Obtaining the Controlled Sulphonitrocarburized Layer Phase Compositions, by the Variation of the Solid Powdery Medium Components

Simultaneous saturation of the metallic surface with sulphur, nitrogen and carbon � named sulphonitrocarburizing (SNC) process - may be carried out in a multitude of variants, differ in media state of aggregation which provide the elements in native state, or differ in phase composition. The most commonly used media in SNC process are liquid or gaseous and from standpoint of phase composition, there are media made of compounds generator of the cyanides, representing important source of carbon and nitrogen, and as a sulphur source, may be used iron sulphide, sodium sulphide, sodium thiocyanides or ammonium. Carbamide/urea (CON2H4) it is frequently used in the media composition met in nitro-carburizing or carbo-nitriding process, alongside being added carbonates (sodium or potassium carbonate), thus resulting in cyanides (primary sources of the elements helping superficial saturation of the metallic products), as a result of the reactions which take place at the operating temperature of process. The medium toxicity decreased, based on carbamide used in nitrocarburizing and in particular, SNC process, being possible by carbonates replacing with ammonium chloride. This paper quantify the possibility of using solid powder mixture constituted of carbamide, in order to achieve SNC process of the iron matrix and effects quantification varying the percentage of the solid powdery mixture, so that it becomes possible to control the layer phase composition, by modifying the phase composition of the powder mixture used in thermo chemical processing.

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Elucidation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Iron(III) Reduction for Kaolinite Clay Refinement

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3084

Author(s):

Hao Jing ◽

Zhao Liu ◽

Seng How Kuan ◽

Sylvia Chieng ◽

Chun Loong Ho

Keyword(s):

Iron Reduction ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Cellular Interaction ◽

Kaolin Clay ◽

Media Composition ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Kaolinite Clay ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Rich Media ◽

The Media

Recently, microbial-based iron reduction has been considered as a viable alternative to typical chemical-based treatments. The iron reduction is an important process in kaolin refining, where iron-bearing impurities in kaolin clay affects the whiteness, refractory properties, and its commercial value. In recent years, Gram-negative bacteria has been in the center stage of iron reduction research, whereas little is known about the potential use of Gram-positive bacteria to refine kaolin clay. In this study, we investigated the ferric reducing capabilities of five microbes by manipulating the microbial growth conditions. Out of the five, we discovered that Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus outperformed the other microbes under nitrogen-rich media. Through the biochemical changes and the microbial behavior, we mapped the hypothetical pathway leading to the iron reduction cellular properties, and found that the iron reduction properties of these Gram-positive bacteria rely heavily on the media composition. The media composition results in increased basification of the media that is a prerequisite for the cellular reduction of ferric ions. Further, these changes impact the formation of biofilm, suggesting that the cellular interaction for the iron(III)oxide reduction is not solely reliant on the formation of biofilms. This article reveals the potential development of Gram-positive microbes in facilitating the microbial-based removal of metal contaminants from clays or ores. Further studies to elucidate the corresponding pathways would be crucial for the further development of the field.

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The War Beat, Pacific

10.1093/oso/9780190053635.001.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Steven Casey

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

New York Times ◽

The Philippines ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Chicago Tribune ◽

Pacific War ◽

Daily News ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Media ◽

The Military

From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a group of highly courageous correspondents covered America’s war against Japan. Based on a wealth of previously untapped primary sources, War Beat, Pacific provides the first comprehensive account of what these reporters witnessed, what they were allowed to publish, and how their reports shaped the home front’s perception of some of the most pivotal battles in American history. In a dramatic and fast-paced narrative, the book takes us from MacArthur’s doomed defense on the Philippines and the navy’s overly strict censorship policy at the time of Midway through the bloody battles on Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Tarawa, Saipan, Leyte and Luzon, Iwo Jima and Okinawa, detailing the cooperation, as well as conflict, between the media and the military as they grappled with the enduring problem of limiting a free press during a period of extreme crisis. At the heart of this book are the brave, sometimes tragic stories of reporters like Clark Lee and Vern Haugland of the Associated Press, Byron Darnton and Tillman Durdin of the New York Times, Stanley Johnston and Al Noderer of the Chicago Tribune, George Weller of the Chicago Daily News, Keith Wheeler of the Chicago Times, and Robert Sherrod of Time magazine. Twenty-three correspondents died while reporting on the Pacific War. Many more sustained serious wounds. War Beat, Pacific shows how both the casualties and the survivors deserve to be remembered as America’s golden generation of journalists.

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In vitro shoot regeneration through anther culture of Brassica spp.

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5896 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 331-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MA Sayem ◽

M Maniruzzaman ◽

SS Siddique ◽

M Al-Amin

Keyword(s):

Plant Regeneration ◽

Anther Culture ◽

Shoot Regeneration ◽

Callus Induction ◽

Maximum Rate ◽

Media Composition ◽

Shoot Initiation ◽

The Media

The experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of three different genotypes (BARI Sarisha-6, BARI Sarisha-8, and BARI Sarisha-11) in two different media viz., MS and B5 with different concentrations of phytohormone (2, 4-D) for callus induction from uninucleate stage anthers of Brassica and subsequent plant regeneration in MS media with different concentrations of phytohormone (BAP and NAA). Among the genotypes, BARI Sarisha-8 showed the best performance for all the parameters of callus induction. The performance of BARI Sarisha-6 was poor compared to others. Maximum rate of callus induction (%) was observed in MS + 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D followed by B5 + 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The media combination MS + 1.0 mg/L BAP 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D showed the best performance for maintenance of calli. Significant variations were observed among the genotypes and media composition for shoot regeneration. Among the genotypes, BARI Sarisha-8 showed the best performance for shoot regeneration followed by BARJ Sarisha-l1. The genotype BARI Sarisha-8 produced higher percent of shoots/calli and required minimum days for shoot initiation. Higher percent calli without shoot were produced by the genotype BARI Sarisha-6. The media combination MS + 2.0 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA showed the best performance for shoot regeneration and required maximum days for shoot initiation. Keywords: Regeneration; BARI Sarisha-6; BARI Sarisha-8; BARI Sarisha-11; anther culture; phytohormone DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5896Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(2) : 331-341, June 2010

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Investigation of the Structure and Distribution of Chemical Elements between the Phases of Hard Alloys of the Cr3C2-Ti System, Obtained at Various Modes of Explosive Compaction

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.487 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 992 ◽

pp. 487-492

Author(s):

V.O. Kharlamov ◽

Aleksandr Vasilevich Krokhalev ◽

S.V. Kuz’min ◽

V.I. Lysak

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

Powder Mixture ◽

Chemical Interaction ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Equilibrium Phase ◽

Hard Alloys ◽

Explosive Compaction ◽

Thermo Calc Software ◽

Equilibrium Phases ◽

Explosive Pressing

The Article presents the findings of the studies of the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the Cr3C2-Ti system alloys obtained by the explosion. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive and x-ray diffraction analyses were used. The program Thermo-Calc software was used to calculate the equilibrium phases. The phase composition of the compact was shown to fully correspond to that of the initial powder mixture during explosive pressing in the modes of heating from 300 ̊С to 600 ̊С. When heated above 600 ̊С, the chemical interaction of the initial components begins with the formation of new boundary phases. Meanwhile, there is a change in the sample destruction nature and a significant increase in hardness, which points to the hard alloy consolidation. The increase in the powder mixture heating in shock waves to 1000 ̊С leads to intensive macrochemical interaction of the powder mixture components and to formation of an equilibrium phase composition. The established temperature limits determine the most appropriate parameters of shock-wave loading when producing hard alloys by explosive pressing.

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Standard Hot Pressing as a Possible Solution to Obtain Dense K0.5Na0.5NbO3 Ceramic Doped by Er2O3 and Yb2O3

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12244171 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 4171 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paweł Rutkowski ◽

Jan Huebner ◽

Adrian Graboś ◽

Dariusz Kata ◽

Dariusz Grzybek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Rare Earth ◽

Phase Composition ◽

Powder Mixture ◽

Hot Pressing ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Ultrasonic Methods ◽

Scanning Electron

In this study, the influence of the addition of rare earth oxides on the phase composition and density of KNN piezoelectric ceramics was investigated. The initial powders of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 were dried at 150 °C for 2 h. Then, a powder mixture for synthesis was prepared by adding a stoichiometric amount of Nb2O5 and 5 and 10 wt % overabundance of Na2CO3. All powders were mixed by ball-milling for 24 h and synthesized at 950 °C. The phase composition of the reaction bed was checked by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). It had an appearance of tetragonal and monoclinic K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) phases. Then, 1 and 2 wt % of Er2O3 and Yb2O3, were added to the mixture. Green samples of 25 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness were prepared and sintered by hot pressing at 1000 °C for 2 h under 25 MPa pressure. The final samples were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), XRD, Rietveld, and ultrasonic methods. Phase analysis showed tetragonal and orthorhombic KNN phases, and a contamination of (K2CO3·1.5H2O) was present. The obtained KNN polycrystals had a relative density above 95%. Texturing of the material was confirmed as a result of hot pressing.

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In vitro meristem-tip culture and regeneration approaches in Congolese cassava accessions (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. Boma and cv. Mpelo-Nlongi)

International Journal of Biological Research ◽

10.14419/ijbr.v3i2.5197 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

J.-Roger Bansimba Mukiese ◽

Aimé Diamuini Ndofunsu ◽

Freddy Bulubulu ◽

Alexandre Mbaya Ntumbula ◽

Sébastien Luyindula Ndiku

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Manihot Esculenta ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Media Composition ◽

Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽

Adenine Sulphate ◽

Meristem Tip Culture ◽

The Media

Shiny dome-like structures measuring less than 1mm in length were excised aseptically from shoot tip buds of infected of two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) local cultivars (Boma and Mpelo Nlongi) and cultivated in vitro in two types of media with different combination of growth hormone: Murashige and Skoog supplemented of sucrose (20 g/l), Naphtalenacetic acid (NAA, 10 μM), Ben-zylaminopurine (BAP, 0.66 μM) as well as Gibberellic acid (GA3, 0.1 μM) with 80 mg/l of Adenine sulphate and MS-free growth regulators. After four weeks, data were scored: 29.5% responding explant with callus formation and 20.5% responding explants to shoot development in the medium with growth regulators for the cultivar Boma whereas the cultivar Mpelo-Nlongi presented 5.7% and 25.7% respectively of callus formation and shoot development. The cultivar Boma presented a tendency more pronounced for the callus formation rather than with the shoot development contrary to the cultivar Mpelo-Nlongi. In regards of this experiment, it was shown that the media composition and genotype are essential factors, which influence in vitro growth, mainly the shoot development, in the culture of meristems for cassava local accessions.

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A Study on the Carbon Nitriding Process of BF Slag Containing Titanium

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.511 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 631-632 ◽

pp. 511-517

Author(s):

Liang Li ◽

Jun Wang ◽

Xing Ping Fan

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Holding Time ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Slag Particle ◽

Bf Slag ◽

Ore Dressing ◽

Titanium Magnetite

The experiment was done in which the BF slag containing titanium produced by Pangang with vanadium-titanium magnetite was dealt with carbon and nitrogen. The possibility of the carbon nitriding reactions were analyzed theoretically. It is found by thermodynamic calculation that the carbon nitriding of TiO2 is easier than that of other oxides and the temperature of carbon nitriding of perovskite can be reduced with the presence of Al2O3 and SiO2 in slag. The phase composition and microstructure of production from carbon nitriding were studied using X-ray diffraction and SEM. It is approved that the main phase composition of production from carbon nitriding under N2 was Ti(C,N). The influence factors, temperature, holding time and particle size were investigated. The results show, the phase compositions of the slag is mainly perovskite; the most suitable temperature and holding time of carbon nitriding is about 1450°C; the most appropriate holding time was about 2 hours and the most suitable size of the slag particle is about 180 meshes. With the optimization of the process, the size of Ti(C,N) can be increased which will benefit the recycle of Ti(C,N) in ore dressing.

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Optimization of carbon and nitrogen medium components for biomass production using non-Saccharomyceswine yeasts

Letters in Applied Microbiology ◽

10.1111/lam.12217 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 478-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

T. Schnierda ◽

F. F. Bauer ◽

B. Divol ◽

E. van Rensburg ◽

J. F. Görgens

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Medium Components

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Kajian Penambahan BahanOrganik Pada Media Tanam VW Pada Organogenesis AnggrekDendrobium SecaraIn Vitro

Jurnal SAINS ALAMI (Known Nature) ◽

10.33474/j.sa.v1i1.1392 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Siti Rahmah ◽

Tintrim Rahayu ◽

Ari Hayati

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Media Composition ◽

Growth Optimization ◽

The World ◽

The Media ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Bean Sprouts

In vitro tissue culture is a growth optimization technique of Dendrobium orchid with according to media composition. Nutritions in the media are important for dendrobium orchid. Dendrobium orchid include plant from orchidaceae family its spread throughout the world like indonesia. Its features are easily planted, intersest is continuous and varied, easily assembled, the flower crown is not easy to fall and wither. Research aimed at obtaining media compositions that are easily available and able to fulfill the needs of orchid plants. The research was conducted using descriptive methods to compare different trearment; Vacin & Went and VW media with adding organic matter; extract bean sprouts, potato extrac, and water coconut; wich is conducted for eight weeks after planting. The result of addition organic matter on VW media was different toward organogenesis of orchid. The average number of shoots is 1.8; the number of leaves average of 6.8 and the number of roots average of 3.6 formed from two until eight weeks after culture.Keywords: tissue culture, growing media, Dendrobium orchid, organogenesis.ABSTRAKKultur jaringan in vitro adalah salah satu teknik optimalisasi pada pertumbuhan tanaman angrek Dendrobium dengan menyesuaikan komposisi medianya. Nutrisi yang terdapat di dalam media sangat penting bagi pertumbuhan anggrek. Anggrek Dendrobium termasuk tanaman dari keluarga Orchidaceae yang penyebarannya sampai ke pelosok dunia seperti Indonesia. Keistimewaanya mudah ditanam, bunganya terus-menerus dan bermacam-macam, mudah disusun, serta mahkota bunga tidak mudah jatuh dan layu. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan komposisi media yang mudah didapat dan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan tanaman anggrek. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif untuk membandingkan perlakuan media yang berbeda yaitu media Vacin & Went, dan VW dengan penambahan bahan organik; ekstrak tauge kacang hijau, ekstrak kentang, dan air kelapa muda; yang dilakukan selama delapan minggu setelah tanam. Hasil penambahan bahan organik pada media VW berbeda terhadap organogenesis eksplan anggrek. Jumlah tunas rata-rata 1,8; Jumlah daun rata-rata 6,8 dan jumlah akar rata-rata 3,6 yang terbentuk dari dua minggu setelah kultur (MSK) sampai minggu terakhir pengamatan delapan MSK.Kata kunci: kultur jaringan, media tanam, angrek Dendrobium,organogenesis.

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Compost Usage for Growing Impatiens `Accent Red'

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.657d ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 657d-657

Author(s):

Kimberlv A. Klock ◽

George Fitzpatrick

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Control Medium ◽

Sphagnum Peat ◽

Medium Components ◽

Linear Decrease ◽

Refuse Derived Fuel ◽

Bedding Plant ◽

The Media

Three compost products [biosolids (SYT), refuse derived fuel residues (RYT), and municipal solid waste (MSW)] were compared to a commercial bedding plant medium of 60% Sphagnum peat: 25% shredded bark: 15% aerolite to support Impatiens wallerana `Accent Red' growth. The treatments consisted of 100% compost as a stand alone medium plus blends in which compost was combined with control medium components at 60% compost or 30% compost. Shoot dry mass of plants grown in 100% SYT and RYT was greater than shoot dry mass of Impatiens plants grown in 100% MSW. Plants grown in SYT showed an increase in shoot dry mass from 1.29 to 1.64 g as the percentage of compost in the mix increased from 0% to 100%, while plants grown in MSW showed a linear decrease in. shoot dry mass from 1.29 to 0.18 g. Shoot dry mass of plants grown in RYT did not differ significantly from 0% to 100% compost in the media.

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