scholarly journals Automating multistep flow synthesis: approach and challenges in integrating chemistry, machines and logic

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 960-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinmay A Shukla ◽  
Amol A Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Process ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Flow Synthesis ◽  
Multistep Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Strategy ◽  
Line Separation ◽  
Synthesis Approach ◽  
Scale Of Operation

The implementation of automation in the multistep flow synthesis is essential for transforming laboratory-scale chemistry into a reliable industrial process. In this review, we briefly introduce the role of automation based on its application in synthesis viz. auto sampling and inline monitoring, optimization and process control. Subsequently, we have critically reviewed a few multistep flow synthesis and suggested a possible control strategy to be implemented so that it helps to reliably transfer the laboratory-scale synthesis strategy to a pilot scale at its optimum conditions. Due to the vast literature in multistep synthesis, we have classified the literature and have identified the case studies based on few criteria viz. type of reaction, heating methods, processes involving in-line separation units, telescopic synthesis, processes involving in-line quenching and process with the smallest time scale of operation. This classification will cover the broader range in the multistep synthesis literature.

Short Films from a Small Nation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.

Hydrolysis of organic wastewater particles in laboratory scale and pilot scale biofilm reactors under anoxic and aerobic conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Janning ◽  
X. Le Tallec ◽  
P. Harremoës
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Hydrolysis and degradation of particulate organic matter has been isolated and investigated in laboratory scale and pilot scale biofilters. Wastewater was supplied to biofilm reactors in order to accumulate particulates from wastewater in the filter. When synthetic wastewater with no organic matter was supplied to the reactors, hydrolysis of the particulates was the only process occurring. Results from the laboratory scale experiments under aerobic conditions with pre-settled wastewater show that the initial removal rate is high: rV, O2 = 2.1 kg O2/(m3 d) though fast declining towards a much slower rate. A mass balance of carbon (TOC/TIC) shows that only 10% of the accumulated TOC was transformed to TIC during the 12 hour long experiment. The pilot scale hydrolysis experiment was performed in a new type of biofilm reactor - the B2A® biofilter that is characterised by a series of decreasing sized granular media (80-2.5 mm). When hydrolysis experiments were performed on the anoxic pilot biofilter with pre-screened wastewater particulates as carbon source, a rapid (rV, NO3=0.7 kg NO3-N/(m3 d)) and a slowler (rV, NO3 = 0.3 kg NO3-N/(m3 d)) removal rate were observed at an oxygen concentration of 3.5 mg O2/l. It was found that the pilot biofilter could retain significant amounts of particulate organic matter, reducing the porosity of the filter media of an average from 0.35 to 0.11. A mass balance of carbon shows that up to 40% of the total incoming TOC accumulates in the filter at high flow rates. Only up to 15% of the accumulated TOC was transformed to TIC during the 24 hour long experiment.

Role of Zeolites and Zeotypes in Green Chemistry

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotsna S. Meshram ◽  
Devendra S. Raghuvanshi
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Chemical Waste ◽  
Specific Morphology

Abstract:: Now days, it is of utmost important to design synthetic methods; which can be utilized for the generation of substances that will minimize toxicity to health of human and the environment. The utilization of acid catalysts generates lots of corrosive and harmful wastes which has to be treated with appropriate alkalis. Hence, it generates lots of sludge and alarms environmental issues of its storage and disposal. Zeolites and Zeotypes; by virtue of their peculiar properties; such as specific morphology, porosity and residing acidity; attracting enormous attention as they replaces harmful acid catalysts efficiently and also reduces chemical waste in industrial process; Hence emerged as new plethora in the field of “Green Chemistry”.

scholarly journals Investigation of Co–Fe–Al Catalysts for High-Calorific Synthetic Natural Gas Production: Pilot-Scale Synthesis of Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Tae Young Kim ◽  
Seong Bin Jo ◽  
Jin Hyeok Woo ◽  
Jong Heon Lee ◽  
Ragupathy Dhanusuraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Spinel Phase ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Synthetic Natural Gas ◽  
Co Conversion ◽  
Ft Ir

Co–Fe–Al catalysts prepared using coprecipitation at laboratory scale were investigated and extended to pilot scale for high-calorific synthetic natural gas. The Co–Fe–Al catalysts with different metal loadings were analyzed using BET, XRD, H2-TPR, and FT-IR. An increase in the metal loading of the Co–Fe–Al catalysts showed low spinel phase ratio, leading to an improvement in reducibility. Among the catalysts, 40CFAl catalyst prepared at laboratory scale afforded the highest C2–C4 hydrocarbon time yield, and this catalyst was successfully reproduced at the pilot scale. The pelletized catalyst prepared at pilot scale showed high CO conversion (87.6%), high light hydrocarbon selectivity (CH4 59.3% and C2–C4 18.8%), and low byproduct amounts (C5+: 4.1% and CO2: 17.8%) under optimum conditions (space velocity: 4000 mL/g/h, 350 °C, and 20 bar).

Assessment of clogging in constructed wetlands by saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Licciardello ◽  
R. Aiello ◽  
V. Alagna ◽  
M. Iovino ◽  
D. Ventura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Ks Values

Abstract This study aims at defining a methodology to evaluate Ks reductions of gravel material constituting constructed wetland (CW) bed matrices. Several schemes and equations for the Lefranc's test were compared by using different gravel sizes and at multiple spatial scales. The falling-head test method was implemented by using two steel permeameters: one impervious (IMP) and one pervious (P) on one side. At laboratory scale, mean K values for a small size gravel (8–15 × 10−2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 19,466 m/d and 30,662 m/d, respectively. Mean Ks values for a big size gravel (10–25 × 10−2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 12,135 m/d and 20,866 m/d, respectively. Comparison of Ks values obtained by the two permeameters at laboratory scale as well as a sensitivity analysis and a calibration, lead to the modification of the standpipe equation, to evaluate also the temporal variation of the horizontal Ks. In particular, both permeameters allow the evaluation of the Ks decreasing after 4 years-operation and 1–1.5 years' operation of the plants at full scale (filled with the small size gravel) and at pilot scale (filled with the big size gravel), respectively.

The Role of Water in the Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Wood

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Derome ◽  
Alessandra Patera ◽  
Ahmad Rafsanjani ◽  
Saeed Abbasion ◽  
Jan Carmeliet
Keyword(s):  
Water Sorption ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Environmental Loading ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
Fully Coupled

Wood, due to its biological origin, has the capacity to interact with water. Sorption/desorption of moisture is accompanied with swelling/shrinkage and softening/hardening of its stiffness. The correct prediction of the behavior of wood components undergoing environmental loading or industrial process requires that the hygric, thermal and mechanical (HTM) behavior of wood are considered in a coupled manner. In addition, we propose a comprehensive framework using a fully coupled poromechanical approach, where its multiscale implementation provides the capacity to take into account, directly, the exact geometry of wood cellular structure, using computational homogenization. A hierarchical model is used to take into account the subcellular composite-like organization of the material. Such advanced modeling requires high resolution experimental data for the appropriate determination of inputs and for its validation.

scholarly journals Effect of Spray Dryer Scale Size on the Properties of Dried Beetroot Juice

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6700
Author(s):  
Jolanta Gawałek
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Centrifugal Atomization ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Drying Efficiency

Experiments detailing the spray drying of fruit and vegetable juices are necessary at the experimental scale in order to determine the optimum drying conditions and to select the most appropriate carriers and solution formulations for drying on the industrial scale. In this study, the spray-drying process of beetroot juice concentrate on a maltodextrin carrier was analyzed at different dryer scales: mini-laboratory (ML), semi-technical (ST), small industrial (SI), and large industrial (LI). Selected physicochemical properties of the beetroot powders that were obtained (size and microstructure of the powder particles, loose and tapped bulk density, powder flowability, moisture, water activity, violet betalain, and polyphenol content) and their drying efficiencies were determined. Spray drying with the same process parameters but at a larger scale makes it possible to obtain beetroot powders with a larger particle size, better flowability, a color that is more shifted towards red and blue, and a higher retention of violet betalain pigments and polyphenols. As the size of the spray dryer increases, the efficiency of the process expressed in powder yield also increases. To obtain a drying efficiency >90% on an industrial scale, process conditions should be selected to obtain an efficiency of a min. of 50% at the laboratory scale or 80% at the semi-technical scale. Designing the industrial process for spray dryers with a centrifugal atomization system is definitely more effective at the semi-technical scale with the same atomization system than it is at laboratory scale with a two-fluid nozzle.

scholarly journals The simultaneous removal of bisphenol A, manganese and ammonium from groundwater by MeOx: The role of chemical catalytic oxidation for bisphenol A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingming Guo ◽  
Ben Ma ◽  
Jianxiong Huang ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Ruifeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Film ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Simultaneous Removal ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Synergy Effect ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Abstract The iron and manganese oxide filter film (MeOx) were used to research the simultaneous removal of bisphenol A (BPA), manganese (Mn2+) and ammonium (NH4+) in a pilot-scale filter system. We found that 0.52 mg/L of BPA could be removed while consuming 5.44 mg/L of dissolved oxygen (DO). Since the oxidation process of NH4+ and BPA both consume the DO in water, the presence of NH4+ can hinder the removal of BPA. The presence of Mn2+ in water had a synergy effect on the BPA removal. The filter film was characterized by SEM, XRD and XPS. Some substances were generated to block the pores of the oxide film, and a small amount of film was found to crack and fall off. The elemental composition of C and O were both increased by about 9%, the composition of Mn was decreased from 63.48% to 44.55%, and the reduced manganese substance might affect the activity of the oxide film. The main chemical forms of MeOx are Mn6O12·3H2O, MnFe2O4 or Mn3O4. The decrease in the removal efficiency of BPA was mainly due to the C-containing intermediate [−CH2C − H(OH)]n covering the surface of the oxide film and blocking the pore size of the film.

scholarly journals Influence of Light Intensity and Temperature on Cultivation of Microalgae Desmodesmus Communis in Flasks and Laboratory-Scale Stirred Tank Photobioreactor

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vanags ◽  
L. Kunga ◽  
K. Dubencovs ◽  
V. Galvanauskas ◽  
O. Grīgs
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Shake Flask ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Light Limitation ◽  
Maximum Biomass

Abstract Optimization of the microalgae cultivation process and of the bioprocess in general traditionally starts with cultivation experiments in flasks. Then the scale-up follows, when the process from flasks is transferred into a laboratory-scale bioreactor, in which further experiments are performed before developing the process in a pilot-scale reactor. This research was done in order to scale-up the process from a 0.4 1 shake flask to a 4.0 1 laboratory-scale stirred-tank photobioreactor for the cultivation of Desmodesmus (D.) communis microalgae. First, the effect of variation in temperature (21-29 ºC) and in light intensity (200-600 μmol m-2s-1) was studied in the shake-flask experiments. It was shown that the best results (the maximum biomass concentration of 2.72 g 1-1 with a specific growth rate of 0.65 g g-1d-1) can be achieved at the cultivation temperature and light intensity being 25 °C and 300 μmol m2s-1, respectively. At the same time, D. communis cultivation under the same conditions in stirred-tank photobioreactor resulted in average volumetric productivities of biomass due to the light limitation even when the light intensity was increased during the experiment (the maximum biomass productivity 0.25 g 1-1d-1; the maximum biomass concentration 1.78 g 1-1).

Removal of Total Coliform and TSS for Hospital Wastewater by Optimizing the Role of Typha Angustifolia and Fine Sand-Gravel Media in Horizontal Sub Surface Flow Constructed Wetland

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Abdul Gani Akhmad
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Typha Angustifolia ◽  
Hospital Wastewater

This study aims to evaluate the performance of a pilot-scale HSSF-CW utilizing Typha angustifolia and fine sand-gravel media in removing total coliform and TSS from hospital wastewater. Three pilot-scale HSSF-CW cells measuring 1.00 x 0.45 x 0.35 m3 were filled with gravel sand media with a diameter of 5 - 8 mm as high as 35 cm with a submerged media depth of 0.30 m. There were three treatments, namely the first cell (CW1) without plants, the second cell (CW2) was planted with a density of 12 Typha angustifolia plants, and the third cell (CW3) was planted with a density of 24 Typha angustifolia plants. The three HSSF-CW cells received the same wastewater load with total coliform and TSS contents of 91000 MPN / 100 mg and 53 mg / L, respectively, with Hydraulic Loading Rates 3,375 m3 per day. Wastewater was recirculated continuously to achieve the equivalent HSSF-CW area requirement. The experimental results show that the performance of CW3 is more efficient than CW1 and CW2 in total coliform and TSS removal for hospital wastewater. The pollutant removal efficiency at CW3 reached 91.76% for total coliform with one day hydraulic retention time and 81.00% for TSS with two days of hydraulic retention time. This study concludes that the HSSF-CW system using sand-gravel media with a diameter of 5 - 8 mm with a submerged media depth of 0.30 m and planted with Typha angustifolia with a tighter spacing proved to be more efficient in removing total coliform and TSS from hospital wastewater.

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