scholarly journals NET N MINERALISATION IN COCONUT/NITROGEN FIXING TREE BASED SYSTEM

CORD ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
N.A Tennakoon ◽  
M. de S, Liyanage
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Field Incubation

To study the net N mineralisation rates of coconut/NFT plantations, a field incubation technique was carried out. In this study, four types of NFT i.e. Acacia auriculiformis, Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and coconut monocropping were selected. Forty plastic tubes were inserted into the soil, to a depth of 15 cm at a distance of 2 m and l m away from coconut palm, for field incubation period of 2 weeks. Similarly another set of forty tubes were inserted for a 4 week field incubation period, after removing the previous set of tubes. Fresh soll samples (same depth) were also taken close to the inserted tubes on the day on which tubes were inserted for the estimation of initial N concentrations in the soil. Mineralised N concentrations were extracted by 2 M KCl and the net N mineralisation rates were calculated.   Net N mineralisation was significantly higher (P= 0.001) 4 weeks after field incubation peniod than 2 weeks and also, the significant higher (P= 0.001) net N mineralisation was shown 2 m away from coconut than l m away from coconut. The highest net N mineralisation (4.9 ‑ 15.5 kgha-1) was found in Gliricidia site than in the other NFT sites, followed by Leucaena > Calliandra > Acacia. The lowest net N mineralisation (1.2 ‑ 2.2 kgha-1) was recorded in the coconut monocrop, either 2 weeks or 4 weeks incubation period. This study clearly indicated that growing NFTs with coconut enhances N availability in coconut lands and Gliricidia being the most promismig.

scholarly journals Evidence of an American Origin for Symbiosis-Related Genes in Rhizobium lusitanum

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (16) ◽  
pp. 5665-5670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Valverde ◽  
Encarna Velázquez ◽  
Emilio Cervantes ◽  
José M. Igual ◽  
Peter van Berkum
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Narrow Host Range

ABSTRACTRandomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the diversity of 179 bean isolates recovered from six field sites in the Arcos de Valdevez region of northwestern Portugal. The isolates were divided into 6 groups based on the fingerprint patterns that were obtained. Representatives for each group were selected for sequence analysis of 4 chromosomal DNA regions. Five of the groups were placed withinRhizobium lusitanum, and the other group was placed withinR. tropicitype IIA. Therefore, the collection of Portuguese bean isolates was shown to include the two speciesR. lusitanumandR. tropici. In plant tests, the strains P1-7, P1-1, P1-2, and P1-16 ofR. lusitanumnodulated and formed nitrogen-fixing symbioses both withPhaseolus vulgarisandLeucaena leucocephala. A methyltransferase-encodingnodSgene identical with theR. tropicilocus that confers wide host range was detected in the strain P1-7 as well as 24 others identified asR. lusitanum. A methyltransferase-encodingnodSgene also was detected in the remaining isolates ofR. lusitanum, but in this case the locus was that identified with the narrow-host-rangeR. etli. Representatives of isolates with thenodSofR. etliformed effective nitrogen-fixing symbioses withP. vulgarisand did not nodulateL. leucocephala. From sequence data ofnodS, theR. lusitanumgenes for symbiosis were placed within those of eitherR. tropiciorR. etli. These results would support the suggestion thatR. lusitanumwas the recipient of the genes for symbiosis with beans from bothR. tropiciandR. etli.

scholarly journals Kajian In Vitro Kecernaan Fraksi Serat Hijauan Tropis pada Media Cairan Rumen Kambing

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Marselinus Hambakodu ◽  
Alexander Kaka ◽  
Yessy Tamu Ina
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Sesbania Grandiflora ◽  
Fiber Digestibility ◽  
Swietenia Mahagoni

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kecernaan NDF, kecernaan ADF dan kecernaan hemiselulosa pada hijauan pakan tropis secara in vitro. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 8 jenis pakan hijauan tropis dan cairan rumen kambing PE berfistula yang diberi pakan dengan kandungan PK 12% dan TDN 62%. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap 8 perlakuan pakan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P1 = turi (Sesbania grandiflora), P2 = nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), P3 = pisang (Musa acuminate), P4 = mangga (Mangifera indica L.), P5 = gamal (Gliricidia sepium), P6 = mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.), P7 = kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) dan P8 = lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA taraf 5%, dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecernaan NDF, kecernaan ADF, dan kecernaan hemiselulosa berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Hijauan pakan tropis lamtoro, kaliadra dan gamal memiliki kecernaan NDF, kecernaan ADF lebih tinggi dibandingkan turi, nangka, pisang, mangga, dan mahoni, namun kecernaan hemiselulosa kaliandra, manga dan lamtoro tertinggi. Kesimpulan, hijauan Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus, dan Gliricidia sepium memiliki kecernaan NDF tertinggi (70,34%; 66,26% dan 62,29%), dan kecernaan ADF tertinggi (53,79%; 48,08%; dan 58,91%), namun kecernaan hemiselulosa tertinggi adalah Calliandra calothyrsus, Mangifera indica L, dan Leucaena leucocephala (18,18%; 17,80% dan 16,55%).Kata kunci: in vitro, hijauan tropis, kecernaan, serat ABSTRACTThis research was conducted to evaluate neutral detergent fiber digestibility, acid detergent fiber digestibility, and hemicellulose digestibility on tropical browse plants in vitro. The materials used in this research were 8 types of tropical forages and rumen fluid from Etawa Crossbreed goat fistulated with CP 12 % and 62 % TDN. The experimental design used was the completely randomized design of 8 feed treatments and 3 replications. Treatments consisted of P1 = Sesbania grandiflora, P2 = Artocarpus heterophyllus, P3 = Musa acuminata, P4 = Mangifera indica L., P5 = Gliricidia sepium, P6 = Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq, P7 = Calliandra calothyrsus, and P8 = Leucaena leucocephala. Data were analyzed using ANOVA 5%, and continued by Duncan test. The results of the study showed that neutral detergent fiber digestibility, acid detergent fiber digestibility, hemicellulose digestibility were significantly (P<0.05). Tropical forages of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium were highest neutral detergent fiber digestibility (70,34% and 62,29%), and highest acid detergent fiber digestibility (57,14% and 58,91%), with hemicellulose digestibility (64,10% and 65,00%).Keywords: digestibility, fiber, tropical browse plants, in vitro

scholarly journals Rumen disappearance of tannins from tropical tannin-rich plants: interplay between degradability, methane production and adherent rumen microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moufida Rira ◽  
Diego P Morgavi ◽  
Milka Popova ◽  
Gaelle Maxin ◽  
Michel Doreau
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Musa Spp

Condensed tannins in plants are found free and attached to protein and fibre but it is not known whether these fractions influence degradation and rumen function. The aim of the study was to explore the rumen degradation of tropical tannins-rich plants and elucidate their relationship with the disappearance of condensed tannins fractions. The effects on fermentation parameters and microbial communities colonising plant particles in the rumen was also assessed. We used in situ and in vitro approaches to study four leguminous: leaves from Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, and Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia nilotica pods and the leaves of two agricultural by-products: Manihot esculenta and Musa spp. Plants were analysed to quantify levels of hydrolysable tannins, free condensed tannins, protein-bound condensed tannins and fibre-bound condensed tannins. Rumen dry matter, nitrogen and fibre (NDF) degradability, rumen disappearance of tannin fractions and microbial colonisation of plants was assessed in situ. The methane-mitigation potential of tannin-rich plants compared to a tropical forage without tannins was assessed in vitro. All plants contained more than 100 g/kg of condensed tannins with a large proportion (32 to 61%) bound to proteins. Calliandra calothyrsus had the highest concentration of condensed tannins at 361 g/kg, whereas Acacia nilotica was particularly rich in hydrolysable tannins (350 g/kg). Hydrolysable and free condensed tannins from all plants completely disappeared after 24 h incubation in the rumen. Disappearance of protein-bound condensed tannins was more variable with Gliricidia sepium showing the highest proportion (93%), Manihot esculenta and Musa spp. showed intermediate values of disappearance, and no disappearance was observed from Calliandra calothyrsus leaves. In contrast, fibre-bound condensed tannins disappearance averaged ~82% and did not vary between plants. Disappearance of bound fractions of condensed tannins was not associated with degradability of plant fractions. Dry matter and nitrogen degradation were similar for all plants except Calliandra calothyrsus and Musa spp. that showed lower values. Calliandra and Acacia nilotica had also a lower NDF degradation. Methane production was also lower for these plants and for Leucaena leucocephala although for the latter total volatile fatty acids production was not affected and was similar to control. The presence of tannins interfered with the microbial colonisation of plants. Each plant had distinct bacterial and archaeal communities after 3 and 12 h of incubation in the rumen and distinct protozoal communities at 3 h. Adherent communities in tannin-rich plants had a lower relative abundance of fibrolytic microbes, notably Fibrobacter spp. Whereas, archaea diversity was reduced in high tannin-containing Calliandra calothyrsus and Acacia nilotica at 12 h of incubation. Here we show that the total amount of hydrolysable and condensed tannins contained in a plant govern the interaction with rumen microbes affecting degradability and fermentation. The effect of protein- and fibre-bound condensed tannins on degradability is less important.

On the incubation period in neurolues

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1046-1050
Author(s):  
E. V. Sukhova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
General Number ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Speaking about syphilis lesions of the central nervous system, it is impossible not to note that these lesions are among the most severe diseases of the latter. But, on the other hand, their severity is redeemed to some extent by the specific means of combating them which we have in our hands. In this case, the fight against neurolues is reduced not so much to its treatment as to its prevention. Hence the interest with which the question of the influence of various conditions on the occurrence of syphilitic lesions of the central nervous system has recently begun to be comprehensively discussed and the exact causes which, from the general number of syphilitics, distinguish the group subsequently condemned to neurolues have been sought to be elucidated.

Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Growth of or Inactivates Listeria monocytogenes

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOUSTAFA A. EL-SHENAWY ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complete Inhibition ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Complete Inactivation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Slight Growth

The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow or survive was determined using tryptose broth at pH 5.6 or 5.0, supplemented with 0, 0.05. 0.1, 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 or 0.3% sodium benzoate, and incubated at 4,13,21 or 35°C. The bacterium grew in benzoate-free controls under all conditions except at 4°C and pH 5.0. At pH 5.6 and 4°C, after 60 d, L. monocytogenes (initial population ca. 103/ml) was inactivated by 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3% sodium benzoate. Other concentrations of benzoate permitted slight growth during the first 36 d of incubation followed by a decrease in populations of the pathogen. At pH 5.0 and 4°C, from 0.15 to 0.3% benzoate completely inactivated the pathogen in 24 to 30 d, whereas the other concentrations caused a gradual decrease in the population during the 66-d incubation period. At 13°C and pH 5.6, L. monocytogenes grew (more at lower than higher concentrations of benzoate) in the presence of all concentrations of benzoate except 0.25 or 0.3%, which prohibited growth throughout a 264-h incubation period. Reducing the pH to 5.0 minimized growth at the two low concentrations of benzoate and caused slight decreases in population at the other concentrations of benzoate. At 21 and 35°C and pH 5.6, appreciable growth of L. monocytogenes occurred in the presence of 0.2% or less sodium benzoate, whereas higher concentrations were inhibitory, permitting little if any growth by the pathogen. Reducing the pH to 5.0 allowed limited growth of the pathogen at 21 and 35°C when the medium contained 0.05 or 0.1% sodium benzoate. Higher concentrations caused either complete inhibition or inhibition plus partial or complete inactivation of the pathogen during incubations of 117 h at 21°C or 78 h at 35°C.

scholarly journals Acrylic resin disinfection by peracetic acid and microwave energy

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Beatriz Borges FORTES ◽  
Vicente Castelo Branco LEITUNE ◽  
Fabrício Mezzomo COLLARES ◽  
Nélio Bairros DORNELLES JUNIOR ◽  
Stéfani Becker RODRIGUES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
Acrylic Resins ◽  
Irradiation Power

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfection methods in microwave and immersion in peracetic acid in heat-cured, self-cured and microwave-cured acrylic resin, contaminated with Candida albicans. Methods: Five specimens were prepared for each type of acrylic resin. All were infected with Candida Albicans, incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The group which underwent microwave energy was irradiated with a power of 840W for 1 minute and the other group underwent disinfection by soaking of 0.2% peracetic acid for 5 minutes. Results: All samples proved to be contaminated after the incubation period. After the different processes of disinfection, both immersion in 0.2% peracetic acid as microwave irradiation were effective in disinfection of the 3 types of acrylic resins contaminated by Candida Albicans. Conclusion: Concluded that soaking in 0,2% peracetic acid for 5 minutes with microwave irradiation power 840W for 1 minute are effective methods for disinfecting heat-cured acrylic resin, self-cured acrylic resin and microwave-cured acrylic resin, contaminated with Candida Albicans.

scholarly journals Biology of the Wild SilkmothAnaphe panda(Boisduval) in the Kakamega Forest of Western Kenya

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mbahin ◽  
S. K. Raina ◽  
E. N. Kioko ◽  
J. M. Mueke
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Kakamega Forest ◽  
Pupal Period ◽  
Indigenous Forest

A study on the life cycle of the silkmothAnaphe panda(Boisduval) was conducted in two different habitats of the Kakamega Forest in western Kenya: Ikuywa, an indigenous forest, and Isecheno, a mixed indigenous forest. Eggs were laid in clusters, and the incubation period ranged from 40 to 45 days. Larvae fed onBridelia micrantha(Hochst) and passed through seven instars. The developmental period took between 83 to 86 days in the dry season and 112 to118 days in the rainy season. The pupal period ranged between 158 and 178 days in the rainy season and, on the other hand, between 107 and 138 days in the dry season. But the later caught up in development with those that formed earlier. Moths emerged from mid-October until mid-May. Longevity of adultAnaphe pandamoths took between 4 and 6 days, but generally females seemed to live longer than males. The moth also seems to have higher lifespan in the indigenous forest compared to the mixed indigenous forest.

Inverse changes in plasma prolactin and LH concentrations in female canaries after disruption and reinitiation of incubation

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Goldsmith ◽  
S. Burke ◽  
J. M. Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Stimulus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Incubating Birds ◽  
Egg Removal ◽  
Female Canaries

ABSTRACT Prolactin and LH concentrations were measured in the plasma of female canaries sampled during the breeding cycle and after disruption and reinitiation of incubation behaviour. The late incubation period was characterized by low LH and high prolactin concentrations, and canaries separated from their nests at this stage showed an increase in LH and a decline in prolactin within 3 h. In one experiment mean (±s.e.m.) concentrations before and 24 h after nest deprivation were: prolactin 397 ± 86 and 18 ± 5 μg/l; LH 1·04±0·21 and 2·03±0·17 μg/l. Female canaries which abandoned their nests after the eggs had been removed also showed an increase in LH together with a fall in prolactin 24 h after egg removal. When nest-deprived canaries were allowed to resume incubation, plasma prolactin increased again within 5 h and after 2 days had reached levels normal for incubating birds (398± 46 μg/l). Concentrations of LH changed more gradually but had decreased 2 days after the resumption of incubation. Thus prolactin and LH show inverse changes after the disruption and reinitiation of incubation behaviour; it is not clear, however, if the change in one is dependent on the other or if both hormones are responding to the same external stimulus. J. Endocr. (1984) 103, 251–256

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOME LEGUMINOUS TREES AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND YIELD OF DIOSCOREA ROTUNDATA -POIR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezekiel Taiwo Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dioscorea Rotundata ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents

AbstractThis work compares the physiological and yield characteristics of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata – Poir) under Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation, green manures of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and other soil amendments. The experiment was conducted on the plot of land that had been overcropped, located at the back of the male Hostel, Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. The land was cleared and heaped at 1m x 1m apart. The experimental design employed was a complete randomized design in 5 replicates. The treatments were Glomus deserticola (GD), Glomus fasciculatum (GF), Gliricidia sepium (GS), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Poultry manure (PM) and NPK fertilizers. Soils were dug from the heaps, 20 g of the inoculums of AMF (GD/ GF) were poured into the dug hole, seeds were laid on it and covered with soil (for GD & GF treatments). Others were applied at one week after sprouting. Growth and yield Parameters were determined at harvest while relative water and chlorophyll contents were measured forth nightly from 10 weeks after treatment. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA while means were separated by Duncan multiple range test at P> 0.05. Results showed that growth, yield and physiological characters were enhanced in GD, GD+GF, GS and PM treated plants more than in inorganic fertilizers treated plants. There was a positive significant relationship between white yam’s growth, physiology and tuber yield. The study justifies the use of plant/animal manures and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in place of inorganic fertilizers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of potential and local forages nutrition as ruminant feed-in Payo Agro-Tourism Area, Solok City, West Sumatera, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
Adrizal ◽  
Roni Pazla ◽  
Riesi Sriagtula ◽  
Adrinal ◽  
Gusmini
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Ruminant Feed

Abstract This study aims to evaluate local forage’s potential and nutritional content in the Payo agro-tourism area of Solok, West Sumatra, Indonesia, to be used as a ruminant feed. This study used a survey method by taking a sample of the forage that grows a lot in the area and then analyzed its nutritional content. The nutritional content analyzed were dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, calcium, and phosphorus minerals. At the same time, the TDN value and the extracted material without nitrogen were calculated based on the formula. The results showed that 12 types of forage have the potential as ruminant feed, namely Panicum maximum, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium, Digitaria sp, Centrocema pubescens, Calliandra calothyrsus, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Bidens pilosa, Ipomea triloba, Micania Scandens, Asystasia gangetica, and corn straw. This study shows that Calliandra calothyrsus has the highest crude protein content, and Corn straw contains the lowest crude protein. The highest and lowest TDN values were Gliricidia sepium and Panicum maximum, respectively. Through the linear programming program, these 12 plants can be formulated into 4 ration formulations with 58% TDN and 15-16% crude protein.

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