scholarly journals GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFLUENT CONTAMINATED COHESIVE SOILS

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran KHAN ◽  
Muhammad IRFAN ◽  
Mubashir AZIZ ◽  
Ammad Hassan KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Coefficient Of Consolidation ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics

In developing countries like Pakistan, raw industrial effluents are usually disposed-off directly into open lands or in water bodies resulting in soil contamination. Leachate formation due to rainfalls in openly dumped solid waste also adds to soil contamination. In this study, engineering behavior of soils contaminated by two industrial effluents, one from paper industry (acidic) and another from textile industry (basic), has been investigated. Laboratory testing revealed significant effects of effluent contamination on engineering behavior of tested soils. Liquid limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content and compression index of tested soils were found to increase with effluent contaminant, indicating a deterioration in the engineering behavior of soils. Whereas maximum dry density, undrained shear strength and coefficient of consolidation of the contaminated soils showed a decreasing trend. The dilapidation in engineering characteristics of soils due to the addition of industrial effluents could pose serious threats to existing and future foundations in terms of loss of bearing capacity and increase in settlement. Keywords: soil contamination, industrial waste, engineering behavior, effluent waste, leachate.

scholarly journals Geotechnical Properties of Effluent-Contaminated Cohesive Soils and Their Stabilization Using Industrial By-Products

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Yulong Chen ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Muhammad Abrar ◽  
Ahmed Qadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Cohesive Soils ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Plastic Clay ◽  
Swell Potential ◽  
By Products

The unchecked and unnoticed disposal of industrial leachates is a common malpractice in developing countries. Untreated effluents from industries drastically deteriorate the soil, altering nearly all of its characteristics. An increase in urbanization has led to construction on these deteriorated lands. In this study, the chemical impact of two industrial effluents, dyeing (acidic) and tannery (basic), is studied on two cohesive soils, i.e., high plastic clay (CH) and low plastic clay (CL). Properties such as liquid limit, plasticity index, specific gravity, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, swell potential, swell pressure, and compression indices decrease with effluent contamination, with the exception of the basic effluent, for which the trend changes after a certain percentage. This study also examines the time variation of properties at different effluent percentages, finding that unconfined compressive strength of both soils increases with time upon dyeing (acidic) contamination and decreases with tannery (basic). The stabilizing effect of two industrial by-products, i.e., marble dust and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) have been evaluated. Unlike their proven positive effect on uncontaminated soils, these industrial by-products did not show any significant stabilization effect on leachate-contaminated cohesive soils, thereby emphasizing the need to utilize special remediation measures for effluent treated soils.

scholarly journals Geotechnical Characteristics of Regolith Derived from Nanka Formation, Southeast Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Stella Nwaife Chibuzor ◽  
Elizabeth lfeyinwa Okoyeh ◽  
Boniface Chukwukadibia Ezeanyaoha Egboka
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics

Regolith derived from Nanka Formation; Southeast Nigeria was evaluated for their geotechnical characteristics. The methods of investigations include Fieldwork experiment and laboratory analysis of water and soil samples. The result of hydraulic parameters of the soil at 1meter, 2 meters depth and drilled cuttings from boreholes revealed permeability average values of 1.29E-05(cm/s) and 9.15E-6(cm/s), hydraulic conductivity average value of 1.27E-04(cm/s) and 8.93E-05(cm/s). Drilled cuttings from three boreholes revealed permeability average value of 8.15E-06(m/s), 2.68E-06(m/s) and 6.20E-06, hydraulic conductivity average values of 8.90E-03(m/s), 2.92E-03(m/s) and 6.75E-3(m/s).These values indicate permeable soil with high hydraulic conductivity typical of silty-clay and sand. The permeability/hydraulic conductivity accounts for the high infiltration/percolation of water into the soil. Infiltration of water through the soil initiates geochemical reactions and dissolution mineral which leaves the soil loose and unconsolidated. Geotechnical characteristics show low to medium plasticity and a liquid limit average of 42.36 and 35.45, indicating the capacity of the soil to absorb moisture and expand, bulk density average value of 1.90 mg/m3and compaction test of maximum dry density average value of 1.80 g/cm3 at an optimum water content average of 12.89% indicate low density. Shear strength components of cohesion values range from 0 to 55KN/m2 with average value of 25 KN/m2 and friction angle values range from 7° to 25° suggesting low cohesion and angle of internal friction. This is attributed to the low clay content and the cohesive force is not enough to sustain the soil. Field experiments of cone penetration test of in-situ results indicate a weak and incompetent soil material that is unstable and vulnerable to erosion. The finding would be relevant in soil mechanics problems.

scholarly journals Variations in geotechnical characteristics of some crude oil contaminated soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Adewuyi Oyediran ◽  
Nchewi Ideba Enya
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics ◽  
Oil Concentration

Variations based on the effects of curing time and environmental exposures on the geotechnical characteristics of some crude oil contaminated soils were investigated. 2 to 10% by weight of crude oil was added to soils as a simulation of contamination. The contaminated soils were cured under room temperature (unexposed) as well as outside in the open air (exposed) for 21, 63 and 189 days. Geotechnical, geochemical and  mineralogical analyses were carried out on the contaminated and uncontaminated soil samples. Results indicate that for the unexposed soils, the LL and PL increased as crude oil concentration (COC) increased up to 4%, above which both decrease. But the reverse was the case for PI after curing for 21 days. With increasing curing time to 63 and 189 days, LL and PL both increased with increase in COC while PI decreased. The UCS increased with increase in oil content up to 4%, but decreased as oil content increased above 4%. Furthermore, UCS decreased with increase in curing time. Across all curing periods, MDD increased upon addition of crude oil up to 4%, thereafter it decreased with increase in COC. The hydraulic conductivity decreased with increase in COC and curing time. For the exposed soils, LL, PL and PI all increased upon addition of crude oil up till 4% before decreasing as the amount of oil increased above 4% for the curing duration of 21 days. For 63 and 189 days, LL and PL decreased while PI increased. Maximum dry density (MDD) showed same variation trend in exposed soils similar to that shown by the unexposed soils. Hydraulic conductivity increased with increase in COC and curing time. Thus, crude oil is observed to be capable of altering the geotechnical properties of soils exposed to it. Furthermore, contaminated soils exposed to the open air and longer curing time were significantly modified than the unexposed variant and with reduced exposure time. Keywords: Geotechnical variation, Contamination, Curing environment, Curing time, Exposure

Geotechnical characteristics of compacted clays for earth embankments in the Prairie provinces

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Rivard ◽  
T. E. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Embankment Height ◽  
Optimum Water

The geotechnical characteristics of compacted soils used by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration in earth embankments were correlated with easily obtained soil properties.Relationships were established between Standard Proctor maximum density and optimum water content versus liquid limit for clay soils. In addition, a relationship was established to determine the Standard Proctor maximum dry density and optimum water content using the results from the one-point Proctor test for clay, and sand and silt soils.Effective shear strength parameters and consolidation characteristics of compacted samples were related to liquid limit, water content, and dry density. The results of field and laboratory measurements of pore pressure were used to relate the pore pressure coefficients U/σ3 and U/σ1 to the deviation of water content from optimum water content and applied stress. A relationship was established between embankment compression and embankment height using field measurements of embankment settlement.The data suggest that similar geotechnical characteristics will be obtained for laboratory and field compacted alluvial and glacial soils when they are placed with Standard Proctor compactive effort at similar water contents, densities, and liquid limit. In this paper 'alluvial clay' is used to describe clays deposited in lacustrine or fluvial environments and 'glacial clay' is used to describe clays deposited by a glacier.

scholarly journals An investigation into the cause of road failure along Sagamu-Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubido Oyem Emmanuel ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Ukah Bernadette Uche
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

AbstractInvestigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60 km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12 to 61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1–52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2–35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17–43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51–1.74 g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52–2.64 and CBR between 3 and 12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20–138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20 m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60 m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m − 120 m along the profile to a depth of 15 m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals Geotechnical properties of reinforced clayey soil using nylons carry’s bags by products

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 01020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahla Salim ◽  
Kawther Al-Soudany ◽  
Nora Jajjawi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Replacement Technique

All structures built on soft soil may experience uncontrollable settlement and critical bearing capacity. This may not meet the design requirements for the geotechnical engineer. Soil stabilization is the change of these undesirable properties in order to meet the requirements. Traditional methods of stabilizing or through in-situ ground improvement such as compaction or replacement technique is usually costly. Now a safe and economic disposal of industrial wastes and development of economically feasible ground improvement techniques are the important challenges being faced by the engineering community. This work focuses on improving the soft soil brought from Baghdad by utilizing the local waste material for stabilization of soil, such as by using “Nylon carry bag’s by product” with the different percentage and corresponding to 1 %, 3% and 5% (the portion of stabilizer matters to soil net weight) of dried soil. The results indicated that as Nylon’s fiber content increases, the liquid limit decreases while the plastic limit increases, so the plasticity index decreases. Furthermore, the maximum dry density decreases while, the optimum moisture content increases as the Nylon’s fiber percentage increases. The compression index (decreases as the Nylon’s fiber increases and provides a maximum of 43% reduction by adding 5% nylon waste material. In addition, the results indicated that, the undrained shear strength increases as the nylon fiber increases.

scholarly journals Geotechnical Properties of Fresh and Degraded MSW in the Foothill of Shivalik Range Una, Himachal Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Overburden Pressure ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics ◽  
Geotechnical Tests

The aim of the present study is to determine the physical and geotechnical characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) from an open dump site located in Una town, Himachal Pradesh (India) for the analysis of settlement and structural stability of landfill. Degraded waste was tested for different time intervals ranging from 6 months to 6 years. The physical characterization and the geotechnical tests were performed to determine the composition and the engineering properties of MSW respectively. The presence of moisture content in the fresh waste was 49.5±1.05% but for the degraded (or old) waste it varied between 39.8 to 51.6%. The specific gravity of fresh and old waste varied between 1.83±0.05 and 1.85 for 6 months old waste and 2.28 for 5-6 years old degraded waste respectively. The maximum dry density (MDD) was observed to be 4.28 kN/m2 for fresh waste at the optimum moisture content (OMC) of 78.1% and 4.47 kN/m3 for 6 months old waste and 6.25 kN/m3 for the degraded waste of 5-6 years at 80.2, 85.4% of OMC respectively. The hydraulic conductivity (k) of MSW was found to be decreasing with the degradation of MSW and the overburden pressure whereas the shear strength increased along with the degradation of the waste. The cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (φ) increased respectively from 31.2 kPa(fresh) to 38 kPa(degraded) and 14° to 22° with the increase in waste degradation. The compression ratio of fresh waste was within the ranges of 0.19-0.29 and for degraded MSW it varied between 0.12 for 6 months old waste and 0.17 for 5-6 years old degraded waste respectively.

scholarly journals Technical and Environmental Impacts of Coal Waste Used as a Soil Stabilizer in Construction Projects of Forest Roads

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Mansouri ◽  
Mehran Nasiri ◽  
Amir Modarres
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Analysis ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Coal Waste ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Soil Stabilizer

Many pozzolans are waste products from industrial processes. Every year a huge amount of coal waste is gathered from the coal washing plant in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. These materials can be used for soil stabilization in construction and maintenance projects of forest roads. This paper aims to (a) investigate the role of coal waste (CW) as a soil stabilizer and (b) determine the changes in soil specification regarding the environmental pollution in different combinations of materials (soil, lime (4 and 6%) and CW (3, 6, 9 and 12%)). For this purpose, different technical and environmental analysis and laboratory tests were performed. Technical tests showed that the soil liquid limit and maximum dry density decreased with an increase in lime and CW contents. Addition of CW could increase the soil CBR, UCS and OMC. According to XRD test, the addition of CW and lime can increase the size of crystals in stabilized soil samples. Environmental analysis showed that the use of stabilizer significantly reduced the concentration of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr and Pb. Also, all of the metal concentrations leached from samples satisfied the required criteria, but the addition of lime and CW increased the concentration of N, P, and K. These changes can increase the invasive species consistent with calcareous soil conditions along the roads. According to the results, the combination of coal waste and lime can be one of the best methods for in situ remediation. It would, however, be better to use a minimum amount of stabilizer in pavement layers of access roads due to environmental sensitivity.

Evaluation of Suitability of Red Clay from Selected Areas of Gercus Formation, Sulaimaniyah, North Iraq, for the Construction of Embankment Dams

2021 ◽  
pp. 3417-3427
Author(s):  
Amera I. Hussain Hussain ◽  
Ibraheem I. Ibraheem
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Embankment Dams ◽  
Filling Materials ◽  
The North ◽  
Geotechnical Assessment

      In this research, a geotechnical assessment was conducted for clay of the Gercus Formation to determine its suitability for embankment dams. The selected area is located in the north of Iraq. Six samples were collected from two sites in Dokan (Sulaimaniyah) and Haibat Sultan mountain (Koysinjaq), three samples each. Various geotechnical (physical, mechanical and chemical) tests were conducted based on standard specifications.      The results of the grain size test of clay samples showed their conformity with Zone C curves and their suitability for the construction of embankment dams, according to the Iraqi standard for roads and bridges.  The results of the plasticity limits test showed that the soil is made of fine, low plasticity silt (ML), and low plasticity clay (CL), according to the unified standard soil classification. The water content and plasticity limit tests (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index) demonstrated that these clays are conformable with the limits of the Iraqi standards. The results of the modified compaction test found a maximum dry density value of 1.962 g/cm3 with an optimum moisture content of 11.5%. The results of the permeability index (K) revealed low permeability according to the Das classification and, therefore, showed the suitability of the samples as raw filling materials in the construction of dams. Chemical tests (sulfate content, organic materials content, total dissolved salts, gypsum content, and pH value) showed compatibility with the requirements for the use in dams construction under the Iraqi standard (SoRB/ R5).

scholarly journals Influence of Submergence on Stabilization of Loess in Shaanxi Province by Adding Fly Ash

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samnang Phoak ◽  
Ya-Sheng Luo ◽  
Sheng-Nan Li ◽  
Qian Yin
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Swell Potential

In this study, the influence of fly ash (FA) content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) on the alteration in the physical and mechanical parameters of loess is investigated. The influences of curing time (0, 14, and 28 days) and submergence and non-submergence conditions are analyzed as well. Analysis considers the variation in Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index), compaction parameters (optimum moisture content (OMC), and maximum dry density (MDD)), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) stress, UCS strain, California bearing ratio (CBR) value, and swell potential. Results show that the application of FA-stabilized loess (FASL) is effective. Specifically, the MDD decreases and the OMC increases, the UCS stress increases and the UCS strain decreases, the CBR value improves and the swell potential declines, but Atterberg limits are insignificantly changed by the increase in the FA ratio compared with those of untreated loess. The UCS stress and CBR value are improved with the increase in curing time, whereas the UCS strain is negligible. FASL under submergence condition plays an important role in improving the effect of FA on the UCS stress and CBR value compared with that under non-submergence condition. The UCS stress and CBR value are more increased and more decreased than the UCS strain in submerged samples. Therefore, the application of FASL in flood areas is important for obtaining sustainable construction materials and ensuring environmental protection.

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