). Coincident positive correlations with precipitation and negative correlations with temperature indicate that this relationship is mediated by site water balance. The combination of this plausible cause–effect mechanism and extensive spatial replication of these correlations suggest that they reflect cause–effect relationships. Growth of Q. stellata was correlated with precipitation during the dormant season, suggesting that stored soil water is important for growth of this species in the southern Great Plains. Despite substantial spatial variation in temperature and growing-season initiation between sites in Texas and Manitoba, Canada, there was little variation in the phenology of growth–climate associations; growth–climate correlations were strongest during the same May–July period at all sites. Results of this study support the hypothesis that temperate zone ring-porous oak species have similar phenology of growth–climate correlations and can be treated as a biologically meaningful functional group in forest simulation models.

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False rings in jack pine and black spruce trees from eastern Manitoba as indicators of dry summers

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x09-088 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 1722-1736 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Melissa Hoffer ◽

Jacques C. Tardif

Keyword(s):

Tree Ring ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Ring Width ◽

Growing Season ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Juvenile Period ◽

False Rings

False rings (FRs) are a tree-ring anomaly that can be used to better understand tree growth and potentially reconstruct past climatic events. The main objective of this study was to explore the association between FRs and climate, especially drought occurrence. Sampling was conducted in Nopiming Provincial Park. Wood cores were extracted from jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in five stands and from co-occurring black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in three of these stands. After cross-dating, earlywood, latewood, and total ring width were measured on all cores. All FRs were identified, and their position within a tree ring was determined. Both species showed similar radial growth and FR patterns. Jack pine and to a lesser extent black spruce both showed abundant FRs in the juvenile period. Springs with cool and snowy conditions and summers with severe drought were associated with a higher frequency of FRs. These anomalies could be formed partly in response to timing of the start of the growing season and to conditions during that growing season that lead to interruption and subsequent resumption of normal growth. Jack pine radial growth was found to be more sensitive to precipitation, whereas that of black spruce was more sensitive to temperature.

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