China-North Korea merchandise trade and tourism industry relationship in stage 2017-2019 under the impact of International sanctions

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-109
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
The North ◽  
International Sanctions ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Industry Relationship ◽  
The Impact

Since 2017, the United Nations has strengthened the economic sanctions on North Korea. Many countries have stopped trading with North Korea, causing the economic certain difficulties. China has become a trade and tourism partner that accounting for almost all of the country's foreign currency earning. That had gone on until the beginning of 2020 when North Korea locked its borders to avoid the Covid-19 epidemic. North Korea is essentially famous for having published a quite relatively little information about themselves and being nicknamed “The Hermit Kingdom” due theirs policies. Therefore, the article will analyze mirror data from countries, then compare it with the actual situation of North Korea to assess the reliability of the data. Moreover, providing information on transport routes is major contributor to China-North Korea. Thereby, drawing comments on China-North Korea merchandise trade and tourism industry relationship in that stage and proving North Korean economic adaptation under International sanctions. The author also suggests polices to reach the North Korean development of self-reliance economics.

The Impact of Sanctions on North Korea’s Foreign Trade from the Perspective of the Comparative Advantage Theory

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
I. A. Korgun ◽  
G. D. Toloraya
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
National Economy ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

The presented study analyzes the opportunities for North Korea to capitalize on its competitive advantages in foreign trade in the context of sanctions.Aim. The study aims to identify mechanisms that allow North Korea to engage in foreign trade in circumvention of UN sanctions and to analyze their impact on the national economy.Tasks. The authors analyze the structure of North Korea’s national economy, its initial competitive advantage, identify the specific features of North Korea’s foreign trade in the context of sanctions, and determine the consequences of illicit trade in circumvention of sanctions for the national economy.Methods. This study uses an interdisciplinary approach that combines the classical theory of competitive advantage with the concept of rent seeking, with the concept of rent seeking and analysis of trade flows.Results. The study shows that, despite the restrictions imposed by sanctions, North Korea strives to make the most of its advantages, such as resource availability and cheap labor, in global trade. The country builds its own export-import chains in circumvention of sanctions. These chains are rather mobile, flexible, and controlled by the elite. As a result, benefits from trade that could be evenly distributed among the population are concentrated in the hands of a narrow segment of society. ‘Rent seeking’ makes it possible to formulate the negative consequences of these processes for the North Korean economy and the international community.Conclusions. Solving the North Korean issue requires an economic transformation in the country through the replacement of restrictive sanctions with more constructive ones. The exclusion of North Korea from open global trade leads to the country’s marginalization and impairs the transparency of international commodity flows.

Human Rights Diffusion in North Korea: The Impact of Transnational Legal Mobilization

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-203
Author(s):  
Patricia GOEDDE
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Legal Mobilization ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
The North ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Evidence Collection ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
Human Rights Discourse ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article asks how legal mechanisms are employed outside of North Korea to achieve human rights diffusion in the country; to what extent these result in human rights diffusion in North Korea; and whether measures beyond accountability can be pursued in tandem for more productive engagement. Specifically, it examines how the North Korean government has interacted with the globalized legal regime of human rights vis-à-vis the UN and details the legal processes and implications of the UN Commission of Inquiry report, including domestic legislation, and evidence collection. While transnational legal mobilization has gathered momentum on the accountability side, it is significantly weaker in terms of achieving human rights protection within North Korea given the government’s perception of current human rights discourse as part of an externally produced war repertoire. Thus, efforts to engage the North Korean population and government require concurrent reframing of human rights discourse into more localized and relatable contexts.

A Comparative Study on the Attitudes of Foreign Correspondents in Korea: Focusing on Their Views on North Korea

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Byung Jong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Editorial Policy ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Foreign Correspondents ◽  
The North ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Because newspaper readers or television viewers cannot directly experience or witness events that are happening in foreign countries, they have to rely heavily on foreign correspondents for their perspectives on the world. But the views of foreign correspondents can never be fully objective. Their views are often shaped by the government policies of the countries their companies belong to. Also, their attitudes are affected by the editorial policies of the companies they work for. Particularly for such controversial issues as North Korea, foreign correspondents' viewpoints are highly influenced by their government and company policies. The question is how foreign correspondents react when their government foreign policy is different from their company editorial policy. To examine the impact of government and company policies on the attitudes of foreign correspondents, this paper interviewed eight foreign correspondents covering North Korea. The results show government foreign policy and company editorial policy strongly influence the foreign correspondents' attitudes toward the North.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pilot Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in Vietnam, 2017–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Tuat ◽  
P. T. Hue ◽  
N. T. P. Loan ◽  
N. T. Thuy ◽  
L. T. Hue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The North ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are a growing public health and economic threat in Vietnam. We conducted a pilot surveillance programme in five provinces of Vietnam, two in the south and three in the north, to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rectal swab samples from pigs and fecal samples from chickens at slaughter points during three different points in time from 2017 to 2019. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion assay for 19 antimicrobial agents belonging to nine antimicrobial classes and Etest for colistin (polymyxin). Almost all E. coli (99%; 1029/1042) and NTS (96%; 208/216) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent; 94% (981/1042) of E. coli and 89% (193/216) of NTS isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Higher proportions of E. coli and NTS isolated from chickens were resistant to all antimicrobial classes than those isolates from pigs. There was a significantly higher proportion of MDR NTS isolates from the southern provinces of Ho Chi Minh City and Long An (p = 0.008). Although there were increasing trends of NTS in proportion of resistance to fluoroquinolone over the three surveillance rounds, there was a significant decreasing trend of NTS in proportion of resistance to polymyxin (p = 0.002). It is important to establish an annual AMR surveillance program for livestock in Vietnam to assess the impact of interventions, observe trends and drive decision making that ultimately contributes to reducing AMR public health threat.

scholarly journals Arribazones de Sargassum en la costa norte occidental de Cuba

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
G. Arencibia-Carballo ◽  
J.M. Irañeta Batallán ◽  
J. Morell ◽  
A.R. Moreira González
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Tidal Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Impact

The pelagic macroalgae finches of the Sargassum genus in the Caribbean Sea currently represent a very natural problem due to their negative impact on the tourism industry, fishing industry, the environment and society in general. This work presents an above report of Sargassum that occurred on the north western coast of the Cuban archipelago in March 2019. The macroalgae species identified in the tidal zone were Sargassum fluitans and S. natans, and the specific geographic area where the impact of the upheaval occurred was from the west of Matan-zas bay to Mariel bay. The finches of these macroalgae were cataloged with a moderate magnitude compared to other reports in the Mexican Caribbean and in the Dominican Republic. This order of magnitude was cataloged based on its covered area of 169.3 km and its distribution along the coast in large patches, but very fragmented, despite the prevailing winds from the first quadrant (from north to east) during this period. Other events of this type reported in Cuba and the Caribbean region are taken up and discussed. Keywords: Caribbean Sea, Sargassum fluitans, Sargassum natans, Cuba.

scholarly journals Hotel Marketing Strategy in Biak Papua to Survive During the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Andi Sahat Maasi Sigalingging ◽  
Dominggus Rudolf Leiwakabessy
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Online News ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Product Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hotel Marketing

 The pandemic has paralyzed global tourism. In Biak Papua, the impact of the pandemic on the tourism industry is enormous. Almost all hotels stop operating, even if one is open, that also opens up for the quarantine of Covid sufferers. This article examines the condition of hotels in Biak and the survival marketing strategies adopted during the outbreak. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach using in-depth interviews and literature studies on books, scientific journals, and online news. This study focuses on Basana Inn and Manna Inn, on the grounds of the level of representation of the Jasmine Hotel and customer types. The research results show that the impact of the pandemic has resulted in almost empty hotel occupancy. The strategy carried out is almost the same, namely by terminating employees permanently and temporarily, limiting the use of hotel facilities, spending efficiency, selling non-room products online, and refusing to refund bookings by changing visit schedules. During the Covid 19 pandemic, a marketing strategy is very important to do. In obtaining optimal results, strategies in marketing are carried out which have a very broad scope, including analytical strategies to face competition, price strategies, product strategies, service strategies and so on. The Covid 19 outbreak has given service companies a sense of worry or discomfort, especially the Basana Inn Hotel which is engaged in accommodation services. Seeing the results of the identification of problems in this study, researchers are interested in researching the title "Hotel Marketing Strategies in Biak Papua to Survive the Covid-19 Pandemic." The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the most appropriate strategy in the Covid 19 Pandemic situation.

scholarly journals Impact of Tourism Industry on the Economic Growth of Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
S. Anandasayanan ◽  
S. Balagobei ◽  
M. Amaresh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Impact

In Sri Lanka, tourism has been identified as the third largest and fastest growing source of foreign currency in 2018, after private remittances and textile and garment exports, accounting for almost $4.4 billion or 4.9 percent of gross domestic product in 2018. Tourism industry is a key element which accelerates the economic growth by earning high foreign exchange and reducing poverty by providing direct and indirect employment opportunities to locals. This study primarily investigates the impact of between tourism sector on economic growth by employing Augmented Dickey Fuller’s unit root test, correlation analysis and regression analysis. Annual data from 1989 to 2018 was used. The dependent variable was economic growth while tourists’ receipts were independent variable. Strong and positive correlation was explored between tourists’ receipts and economic growth meanwhile the results of regression analysis indicate that tourists’ receipts significantly impact on the economic growth.

scholarly journals Famine and Reform in North Korea

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Noland
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Food Crisis ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Korean Food

North Korea has been in a food emergency for more than a decade and in the 1990s experienced a famine that may have claimed one million lives. The crisis is distinguished by its protracted nature, and although conditions have eased somewhat in recent years, the situation remains precarious, and the country could lapse back into famine. This paper reviews the origins of the North Korean food crisis, the impact of the 1990s famine, and the prospects for resolution of the emergency in light of economic reforms initiated in 2002 and the subsequent diplomatic confrontation over the country's nuclear weapons program.

Reluctant Reconciliation: South Korea's tentative détente with North Korea in the Nixon era, 1969–72

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-94
Author(s):  
CHOI LYONG
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Short Article ◽  
South Korean ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article discusses the impact and implications of Sino-American reconciliation on South Korea's policy towards its conflict with North Korea as well as its effect on South Korean politics in the early 1970s. Specifically, this article will examine how the Park regime altered its policy toward the North in response to the demands of the Nixon administration, before discussing the limitations of the policy in terms of the hostile approach of the Park regime toward Pyongyang during its talks with North Korea in 1972.Based on recent findings in the South Korean and American archives, and an interview with former KCIA official Gang Indeok, this article contends that this particular focus provides an interesting case study to explain the impact of global changes on the domestic politics of specific nation(s) during the Cold War era. Along with many other American client states, the Republic of Korea misunderstood the objective of the United States before Nixon announced his Doctrine in 1969 and intention to reduce American support for Park. To be sure, it was not Washington's intention to build a democratic country in the Korean Peninsula. Rather, as Westad has indicated, the superpower sought greater control over the world and the expansion and extension of its power. This short article will thus demonstrate the process by which the client states of the United States—in particular, South Korea—came to understand the real aims of Washington and learned how to utilize these American intentions for their own national interest.

scholarly journals The North Korean Economy: Current Situation, Crisis, and Possible Scenarios

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Seok-Hyang Kim
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Political System ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Korean Economy ◽  
The North ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
North Korean Regime

For more than a half century, the international community largely ignored North Korea. Since 1990, however, the situation has changed dramatically and North Korea has begun to attract increasing international attention. Throughout the 1990s, scenarios of a North Korean collapse were in vogue. Yet, these estimations were proved to be wrong. It is now widely accepted that North Korea is relatively stable in the sense that it seems to have little trouble keeping its political system intact and functioning. By now, the most striking aspect of the North Korean political system is its extraordinary resilience. Why then has the North not yet collapsed, despite the chronic shortages of food, energy, and foreign currency? In this paper, I would like to raise two main questions. The first question is: “How serious are the difficulties of the North Korean economy?” And the second is: “What actions has the North Korean regime taken to resolve these difficulties and how effective those actions have been?” The North Korean regime has been striving to readjust and improve its economic strucrure since the 1970s. The regime has sought foreign capital and technology. However, the regime has been attempting to reformulate its economic structure within the strict framework of the existing political system whose survival was its paramount concern, and therefore it has failed to link the domestic economy with the world economy. What the regime has been doing is, on the one hand, to map out policy measures designed to open up its doors, while on the other hand escalating its ideological and political campaigns to prevent the people from being “contaminated” by a capiralist culture which it anticipated would develop as a result of such measures. It is no wonder that, under these conditions, all attempts at reforming met with only limited success at best. The North Korean regime, however, has negotiated with its people the expansion of its second economy, despite its reluctance to do so. In fact, the regime explicitly defined farmers' markets as remnants of “backward” capitalism which would become extinct as socialism reached a higher stage of development. It is expected that the ruling hierarchy in North Korea will be able to survive for a considerable period of time, despite the threatening economic crisis. So far in North Korea, the need to safeguard the existing political regime has been given far greater priority than the need to bring about reform. However, the North Korean regime, if it intends to survive, will be compelled to carry out full-scale reforms sooner or later.

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